Locative and Genitive Subjects in Hindi/Urdu
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1 Locative and Genitive Subjects in Hindi/Urdu ParGram Meeting 2012 Udayana University, Bali June /39
2 Overview 1 Case on Subjects in Hindi/Urdu 2 Rediscoveries 3 Locative Subjects 4 Genitive Subjects 5 Thoughts on Discourse 6 Implementation 2/39
3 Overview Case on Subjects in Hindi/Urdu 1 Case on Subjects in Hindi/Urdu 2 Rediscoveries 3 Locative Subjects 4 Genitive Subjects 5 Thoughts on Discourse 6 Implementation 3/39
4 Case in Hindi/Urdu Case on Subjects in Hindi/Urdu Hindi/Urdu generally free word-order language grammatical functions to be identified via case complex system of case clitics Clitic Case gf nominative subj/obj ne ergative subj ko accusative obj dative subj/obj-th se instrumental subj/obl/adjunct k- genitive subj (infinitives)/spec mẽ/par/tak/ locative obl/adjunct (table taken from Butt & King (2004)) 4/39
5 Case on Subjects in Hindi/Urdu Subjects in Hindi/Urdu subjects may bear nominative, ergative, dative case intransitives: nominative transitives/ditransitives: ergative (perfective aspect), nominative (imperfective aspect) (split ergative) experiencer subjects: dative nominative phonogically null nominals inflect to an oblique form when part of a Kase Phrase (kp) 5/39
6 Case on Subjects in Hindi/Urdu Subjects in Hindi/Urdu Examples: split ergativity wrt. aspect (1) a. nina hans-i Nina.Fem.Sg.Nom laugh-perf.fem.sg Nina laughed. b. c. nina=ne kutte=ko dek h -a Nina.Fem.Sg.Obl=Erg dog.masc.sg.obl=acc see-perf.masc.sg Nina saw the dog. nina kutte=ko dek h -at-i he Nina.Fem.Sg.Nom dog.masc.sg.obl=acc see-impf-fem.sg be.pres.3p.sg Nina sees the dog. 6/39
7 Case on Subjects in Hindi/Urdu Subjects in Hindi/Urdu Examples: dative subjects (2) a. b. nina=ko k h ansi he Nina.Fem.Sg.Obl=Dat cough.fem.sg.nom be.pres.3p.sg Nina had a cough. nina=ko pyar he Nina.Fem.Sg.Obl=Dat love.fem.sg.nom be.pres.3p.sg Nina is in love. physical and emotional experiencers 7/39
8 Further Curiosities Case on Subjects in Hindi/Urdu Nominative/Ergative split: not only influenced by aspect, but also by volitionality (for unergative intransitives) (3) a. b. nina cik h -i Nina.Fem.Sg.Nom scream-perf.fem.sg Nina screamed. nina=ne cik h -a Nina.Fem.Sg.Obl=Erg scream-perf.masc.sg Nina screamed (on purpose). c. *nina=ne cik h -t-a he Nina.Fem.Sg.Obl=Erg scream-perf.masc.sg be.pres.3p.sg non-volitional/neutral subjects get nominative, volitional subjects get ergative (but not in the imperfective aspect) 8/39
9 Further Curiosities Case on Subjects in Hindi/Urdu Dative/Locative Alternation (Mohanan 1994): (4) a. b. nina=ko pyar he Nina.Fem.Sg.Obl=Dat love.fem.sg.nom be.pres.3p.sg Nina is in love. nina=mẽ pyar he Nina.Fem.Sg.Obl=Loc love.fem.sg.nom be.pres.3p.sg Nina is full of love. (lit. There is love in Nina. ) Mohanan (1994) suggests a difference in stage- vs. individual-level predication 9/39
10 Overview Rediscoveries 1 Case on Subjects in Hindi/Urdu 2 Rediscoveries 3 Locative Subjects 4 Genitive Subjects 5 Thoughts on Discourse 6 Implementation 10/39
11 Rediscoveries Rediscoveries Mohanan (1994) mentions two further kinds of subjects: (5) (6) a. genitive subjects : nina=ka makan he Nina.Fem.Sg.Obl=Gen.Masc.Sg.Nom house.masc.sg.nom be.pres.3p.sg Nina has/owns a house. locative subjects : b. nina=mẽ pyar he Nina.Fem.Sg.Obl=Loc love.fem.sg.nom be.pres.3p.sg Nina is full of love. (lit. There is love in Nina. ) makan=mẽ cuha he house.masc.sg.obl=loc rat.masc.sg.nom be.pres.3p.sg There is a rat in the house. 11/39
