Chapter 7. Alternating Current, Power Distribution, and Voltage Systems
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1 Chapter 7 Alternating Current, Power Distribution, and Voltage Systems
2 Objectives Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: Explain the basic difference between direct and alternating current Briefly explain how alternating current is produced Explain the difference between single-phase and three-phase power distribution systems
3 Objectives (cont d.) Explain inductance, reactance, and impedance Explain a basic power distribution system Explain the common voltage systems Identify the common voltage systems
4 Key Terms Alternator Capacitive reactance Delta system Effective voltage Frequency Impedance Inductance Inductive reactance Peak voltage Phase Power factor
5 Key Terms (cont d.) Reactance Sine wave Single phase Three phase Wye system
6 Introduction Current: flow of electrons Current used in the industry Direct current (DC): flow in one direction Alternating current (AC): alternating (back and forth) flow Most current produced by utilities is AC Used in heating, cooling, and refrigeration equipment
7 Basic Concepts of Alternating Current Electron flow that alternates Represented by a sine wave Cycle and frequency Cycle: two alternations (changes in direction) Frequency: number of complete cycles in a second
8 Basic Concepts of Alternating Current (cont d.) Effective voltage Peak voltage: 90 electrical degrees Effective voltage: times highest or peak voltage Voltage-current systems Available at several different voltages and with different current characteristics
9 Basic Concepts of Alternating Phase Current (cont d.) Number of currents alternating at different time intervals Alternator Produces alternating current Made up of a stator and a rotor
10 Basic Concepts of Alternating Current (cont d.) Inductance and reactance Inductance: induced voltage that counteracts the original voltage Reactance: resistance that alternating current encounters when it changes flow Types: inductive and capacitive reactance Impedance: sum of resistance and reactance
11 Basic Concepts of Alternating Power Current (cont d.) Calculated by using a voltmeter and ammeter Gives apparent wattage Power factor: ratio between true power and apparent power PF = true power (measured) /apparent power (calculated)
12 Direct current Power Distribution Used in the beginning to supply consumers with electrical needs Many disadvantages: Transmission for a long distance is impossible without using generators to boost power Inability to raise and lower voltages Requires use of large transmission equipment
13 Figure 7.8 Layout of power distribution. (Delmar/Cengage Learning)
14 240-Volt-Single-Phase-60-Hertz Systems Single phase alternating current Exists in most residences Domestic appliances operating on 120 volts Older structures Still possible to find a single-phase, two-wire system Most common voltage system
15 Figure 7.10 Schematic for 240-volt singlephase 60-hertz system using three wires. (Delmar/Cengage Learning) Figure 7.11 Transformer hookup of a 240-volt single-phase 60-hertz system. (Delmar/Cengage Learning)
16 Three-Phase Voltage Systems Three-phase alternating current Common in commercial and industrial applications Three-phase electrical services Supply three hot legs of power One ground to the distribution equipment and then on to the equipment More versatile than single-phase
17 Three-Phase Voltage Systems Advantages (cont d.) Require no special starting apparatus Offer better starting and running characteristics for motors Disadvantage Higher cost of electric panels and distribution equipment
18 240-Volt-Three-Phase-60-Hertz Delta System Used in structures requiring a large supply to motors and other three-phase equipment Usually supplied to a structure with four wires Three hot legs and a neutral
19 Figure 7.13 Schematic for the transformer hookup of a 240-volt three-phase 60-hertz system showing the delta transformer secondary hookup. (Delmar/Cengage Learning)
20 208-Volt-Three-Phase-60-Hertz Wye System Common in structures that require a large number of 120-volt circuits Examples: schools, hospitals, and office buildings Offers versatility of three-phase alternating current and possibility of supplying many 120-volt circuits
21 Figure 7.15 Schematic for the transformer hookup of a 208 volt threephase 60-hertz system showing the wye transformer secondary hookup. (Delmar/Cengage Learning)
22 Higher-Voltage Systems Becoming increasingly popular Many advantages Mostly used in industrial structures Used in commercial structures in some cases Several systems available 240/480 volt-single-phase 240/416 volt-three-phase 277/480-volt-single-phase
23 Higher-Voltage Systems (cont d.) Advantages Little difference in switches, relays, and electric panels used in 208-volt and 480-volt systems Service equipment and wiring may be smaller for 480-volt systems than 208-volt systems Disadvantage Common high-voltage system implementation
24 Figure 7.16 Schematic diagram for a 277/480-volt three-phase 60-hertz system. (Delmar/Cengage Learning) Figure 7.17 Schematic for the transformer hookup of a 277/480-volt three-phase 60-hertz wye system. (Delmar/Cengage Learning)
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