GS/World History, Feb 2

Transcription

1 GS/World History, Feb 2 Entry Task: From your research and the movie yesterday, what were mistakes that Napoleon made? Announcements: - On the notecard, write your name and make a GOAL for Semester 2 - Today: Napoleon Review

2 Napoleon - Who Is He? Declared himself Emperor of France - Brilliant embodiment of French Revolution ideals of egalitarianism and meritocracy - The creator of modern warfare - At height of his power he ruled 70 million people - Napoleonic Code served as the basis for legal systems in Netherlands, Italy, Spain, parts of Latin America

3 Hitler visits Napoleon s tomb: June 28, 1940 Yes, there are similarities (BUT they are very, very different): - Poor background and youthful ambition; - Continued thirst for power; a coup d'état to achieve power; - The goal of, in the one case, creating a new France and, in the other, a new Germany; - The use of war to expand their influence; - A desire to conquer Europe; a shared failure to conquer Russia; - Attempts to defeat Britain with a continental blockade; - Resistance to the regime: in Spain for Napoleon, in all the occupied territories for Hitler; - Downfall follows defeat by a coalition of countries; and the story comes to an end with their respective countries in ruins.

4 Napoleon Bonaparte or

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15 Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte helped the Directory stay in power in France - he defeated royalists and kept Paris safe. (The people in power owed him)

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19 Napoleon Bonaparte The Italian Campaigns. Napoleon negotiated a treaty (without the Directory), paid troops from territories He captured 540 cannon and 170 standards He took Venice- ending 1,100 years of independence In northern Italy, he moved to suppress religious orders, end serfdom, and limit age-old noble privilege.

20 Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon turns to Egypt, a Turkish territory WHY? He hopes to cut off the trade route between India and England.

21 Napoleon Bonaparte Also... - He knew his limits in attacking England - Establish French presence in the Middle East

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23 Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon in Egypt He took along 167 scientists, mathematicians, chemists, etc. Their discoveries included the Rosetta Stone

24 Battle of the Pyramids: Bonaparte claimed he said, Soldiers! From atop these pyramids, forty centuries look down upon you!

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26 1798 he was defeated by a British navy under Admiral Horatio Nelson, who destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile.

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28 Abandoning his troops in Egypt, Napoleon returned to France and received a hero s welcome!

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30 Napoleon Bonaparte What made Napoleon s army so terrifying anyway? Speed and Surprise Very mobile army - marched 500 miles in 5 weeks to capture Vienna, Austria It was said, the emperor Napoleon won his battles with legs rather than arms. He could calculate the marching speed and distance so exactly that he knew with certainty when his support troops would arrive

31 Napoleon Bonaparte What made Napoleon s army so terrifying anyway? Napoleon was brilliant at divide and conquer He could see the field and knew exactly where the enemy would march He often set successful traps and deceived the enemy as to his intent or the size of his troops

32 Napoleon Bonaparte What made Napoleon s army so terrifying anyway? French Cannon could shoot an 8 pound projectile (other armies used a 6 pounder) and it was very mobile

33 Napoleon Bonaparte The coalition forces fought in the old European manner- one filled with established social classes, centuries of military habits, and one where noble blood meant you led men. The French army fought in the manner of the French Revolution- a more egalitarian, patriotic citizenry where officers rose in rank, no matter their birth, but according to ability

34 Napoleon Bonaparte What made Napoleon s army so terrifying anyway? But the PRIMARY WEAPON of the French forces was Napoleon s mind Napoleon was a brilliant tactician. Duke of Wellington said, Napoleon s hat on the battlefield is worth 50,000 men He was even called, God of War

35 Napoleon Bonaparte What made Napoleon s army so terrifying anyway? "There is no man more pusillanimous than I when I am planning a campaign. I purposely exaggerate all the dangers and all the calamities that the circumstances make possible. I am in a thoroughly painful state of agitation. This does not keep me from looking quite serene in front of my entourage; I am like an unmarried girl laboring with child." - Napoleon

36 Napoleon Bonaparte What made Napoleon s army so terrifying anyway? This could be your next evil headquarters... This is a 30-foot-tall Martello Tower in Suffolk, England. It has one door, 13-foot-thick walls, and was built to keep Napoleon out of England

37 Napoleon Bonaparte

38 Napoleon Bonaparte MEANWHILE... Back in France, the French Republican army is not doing too well fighting the Second Coalition. Over time there are 6+ different coalition forces against France and Napoleon. Coalition Allies against France/Napoleon: England, Prussia, Austria, Russia, Spain (and just about everyone else)

39 Napoleon Bonaparte: The Consulate The Directory is overthrown in a coup d etat The Consulate (3 men- 1 of which is Napoleon) will rule until 1804

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41 Napoleon Bonaparte Temporary Peace in Europe France isn t yet ready to invade England A temporary peace is signed Napoleon under the Consulate issues significant reforms

42 Napoleon Bonaparte Reforms Under Napoleon 1. Civil code of law- Napoleonic Code of Law was clearly written and accessible Its purpose was to reform the French legal code to reflect the principles of the Fr. Revolution. Create one law code for France.

