An Overview of Renewable Energy. Steve Smith, Dulas Ltd

Transcription

1 An Overview of Renewable Energy Steve Smith, Dulas Ltd

2 23 years of international experience in renewable energy

3

4 Renewable Energy Energy produced from fuels or resources that are perpetual or replenish endlessly; for example, wood, solar, wind, hydro

5 Renewable Energy & Sustainability CO2 Emissions by End User 2003 Military aircraft and shipping 0.54% Commercial and public administration 12.86% Agriculture 0.69% Other 5.21% Industry 26.82% Residential 25.79% Source: DEFRA Transport 28.08%

6 Renewable Energy Technologies Solar Thermal Solar Photovoltaics Heat pumps Wind Power Biomass

7 Solar Thermal (SDHW or SHW) A zero carbon thermal technology

8 Solar Thermal Principles Basic Theory of Operation Solar radiation absorbed by collector and transferred (via heat transfer medium) to useful application typically hot water services Sunlight Convection loss Radiation loss Reflection loss Useful Energy Conduction loss

9 Solar Thermal System Types Evacuated tube collector Flat plate collector

10 Solar Thermal System Types Solar concentrator Sunlight Collector tube Heat transfer fluid Parabolic mirror

11 Solar Thermal Applications Typical domestic solar thermal system Bespoke 4m 2 domestic design AES Ltd

12 Solar Thermal Applications Sheltered Housing, Aberdeen 130m 2 of solar collectors 4 arrays 6,000 litres hot water storage Pre-heat feed to direct fired heaters AES Ltd

13 Solar Thermal Applications Scottish Parliament Building 37m 2 of solar collectors 1 arrays 2,000 litres hot water storage Pre-heat feed to electric calorifier By AES Ltd

14 Solar Thermal Considerations Scale 1kW to around 14,000kW (2m 2 20,000m 2 ) Heat demand loads & profiles Localised or centralised system Collector space System type (pressurised, drain-back, flat-plate, tubes) Plant space Pipe routes Maintenance access

15 Solar Thermal Planning Implications Visual, but permitted development and encouraged under planning guidelines Can be issues on listed buildings and in conservation areas

16 Solar Thermal Pros & Cons Pros fficient Free energy roven technology Cons ot predictable ack up required arasitic energy aves CO 2 emissions igh CO 2 saving/ spent aves money

17 Solar Thermal Savings For every kwh solar heat generated around: 0.43 kg CO 2 offsetting electricity 0.22 kg CO 2 offsetting natural gas 0.28 kg CO 2 offsetting LPG or oil For every kwh solar heat generated: 1 kwh of conventional heat

18 Solar Photovoltaics (PV) A zero carbon technology

19 Solar PV Principles Basic Theory of Operation Photons striking the silicon junction create a small electric charge which is transferred to the electrical circuit via the contact grid

20 Solar PV Principles Schematic Diagram of PV Grid Connected System

21 Solar PV Applications Dulas Ltd Typical Small System

22 Solar PV Applications Rochdale Housing By Dulas Ltd 7 Tower blocks highly Visible 7 x 5 kwp Total 35kWp Offset communal lighting and lifts etc

23 Solar PV Applications Lewisham Hospital PV installed in 3 days 14 kwp Kingspan Roof Mowlem Contractor By Dulas Ltd & Mowlem

24 Solar PV Considerations Scale 100Wp to around 10,000kWp (0.8m 2 80,000m 2 ) Supply voltage Module space System type Grid connection

25 Solar PV Planning Implications Visual, but permitted development and encouraged under planning guidelines Can be issues on listed buildings and in conservation areas

26 Solar PV Pros & Cons Pros eliable Free energy roven technology Cons xpensive ot predictable ale of exported electricity aves CO 2 emissions aves money

27 Solar PV Savings For every kwh electricity generated around: 0.43 kg CO 2 For every kwh electricity generated: 1 kwh of grid electricity

28 Heat Pumps (GSHP, ASHP, WSHP) A low carbon thermal technology

29 Basic Theory of Operation Uses a refrigeration cycle to condense low grade heat to usable high grade heat. Heat Pump Principles

30 Heat Pump System Types Air Source Water Source Ground Source

31 Heat Pump Applications Cotswold Water Park Offices Kensa Engineering Ltd 28kW water source system 6 slinky pond mats in adjacent lake Used for cooling in the summer

32 Heat Pump Applications Pencoys School, Cornwall 60kW ground source system 12 x 17m vertical boreholes Underfloor heating system Clay & granite ground Earthenergy Ltd

33 Heat Pump Applications Metropolitan Housing Trust HQ 1 x 180kW heat pump for heating 1 x 180kW heat pump for cooling 30 x 70m vertical boreholes Fan coil & low temperature radiator heating system Sandstone bedrock Earthenergy Ltd

34 Heat Pump Considerations Scale 5 kw to 50MW System type Output temperatures Electrical supply Plant space Working fluid Geology

