Engineering Solutions

Transcription

1 Engineering Solutions Contents Energy Data & Analytics... 2 Building Energy Management Systems... 2 Energy Surveying and Energy Audits... 2 Sensors (IoT and data feeds)... 3 Innovative Energy Efficiency... 4 Thermal Efficiency... 4 Electrical System Efficiency... 5 Electrical Energy Harvesting... 5 Renewable Energy Generation... 6 Solar Photo Voltaic (PV) Wind Generation Hydro Electric Schemes Biomass Anaerobic Digestion (AD) Hybrid Micro Grid... 10

2 Energy Data & Analytics Building Energy Management Systems Bespoke energy logging systems, analytics, and energy control systems; building energy management systems (BEMS) for example E-sight (figure 1). Figure 1: E-sight energy web portal Energy Surveying and Energy Audits Highly accurate 3 phase energy logging (figure 2). Features power factor and load imbalance measurement. Suitable for farm and business energy audits Figure 2: Elcomponent Enviro SPC-2 energy logger

3 Sensors (IoT and data feeds) Data feeds such as temperature internal and external is crucial in order to make informed choices about energy and feed into building management systems. Figure 3: Typical farm weather station setup Control systems can utilize feeds from both internal building and external sensors; wind speeds, temperatures, solar irradiance, rainfall and soil moisture (figure 3).

4 Innovative Energy Efficiency Thermal Efficiency Improve building thermal efficiencies (insulation for example). Improving heating, cooling & ventilation systems (building management). Implementing heat exchangers (figure 4) to capture waste heat (both for fluid or gas). Figure 4: Heat exchange plates as used in the dairy industry Strategic use of heat pipes for heat transfer or district heating. Heat pumps (air, ground or water source) for space or water heating (figure 5). Figure 5: Vertical ground source heat pump system for space heating/cooling Solar thermal arrays to generate supplemental heat energy for hot water or space heating (figure 6). Figure 6 Domestic Solar Thermal System for hot water

5 Electrical System Efficiency Improvements in technology efficiency; motor design (figure 7) and hydraulic systems (figure 8) for air and fluid compressors, lighting (figure 9), timers & motion sensors. Figure 7: Efficient motor design Figure 8: Variable rate vacuum pump for a dairy Figure 9: Improved lighting technologies (e.g. LED s) Electrical Energy Harvesting Energy Harvesting (TEG thermal electric generators, motion piezo-electric, and photovoltaics) to improve net efficiency and gains (figure 10). Figure 10: Energy Harvesting; e.g. waste heat, vibration or solar energy gains.

6 Renewable Energy Generation A new rural farm or business site should be surveyed first to assess the natural energy resource opportunities offered by both its geographical location and land geology. Potential energy resources include solar irradiance, wind speeds and catchment area, rivers and streams for a hydro scheme. Every site is unique so there is not one definitive answer when it comes to renewable energy resources. Solar Photo Voltaic (PV) Roof mounted solar photo voltaic (PV) farms operate where there is good solar irradiance with no shading and a south facing aspect roof. Ground mounted systems work well in conjunction with small grazing livestock. Low grade land unsuitable for other crops are often used Wind Generation Wind farms operate in hilly or very open aspect locations with good wind speeds. Works well in conjunction with larger livestock, or any arable use. A typical UK farm may have a single kW small scale turbine.

7 Hydro Electric Schemes Less common as suited only to hilly or mountainous land with good catchment areas. Steep sided valleys, fast flowing streams or suitable river locations. The civil engineering works tend to make these more expensive projects. However, they are a good long term solution in the correct location none the less. And makes for a very reliable source of power when designed well. Biomass Biomass resources such as woodland, fast growing willow are a suitable biomass resource for energy-crops which can be naturally replenished. A 1MW boiler plant which burns wood chips to generate heat for various applications on an arable farm.

8 Anaerobic Digestion (AD) Other agricultural potential energy can be extracted, from livestock and arable waste for feeding an anaerobic digester (AD) extract methane and fuel a combined heat and power (CHP) plant. Anaerobic digestion: Renewable energy from farm and municipal food waste. An example of a 500kW methane driven CHP.

9 Heat energy storage: This can simply be a hot water cylinder or thermal accumulator. This is commonly used on dairy farms or arable which have heat generation capacity such as a biomass boiler, CHP, or conventional gas boiler. Electrical Energy Storage: Battery storage in a shipping container unit (figure 15). The unit illustrated contains the typical internals of a large battery unit. Shown are lead (Pb) cells, but these could be a variety of chemistry types and technology including flowbatteries. Buffering renewable energy: Ideal to be sited close to renewable sources with variability of supply such wind farms. Shown is an array of battery plants attached to a wind farm. This helps to smooth out the peaks and troughs in supply. This may equally be used in conjunction with solar PV.

10 Hybrid Micro Grid Harper Adams STEP: Sustainable Transformation Energy Project is an example of a hybrid micro-grid. To make it a smart grid would require autonomous demand side management (DSM). In addition, making it smart would involve full controllability of its embedded generation components. 1MW CHP (400kWe, 600kWth) 650kWp PV (on Dairy roofs) 1MWth Biomass (wood pellets) 1MW peak electric load and 4MW peak heat demand. Figure 12: (from top to bottom) PV on dairy shed roof, inverter bank, 1MW CHP plant, district heating pipes Figure 11: Schematic of STEP as implemented and modelled with HOMER (Hybrid Micro-Grid Optimization Model of Energy Resource).

11 The HOMER software allows modelling and simulation of additional embedded generation components (heat and electric) as well as changing fuel types and adjusting the total annual heat or electric load. Figure 13: Schematic of STEP with the addition of a 250kW wind turbine and a 700kW flow battery system. Figure 13: HOMER model adding a wind turbine and battery storage. Figure 14: Showing the average monthly irradiation resource for locality across a whole year. Annual average solar resource = 2.54 kwh/m 2 per day Figure 14: Solar irradiance resource (top), modelled inverter output (bottom)

12 Figure 16: Showing the average monthly wind resource for locality across a whole year. Scaled annual average wind resource for the locality = 6.71 m/s Figure 17: Visuals of the simulated 250kW turbine output across an entire year Figure 18: Visuals of the simulated CHP electric generation output daily across an entire year Figure 19: Visuals of the simulated battery state of charge daily across an entire year Figure 20: Totals of mixed energy generated on-site for STEP including grid imports.