Lecture Series: Chapter 2 The Psychoanalytic Legacy: Pages: 23 Sigmund Freud

Transcription

1 Dikran J. Martin Psychology 116 Name:. Date:. Lecture Series: Chapter 2 The Psychoanalytic Legacy: Pages: 23 Sigmund Freud TEXT: Allen, Bem P., (2003). Personality Theories (4th.) New York: Allen & Bacon. Principal Features Freud's View of the Person What was Sigmund Freud's view of the person? (22) " (Freud) assumed the influence of psychological determinism in everyday life behavior." "Throughout his life, Freud never ceased self-analysis." [Example] Freud's self-analysis. -1-

2 Basic Concepts: Freud Personality Structure: Three Interacting Systems (SIDE) "For Freud, personality has a definable structure with three basic components: "One can be thought of as the personality's (22) " a second represents the " and a third reflects (23) "These are not 'parts' of personality in a physical sense " Id "The origin of personality is the id, the most basic of the three systems." "Id is beyond "Id operated according to the pleasure principle, the achievement of -2-

3 Id (Continued) "Id satisfies its needs through the primary process, a continual flow of (23) "Id demands satisfaction of its needs without consideration of what is "Primary process thinking characterizes the "Id is the reservoir of instincts, inborn forces with characteristics that are both " id is powered by libido, an energy described as What is Eros insofar as Sigmund Freud was concerned? What is Thanatos insofar as Sigmund Freud was concerned? -3-

4 Id (Continued) "Behaviors of a newborn baby reflect (23) the id's operations." Ego What is Ego insofar as Sigmund Freud was concerned? (23-24) "Ego operates according to the reality (24) principle " "Ego is guided by a higher level of mental functioning, called secondary process: intellectual operations such as "(Ego) suffers from secondary status " -4-

5 Ego (Continued) How did Sigmund Freud describe anxiety? (24) What is the role of defense mechanisms in Freudian (24-25) theory? Note the following defense mechanisms: Repression Projection Rationalization Denial Intellectualize Undoing -5-

6 Ego (Continued) What is the concept of neuroses in Freudian theory? (25) What is the concept of hysterical neuroses in Freudian theory? [Examples] Hysterical neurosis. Superego What is the concept of superego in Freudian theory? -6-

7 Superego (Continued) "The specific mechanism through which superego receives its content is (25) called introjection, a process by which the personality "The superego may be thought of as operating according to a morality principle, a code that concerns "One of its aspects is equivalent to conscience, the internal agent that "Superego's most important function is to help control " the superego, like the ego, addresses id needs, but the superego seeks to What is the role of guilt in Freudian theory? (26) -7-

8 Superego (Continued) What is the role of the ego ideal in Freudian theory? (26) "Freud conceived of personality as an internal struggle " The Five Stages of Personality Development (Old Aunt Pamela Loves Gorillas) "Freud hypothesized a series of five sequential stages of personality development." Four of the stages are closely associated with erogenous zones: (27) sensitive areas of the body from which "Freud defined sexual very generally to encompass any pleasurable feeling associated with stimulation of any one of the erogenous zones." [Example] Pleasure associated with stimulation. " Freud referred to the developmental epochs as psychosexual stages " -8-

9 Oral Stage: Phase One "During the oral or narcissistic (self-centered) stage that begins at birth, (27) the organism's psychic activity focuses on "Eros's aim is self-preservation " "The importance of stages in understanding adult personality is manifested in Freud's concept of fixation: "When under stress the fixated person is likely to show regression, "Freud referred to two personality types related to fixation at the oral stage that become fully developed by adulthood." "The oral-receptive personality type results from childhood pleasurable experiences of [Illustration] Oral-receptive personality type. (27-28) -9-

10 Oral Stage: Phase One (Continued) "The oral-aggressive type is also derived from childhood pleasures (28) associated with the [Illustration] Oral-aggressive personality type. Anal Stage: Phase Two What, according to Sigmund Freud, happens to personality during the anal stage developmental epoch? [Illustrations] Anal stage. -10-

11 Anal Stage: Phase Two (Continued) "Fixation at the anal stage may produce types that fully bloom in adulthood." "The anal retentive personality type delays (28) "In contrast, the anal-expulsive type is inclined to disregard Phallic Stage: Phase Three What, according to Sigmund Freud, happens to personality (28-29) during the phallic stage developmental epoch? What, according to Sigmund Freud, is the Oedipus complex? (29) -11-

12 Phallic Stage: Phase Three (Continued) What, according to Sigmund Freud, is the Electra complex? (29) What do the following statements mean? " boys (experience) castration anxiety " " girls display penis envy " "At this point the foundations of socialization are set." Identification is the process of becoming like the -12-

