Instrumentation Overview of Talk Rationale Cosmic ray soil moisture sensor characteristics Other measurements How we retrieve soil moisture from neutr
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1 Cockle Park Instrumentation Jonathan Evans COSMOS-UK Science Exploitation Workshop 1 February, 2016
2 Instrumentation Overview of Talk Rationale Cosmic ray soil moisture sensor characteristics Other measurements How we retrieve soil moisture from neutron counts Soil sampling & calibration Example field scale soil moisture compared to models and satellite data Summary
3 Introduction to COSMOS-UK Aim: To establish a UK soil moisture monitoring network using cosmic-ray soil moisture sensors (CRS) Why now: 1) The CRS gives one integrated measurement of soil moisture with a footprint of around 400m diameter, averaging out soil moisture heterogeneity. 2) Enables the deployment of a low-maintenance near real-time network of soil moisture measurements with many applications.
4 Applications for COSMOS-UK Data Process understanding Weather prediction Soil Moisture Hydrological modelling Groundwater recharge Prediction of crop yield Irrigation scheduling Climate studies Input to land-atmosphere models Greenhouse gas controls
5 Why is Soil Moisture Important in Hydrology? Because: Soil Moisture (SM) controls hydrological processes: - Runoff and flood risk - Infiltration & water storage - Recharge of groundwater - Soil-water evaporation - Plant evapotranspiration Availability of water for: - plants/crops - water resource -SM controls on biogeochemistry
6 Why is SM Important for Meteorology? Because: SM partly controls the land surface energy balance: Partitioning of solar energy between evaporation, sensible heat flux and soil heat flux Soil thermal properties depend on SM The absorption, emission and reflection of solar energy depend on SM The above affect the boundary layer development
7 How does the CRS technique Work? High energy neutrons via cosmic rays, are slowed and partly absorbed by the hydrogen atoms in soil water some lower energy fast neutrons are scattered back from the soil The CRS continuously counts these fast neutrons As SM increases fewer fast neutrons escape from the soil, and therefore count rate reduces
8 Footprint of SM from CRS Neutron scattering theory/models predict the measurement footprint Soil Moisture Depth Diameter of Soil Moisture
9 COSMOS-UK Station Instrumentation Four-component radiometer & weather station & 3D Sonic Anemometer Solar Panel Camera Weighing Rain Gauge Point Soil Moisture Sensors (10 cm) Profile Soil Moisture Sensor (20, 40, 65 cm) Soil Heat Flux Plates (3 cm) Soil Temperature Profile (2, 5, 10, 20, 50 cm) Cosmic-Ray sensor
10 CRS Data Processing Corrections 1 Figure 3Raw neutron counts (N raw ) and the correction factors applied (F p, F Q, F C, black lines) to obtain corrected counts (N corr ) for Chimney Meadows. Relevant variables (p, Q, C) are also shown in each case (green lines, right-hand axes). The resolution of the data is 60 min.
11 CRS Data Processing Corrections 2 Figure 3Raw neutron counts (N raw ) and the correction factors applied (F p, F Q, F C, black lines) to obtain corrected counts (N corr ) for Chimney Meadows. Relevant variables (p, Q, C) are also shown in each case (green lines, right-hand axes). The resolution of the data is 60 min.
12 CRS Soil Moisture Calibration On site manual soil samples and subsequent lab analysis, gives Volumetric Water Content (VWC) for the CRS on a particular day. A standard CRS calibration curve can then be fixed to the measured VWC and corrected neutron counts for the calibration day. Once calibration is fixed for a site, CRS SM is automatically calculated by the CEH data system caution with averaging period! For calcareous soils CEH has developed a pre-treatment to prevent interference of chalk when drying.
13 Automated & Manual Quality Control Automated QC Applied Range testing Spike/flat line detection Other specific tests/comparisons Snow! (e.g. BALRD 14/01/15), at present, manual check but snow depth sensor will be used to automate QC of SM for snow.
14 CRS SM Data Effective depth changes Daily averages (lines) and 6-h running means (shading) of COSMOS soil moisture content and modelled effective measurement depth
15 Comparing COSMOS to Satellite Data Soil moisture indices from COSMOS and satellite ASCAT data for Chimney Meadows and Sheepdrove (Aug 2011-Dec 2013). The resolution of the data is daily. Dashed lines are 1:1; solid lines are linear regressions through the data.
16 Comparing CRS SM with a Land Surface Model JULES: Joint UK Land Environment Simulator Vertical water column from COMSOS compared to 10 cm soil moisture from the JULES model for Chimney Meadows and Sheepdrove (Aug 2011-Dec 2012).
17 PhenoCam Daily View of Sites
18 Summary COSMOS-UK Station Instrumentation gives a suite of near real-time information: Field scale SM relevant for water resource and meteorological modelling Research grade meteorological data to drive models Gives all components of the surface energy balance except evaporation this will be estimated as the residual Land cover, phenology and greenness Automated data system with calibration & QC
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