35 Heat Pump Planning Implications Visual impacts air source evaporator Archaeological ground source loops

36 Heat Pump Pros & Cons Pros fficient aves money aves CO 2 emissions emoves gas connection issues Cons nstallation costs vailability arginal when offsetting gas

37 Heat Pump Savings For every kwh heat generated around: 0.31 kg CO 2 offsetting electricity 0.10 kg CO 2 offsetting natural gas 0.16 kg CO 2 offsetting LPG or oil (Assumes Coefficient of Performance [COP] of 3.5) For every kwh heat generated: 1 kwh of conventional heat 3.5 kwh of electricity

38 Wind Power A zero carbon technology

39 Wind Power Principles Basic Theory of Operation Moving air (wind) is used to rotate a shaft via a set of aerofoil blades. The shaft is connected to a generator which produces electricity. This may used at point of generation or exported to the grid. Generator Nacelle Rotor Hub Gearbox Blade

40 Wind Power System Types Small scale free standing Large scale Small scale building mounted

41 Wind Power System Types

42 Wind Power Applications BP Service Station, Hornchurch 3 x 6kW turbines Highly Visible Projected output 34,500kWh/yr Total 35kWp Serving station and exporting to grid Proven Energy Ltd

43 Wind Power Applications Itchen Valley Country Park 1 x 2.5kW turbine Highly Visible Rural location Grid connected Serving visitor centre Dulas Ltd

44 Wind Power Applications Bro Dyfi Community Wind Turbine 1 x 75kW turbine Highly Visible Community financed Electricity sold to Centre for Alternative Technology Benefit to local shareholders Bro Dyfi Community Energy

45 Wind Power Applications Green Park, Reading 1 x 2MW turbine Highly Visible 3.5 million kwh/yr 85m hub height 70m rotor diameter Developer finance Electricity sold to grid Benefit to local shareholders Ecotricity

46 Wind Power Considerations Scale 1.5 kw to 4MW (individual turbine) System type (Grid connected, off-grid) Location Turbine spacing Connection points Connection Voltage Noise Visual impact

47 Wind Power Planning Implications Temporary construction damage Landscape and Visual, incl. Cumulative and Historic Noise Ecology Archaeology Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Air Safeguarding Public Access, Safety and Shadow Flicker Listed buildings Oversail

48 Wind Power Pros & Cons Pros fficient aves money aves CO 2 emissions an generate income Cons nstallation costs isual impact he Wind Farm issue

49 Wind Power Savings For every kwh electricity generated around: kg CO 2 small scale kg CO 2 large scale direct to grid (DTi/BWEA figures) For every kwh electricity generated: 1 kwh of grid electricity heat

50 Biomass A zero carbon technology

51 Biomass Principles Basic Theory of Operation Carbon is kept in a continuous cycle and hence the system is carbon neutral

52 Biomass Fuel Types Logs (3-70 kw) + cheap, available manual, storage Pellets (8-500 kw) + refined, convenient, compact supply Chips (30kW - 200MW) + cheap, available, automatic quality control

53 Biomass Applications Nant yr Arian Visitor Centre 35 kw boiler, fully automated Woodchip or pellet fuel 16m 3 fuel store Projected output 63,000kWh/yr Serving heating and hot water for the visitor centre Stimulating Welsh woodfuel supply chain By Dulas Ltd

54 Biomass Applications Dol Llys Housing 60kW boiler 1200 litre accumulator Serving 7 dwellings in a grade II listed building Boilerhouse 140m from main building 30 tonnes pellets per year 52 tonnes woodchip per year By Dulas Ltd

55 Biomass Applications Llanwddyn Community Heating 500kW boiler with backup oil boiler 43m 3 fuel store 7,000 litre accumulator District heating network serving school, community centre and 29 houses Heat supply ESCo Heat supply price of 3.5p/kWh By Dulas Ltd

56 Biomass Considerations Scale 25 kw to 3 MW Fuel type Fuel availability Plant & fuel storage space Heat load profile Heat only or CHP

57 Biomass Planning Implications New boilerhouse? Fuel store Flues Emissions Fuel delivery impacts IPPC for large fuel storage

58 Biomass Pros & Cons Pros heap, available fuel utomatic operation ide range of outputs and technology Cons uel handling may require regular attention ulky fuel storage egular maintenance

59 Biomass Savings For every kwh heat generated around: kg CO 2 offsetting electricity 0.22 kg CO 2 offsetting natural gas 0.29 kg CO 2 offsetting LPG or oil For every kwh heat generated (average cost 3.5p): 1 kwh of conventional heat

60 As a public entity: Grants Low Carbon Building Programme 40% under Stream 2 Stream 2A for projects less than 100,000 Stream 2B for projects over 100,000 PV, solar thermal, wind, hydro, heat pumps, bio-energy, renewable CHP, micro CHP, fuel cells eligible

61 Grants Wood Energy Business Scheme (WEBS) Operates in Objective 1 & 2 areas Up to 48.2% funding for primary heat plant and supply chain set up Needs to be under a heat supply agreement