43 Napoleon Bonaparte Reforms Under Napoleon Napoleonic Code of Law 1. All people equal in the eyes of the law: no special privileges for clergy, nobles, etc 2. Feudal rights are ended 3. Trial by jury guaranteed 4. Religious freedom guaranteed 5. Wives could own her own property (with her husband s permission in writing) Did Napoleon preserve the ideals of the French Revolution, as he claimed, in his domestic policies?

44 Napoleon Bonaparte Reforms Under Napoleon Influence of the Napoleonic Code of Law

45 Reforms Under Napoleon 2. Centralized administration Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon developed a powerful, centralized administrative machine with promotion based on ability. Opening government careers to individuals based on their ability was one change the middle class wanted. Napoleon created a new aristocracy based on merit in the state service. He created 3,263 nobles between 1808 and More than half were military officers and from the middle class.

46 Napoleon Bonaparte Reforms Under Napoleon 3. Centralized bank and currency

47 Napoleon Bonaparte Reforms Under Napoleon 4. Concordat of 1801 with Catholic Church Catholicism was declared the religion of the majority of France Papal acceptance of church lands lost during the Revolution

48 Napoleon Bonaparte Reforms Under Napoleon 5. Legion of Honor- highest award possible in France Palace of the Legion of Honor, Paris

49 Napoleon Bonaparte 6. Higher Education Reforms Under Napoleon Public education does not suit women, as they are not called upon to live in public marriage is their whole estimation In France, women are considered too highly. They should not be regarded as equal to men, In reality they are nothing more than machines for producing children

50 Napoleon Bonaparte Higher Education Lycee System: established in 1801 Reforms Under Napoleon Lycées initially enrolled the nation s most talented students [they had to pay tuition, although there was some financial help available for poorer students].

51 Napoleon Bonaparte These revolutionary ideals that Napoleon established will influence other nations and other people Touissant L Ouverture

52 Louisiana Purchase: $15 million

53 Louisiana Purchase, 1803 $15,000,000

54 Napoleon Bonaparte 1804 Napoleon declares himself Emperor Napoleon's relatives and loyalists were installed as leaders (in Holland, Westphalia, Italy, Naples, Spain and Sweden).

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56 British Cartoon

58 Napoleon Bonaparte Battle of Austerlitz 1805 Considered Napoleon s most brilliant battle Considered one of history s most brilliant battles Napoleon destroyed the Third Coalition in this battle

59 Napoleon Bonaparte Battle of Austerlitz 1805 Napoleon held some troops behind the hill- knowing the Austrians would take the bait and come forward into his hinged trap Coalition French They did Napoleon ruled the mainland of Europe now! men dead ,000 men captured ,000 standards lost 1 50

60 Napoleon Bonaparte The Battle of Trafalgar 1805 The British Navy destroys Napoleon s navy The British hero Horatio Nelson achieves lasting fame

61 Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon wants to defeat the British with the Continental System - a circling of Europe in order to prevent England from trading with the continent. With this plan, Napoleon hopes to break the financial back of the British Empire. It failed.

62 Josephine: no son = divorce

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64 Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon turns to Russia Goals: - Stop trade between Russia and Britain - Liberate Poland (not a major concern of Napoleon s) - Domination over Europe

65 Napoleon watching Moscow Burning (500 miles into Russia)

66 Out of 600,000, only around 100,000 live... June 24 - December 14, 1812:

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68 Napoleon s Exile to Elba: stayed 300 days

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70 Louis XVIII, Louis XVI s brother Ruled (Except for 100 Days)

72 Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon meets his end at Waterloo vs Duke of Wellington Napoleon

73 Napoleon on His Way to His Final Exile on St. Helena

74 Exiled again: St Helena

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76 Napoleon Bonaparte CPR: So what defeats Napoleon in the end? 1. Continental System did not work - he could not defeat the British 2. Peninsular Campaign - attempt to defeat Portugal (loses 300,000 troops) 3. The Russian campaign showed he was not invincible. The very item he spread - nationalism or pride in one s nation - would become the source of revolt against his rule

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