13 Phallic Stage: Phase Three (Continued) What do the following statements mean? "Failure to resolve the Oedipal complex has important implications " (29) " girls resolve their complex less (30) completely than boys." What is the concept of ego strength according to Sigmund Freud? "Both ancient and modern culture appears to support Freud's Phallic Phase." [Illustrations] Support of Freud's Phallic Phase. -13-

14 Latency Stage: The Fourth Phase What, according to Sigmund Freud, happens to personality (30) during the latency stage developmental epoch? " sublimation reorients instincts " Genital Stage: The Fifth Phase What, according to Sigmund Freud, happens to personality during the genital stage developmental epoch? " the first three stages revolves (30 & 33) around (bodily) cathexes " "In contrast, genital-stage cathexes are directed (33) -14-

15 Genital Stage: The Fifth Phase (Continued) "These externally directed energies are represented by two psychoanalytic ideals of nature, normal-personality functions: love and work." [Illustrations] Psychoanalytic ideals of love and work. (33-34) A Basic Diversity Issue: Freud's View of Females What was Sigmund Freud's view of females? (34) "Elizabeth Young-Bruehl outlined the reasoning behind Freud's view of women in her book Freud on Women." [Illustration] Elizabeth Young-Bruehl on Freud's view of women. (34-35) -15-

16 Evaluation Contributions "How can psychologists possibly get at something that, by definition, is not directly available to consciousness?" "Freud suggested a number of avenues to the unconscious " Free Association "Freud's primary assessment technique for getting at the unconscious was free association, in which the person adopts a mental orientation that allows ideas, images, memories, and feelings to be expressed spontaneously." [Illustration] Free association. (35) Interpretation of Dreams " dreams are "the royal road to (37) the unconscious " -16-

17 Interpretation of Dreams (Continued) What did Sigmund Freud believe to be the difference (37) between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams? What was Sigmund Freud's view the dream symbol? [Illustrations] Freudian dream symbols. (38) Psychoanalysis " psychoanalysis (was) Freud's systematic procedures for providing a patient with the insight necessary to rid the personality of its neurotic conflicts." "Through insight, unacceptable and socially 'taboo' experiences buried in the person's unconscious can be made conscious." -17-

18 Psychoanalysis (Continued) How did Sigmund Freud apply the technique of free (38) association to the practice of psychoanalysis? "Patients would sometimes display transference " "Countertransference occurs when analysts Supporting Evidence: Older and More Current "Probably thousands of studies done over at least 70 years have addressed Freud's ideas." -18-

19 Supporting Evidence: Older and More Current (Continued) [Illustrations] Supporting evidence of Freud's ideas. (39-40) Limitations The Uncertain Status of Psychoanalytic Theory (PT) Note the following limitations of psychoanalytic theory. The theory works best backward. (40) The clinical patients are unrepresentative of people in general. -19-

20 The Uncertain Status of Psychoanalytic Theory (PT) (Continued) Although a psychological development theory, Freud had few (41) child patients. The validating "evidence" for psychoanalysis is often very indirect. Issues over Freud's interpretation of patient's seduction scenarios. Issues over the interpretation of "recovered memories." (42-43) Issues over Freud's use of faulty analogies to interpret patient (43) testimony. -20-

21 The Uncertain Status of Psychoanalytic Theory (PT) (Continued) Issues over Sigmund Freud's use of tautology or circular reasoning. (44) Issues over Sigmund Freud's inconsistent explanations of various phenomena (i.e., homosexuality). Issues over Sigmund Freud's tendency to change his definition (45) of key terms. "Given the devastating attacks by Macmillan and others, how does Macmillan account for the continued popularity of Freud and his theory? He offers five reasons:" (1) most laypeople and many professionals think that Freud's relatively unchanged psychoanalytic theory is -21-

22 The Uncertain Status of Psychoanalytic Theory (PT) (Continued) (2) psychoanalysis seems to allow for an extensive (45) (3) people are attracted to the (4) psychoanalysis deals with those things that are (5) most people take it for granted that psychoanalytic therapy is Conclusions "Three of Freud's global conceptions have had profound impact on psychology." "First, more than anyone else, Freud has taught us not to "Second, his ideas about the identification process through which children become like their parents have -22-

23 Conclusions (Continued) "Third, while it may not be quite what Freud thought it was, even some (48) of the most tough-minded experimental psychologists now acknowledge the existence of Freud's most central idea, the "While Freud's psychoanalytic theory may not be scientific, he was in the vanguard of early psychologists who sought to make a "As for psychoanalytic theory, even if it cannot be regarded as a scientific discipline, it can exist as a kind of "Freud's vast writings are still being mined to discover new fuel for thought." [Illustrations] Sigmund Freud's ideas as new fuel for thought. END -23-