Chapter 5 - Unit 4. Elements, Symbols and the Periodic Table

Transcription

1 #3 PPT Chapter 5 - Unit 4 Elements, Symbols and the Periodic Table LecturePLUS Timberlake 1

2 Elements Pure substances that cannot be separated into different substances by ordinary processes Are the building blocks of matter 112 elements known today Examples: carbon gold calcium LecturePLUS Timberlake 2

3 Symbols of Elements Use 1 or 2 letter abbreviations Capitalize the first letter only Examples: C carbon Co cobalt N nitrogen Ca calcium F fluorine Br bromine O oxygen Mg magnesium LecturePLUS Timberlake 3

4 Symbols from Latin Names Element Symbol Latin name Copper Cu cuprum Gold Au aurum Lead Pb plumbum Mercury Hg hydrargyrum Potassium K kalium Silver Ag argentum Sodium Na natrium Tin Sn stannum LecturePLUS Timberlake 4

5 % Major Elements in the Body O 65.0 % K 0.34 C 18.0 S 0.26 H 10.0 Na 0.14 N 3.0 Cl 0.14 Ca 1.4 Fe P 1.0 Zn Mg 0.50 Trace Elements As, Cr, Co, Cu, F, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Si, V LecturePLUS Timberlake 5

6 Learning Check 1 Select the correct symbol for each: A. Calcium 1) C 2) Ca 3) CA B. Sulfur 1) S 2) Sl 3) Su C. Iron 1) Ir 2) FE 3) Fe LecturePLUS Timberlake 6

7 Solution 1 Select the correct symbol for each: A. Calcium 2) Ca B. Sulfur 1) S C. Iron 3) Fe LecturePLUS Timberlake 7

8 Learning Check 2 Select the correct name for each: A. N B. P C. Ag 1) neon 2) nitrogen 3) nickel 1) potassium 2) phogiston 3) phosphorus 1) silver 2) agean 3) gold LecturePLUS Timberlake 8

9 Solution 2 Select the correct name for each: A. N 2) nitrogen B. P 3) phosphorus C. Ag 1) silver LecturePLUS Timberlake 9

10 Periodic Table The periodic table is an arrangement of the elements according to similarities in their chemical and physical properties. LecturePLUS Timberlake 10

11 Physical Properties The characteristics of a substance that can be observed without changing the substance. Color Size Shape Density Freezing and Boiling Points Odor LecturePLUS Timberlake 11

12 Groups of Elements Vertical columns on the periodic table Similar physical properties Similar chemical properties LecturePLUS Timberlake 12

13 Representative Groups on the Periodic Table LecturePLUS Timberlake 13

14 Representative Groups Group 1 (IA) Alkali Metals (Most reactive metals!) Group 2 (IIA) Alkaline Earth Metals Group 7 (VIIA) Halogens (Salt formers - Most reactive non metals) Group 8 (VIIIA)Noble Gases (Very Stable - Non-reactive) LecturePLUS Timberlake 14

15 Location of Some Groups I II III IV V VI VII VIII A l m k e a t l a i l s A l k e a a l r i t n h e H a l o g e n s LecturePLUS Timberlake 15 N O G B a L s E e s

16 Periods on the Periodic Table Horizontal rows from Group 1 to Group 8. (Or Group IA to Group VIIIA) Numbered 1, 2, 3,. Include representative elements and transition elements LecturePLUS Timberlake 16

17 Periods on the Periodic Table LecturePLUS Timberlake 17

18 Learning Check 3 A. Element in Group VIIA, Period 4 1) Br 2) Cl 3) Mn B. Element in Group IIA, Period 3 1) beryllium 2) magnesium 3) boron LecturePLUS Timberlake 18

19 Solution 3 A. Element in Group 7A, period 4 1) Br B. Element in Group 2A, Period 3 2) magnesium LecturePLUS Timberlake 19

20 Learning Check 4 A. Element in Group VIIA, period 4 1) Br 2) Cl 3) Mn B. Element in Group IIA, Period 3 1) beryllium 2) magnesium 3) boron C. Metals in Group IVA 1) Ge, Sn, Pb 2) C, Si 3) C, Si, Ge, Sn D. Nonmetals in Group VA 1) As, Sb, Bi 2) N, P, As 3) N, P, As, Sb LecturePLUS Timberlake 20

21 Solution 4 A. Element in Group VIIA, period 4 1) Br B. Element in Group IIA, Period 3 2) magnesium C. Metals in Group IVA 1) Ge, Sn, Pb D. Nonmetals in Group VA 2) N, P, As LecturePLUS Timberlake 21

22 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids Metals - Good conductors of electricity and heat - Ductile - Malleable - Lustrous (shiny) - In chemical reactions, metals lose electrons to form positively charged ions - Vast majority of known elements are metals - All are solids except for mercury, which is a liquid at room temperature and pressure - Are found on the left of the zig zag line. 22

23 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids Nonmetals - Poor conductors of heat and electricity - Not lustrous (dull) - Can be gases, liquids, or solids - Solid nonmetals are brittle - Tend to gain electrons in reactions with metals to form negatively charged ions - Share electrons in reactions with other nonmetals - Are found to the right of the zig zag line Metalloids (Semi-metals) - Exhibit properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals. Found along the zig zag line. 23

24 Metals, Nonmetals, & Metalloids 1 2 Nonmetals Metals 7 Metalloids Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page

25 Learning Check 5 Specify metal (1) or nonmetal (2) for each: A. sulfur B. chlorine C. sodium D. iron E. carbon F. silver LecturePLUS Timberlake 25

26 Solution 5 Specify metal (1) or nonmetal (2) for each: A. sulfur 2 B. chlorine 2 C. sodium 1 D. iron 1 E. carbon 2 F. silver 1 LecturePLUS Timberlake 26

27 Learning Check 6 Select the correct elements: A. Metals in Group IVA 1) Ge, Sn, Pb 2) C, Si 3) C, Si, Ge, Sn B. Nonmetals in Group VA 1) As, Sb, Bi 2) N, P, As 3) N, P, As, Sb LecturePLUS Timberlake 27

28 Solution 6 A. Metals in Group 4A 1) Ge, Sn, Pb B. Nonmetals in Group 5A 2) N, P, As LecturePLUS Timberlake 28