HAY MOISTURE & WEATHER:
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1 HAY MOISTURE & WEATHER: IMPLICATIONS FOR HAY HARVEST Paul Brown Extension Specialist, Biometeorlogy University of Arizona
2 Harvest Losses vs. Moisture From Collins & Owens, 1995
3 Losses During Haymaking
4 From Collins & Owens, 1995 Heating, Heat Damage, Fire
5 Evaporation Energy Required Liquid (Water) Gas (Water Vapor)
6 EVAPORATION Liquid Gas (Humidity) Evaporation Tightly Packed Molecules Held By Polar Attraction Isolated, Free Molecules Moving in Air
7 EVAPORATION FROM VEGETATION/HAY Weather Regulates/Supplies Energy SOLAR RADIATION TURBULENT TRANSFER ADVECTION WIND WIND Dry Air Dry Air Heat Moist Air Moist Air Heat VEGETATION VEGETATION Hot, Dry Surface Vegetation Solar Radiation, Wind, Temperature, Humidity
8 From Collins & Owens, 1995 HAY DRYING
9 Seasonal Drying Trends & Weather Drying related to available energy & vapor transport along with yield (amount of water) Month Solar Radiation W/m*m Vapor Gradient kpa Wind Speed m/s February April June August October December Compare June to any other month. The challenges of winter drying are obvious!
10 Moisture, % EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT The moisture content of a material that is stabilized at a given temperature and humidity Shelled Corn 50 F Relative Humidity, %
11 Moisture, % Equilibrium Moisture Content Alfalfa Hay F 77 F Relative Humidity, % Can we predict hay moisture from humidity data?
12 Does This Work in Arizona? Can we better use relative humidity in harvest management?? RH = 43.2% RH = 57.6% RH = 75.3% K 2 CO 3 NaBr NaCl Allow alfalfa moisture equilibrate to various humidity levels developed using saturated salt solutions.
13 Moisture, % Equilibrium Moisture Content Alfalfa Hay F 77 F Relative Humidity, % From: Collins & Moore, 1995
14 Moisture, % HAY MANAGEMENT F 77 F Small Square Large Round Large Square % Relative Humidity, %
15 HAY MOISTURE vs. HUMIDITY Challenging Period: April-July Optimum Relative Humidity for Haymaking: ~70% Maximum Relative Humidity Commonly Stays Below 70% From April-June
16 HAY METEOROLOGY: NIGHT Relative humidity (RH) at surface increases due to moisture movement from soil to air and surface cooling (due to radiation loss) which increases the saturation level (RH) of the air. Warmer Temperatures, Lower Relative Humidity Surface Cools Due Radiative Loss Inversion Winds Transport Limited Moisture From Surface Increasing Hay Moisture Good Baling: 70% RH Cool Temperatures Higher Relative Humidity Windrow Slow Moisture Movement Slow Moisture Movement
17 Infrared Radiation WHERE DOES DEW COME FROM? Dew Warm, Moist Soil Dew forms when water vapor from warm moist soils moves upward into the vegetation which is chilled below the dew point.
18 HAY METEOROLOGY: NIGHT Relative humidity (RH) at surface increases due to moisture movement from soil to air and surface cooling (due to radiation loss) which increases the saturation level (RH) of the air. Warmer Temperatures, Lower Relative Humidity Surface Cools Due Radiative Loss Inversion Winds Transport Limited Moisture From Surface Increasing Hay Moisture Good Baling: 70% RH Cool Temperatures Higher Relative Humidity Windrow Slow Moisture Movement Slow Moisture Movement
19 Cool, Moist Wind: The Great Evil! Wind mixes warmer and drier air aloft down to the surface replacing the cooler, moist air. This leads to high surface temperatures and lower surface relative humidity and much drier hay. Wind Surface Cools Due Radiative Loss Winds Transport Limited Moisture From Surface Warm, Dry Low Hay Moisture Poor Baling Windrow Slow Moisture Movement Slow Moisture Movement
20 WINDROW HUMIDITY Wind Sunset
21 WIND EFFECT: LAST NIGHT
22 Moisture vs Overnight Weather Measure Temperature & Humidity - 50 cm cm cm cm - Surface temperature (IRT) Hay Placed at Different Levels - Measure increase in moisture
23 Calm Night Peak Humidity: 76% Moisture increased 9.4%
24 Windier Night Note Lower Humidity! Peak Humidity: 60% Moisture increased 5% Peak Humidity: 82% Moisture increased 11%
25 Windrow Structure Short & wide during dry season Tall & skinny during the wetter season Warm, Dry Cool, Moist Windrow Windrow Moisture Movement Moisture Movement
26 LINK REAL TIME WEATHER TO HAYMAKING CONDITIONS When weather station humidity approaches 50% and winds are light, humidity at surface should approach levels supporting good baling conditions (70%).
27 WATCHDOG HAY CELLULAR ALERT Spectrum Technologies Humidity Sensor Small Datalogger Cell Phone GSM CDMA At Selected Humidity Calls/Texts Four Numbers Cost $1125-$1375 Phone Charges Need to Determine Proper Humidity Setting 50%??
28 Infrared Radiation WHERE DOES DEW COME FROM? Dew Warm, Moist Soil Dew forms when water vapor from warm moist soils moves upward into the vegetation which is chilled below the dew point.
29 Water Vapor in Soil Water Vapor in Air Water Management Even Lower We Vapor need transfer to encourage is higher diminished levels when of soil soils are moisture dry and much during of the dry vapor season is reabsorbed to enhance in the vapor dry transfer surface soil. to the surface. Less/No Dew Dew Lower Lower Irrigation management may be a tool. Subsurface drip irrigation may offer significant benefits. Reduce Irrigation & dry soil Higher
30 QUESTIONS? Phone:
31
32 Moisture, % Equilibrium Moisture Content Alfalfa Hay F 77 F Small Square Large Round Large Square % Relative Humidity, % From: Collins & Moore, 1995
33
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