12 Rediscoveries Rediscoveries This is new for our grammar and needs an implementation. How should we treat those subjects? And are they really subjects? seem to occur only with copula/linking verbs Mohanan (1994): evidence for subjecthood based on control, reflexives but if they are the subjects, then what are the others? predlink/obj/obj-th... let s see whether linking can help in deciding... 12/39
13 Overview Locative Subjects 1 Case on Subjects in Hindi/Urdu 2 Rediscoveries 3 Locative Subjects 4 Genitive Subjects 5 Thoughts on Discourse 6 Implementation 13/39
14 Locative Subjects Locative Subjects Construction: locative subject plus nominative nominal plus copula element (7) a. b. makan=mẽ cuha he house.masc.sg.obl=loc rat.masc.sg.nom be.pres.3p.sg There is a rat in the house. nina=mẽ pyar he Nina.Fem.Sg.Obl=Loc love.fem.sg.nom be.pres.3p.sg Nina is full of love. (lit. There is love in Nina. ) Mohanan (1994) shows that the locative marked nominals are in fact subjects the syntax is that of a normal locative clause undergoing locative inversion (Bresnan & Kanerva 1989) 14/39
15 Locative Subjects Locative Inversion in Linking Normal Locatives: theme realized as a nominative subject location realized as locative-marked oblique Inverted ( Existential ) Locatives: theme realized as a nominative object (gets [-r] in lmt and ends up as an object) location realized as a locative-marked subject (gets [-o] and [-r] even if theme is highest expressed role) (Bresnan & Kanerva 1989) Definiteness effects: in the normal locative, theme obligatorily definite in the inverted locative, theme obligatorily indefinite (existential) 15/39
16 Locative Subjects Linking for Normal Locatives (8) cuha makan=mẽ he rat.masc.sg.nom house.masc.sg.obl=loc be.pres.3p.sg The rat is in the house., not * There is a rat in the house. ho < th, loc > intrinsic [-r] [-o] defaults [+r] obj/subj obl loc well-formedness subj obl loc nom loc Table: Linking analysis for normal locatives 16/39
17 Locative Subjects Linking for Normal Locatives (9) cuha makan=mẽ he rat.masc.sg.nom house.masc.sg.obl=loc be.pres.3p.sg The rat is in the house., not * There is a rat in the house. PRED SUBJ OBL-LOC ho<( SUBJ), ( OBL-LOC)> [ ] PRED cuha CASE nom [ ] PRED makan CASE loc Figure: F-Structure for (9) 17/39
18 Locative Subjects Linking for Inverted Locatives (10) makan=mẽ cuha he house.masc.sg.obl=loc rat.masc.sg.nom be.pres.3p.sg There is a rat in the house., not * The rat is in the house. ho < th, loc > intrinsic [-r] [-o] defaults [-r] obj/subj subj well-formedness obj subj nom loc Table: Linking analysis for inverted locatives 18/39
19 Locative Subjects Linking for Inverted Locatives (11) makan=mẽ cuha he house.masc.sg.obl=loc rat.masc.sg.nom be.pres.3p.sg There is a rat in the house., not * The rat is in the house. PRED ho<( SUBJ), ( OBJ)> [ ] PRED makan SUBJ CASE loc [ ] PRED cuha OBJ CASE nom Figure: F-Structure for (11) 19/39
20 Overview Genitive Subjects 1 Case on Subjects in Hindi/Urdu 2 Rediscoveries 3 Locative Subjects 4 Genitive Subjects 5 Thoughts on Discourse 6 Implementation 20/39
21 Genitive Subjects Genitive Subjects Construction: genitive subject plus nominative nominal plus copula element (12) a. b. nina=ke do b h ai hẽ Nina.Fem.Sg.Obl=Gen.Masc.Pl two brother.masc.pl.nom be.pres.3p.pl Nadya has two brothers. Is tale ki koi cabi nahĩ this.obl lock.masc.sg.obl Gen.Fem.Sg any key.fem.sg not This lock has no key. (agreement between subject and nominative nominal) Mohanan (1994) shows that the genitive marked nominals are in fact subjects the evidence from Freeze (1992) strongly suggests similarity to locative predicates 21/39
22 Genitive Subjects Does Hindi/Urdu have Genitive Inversion? Several similarities between the locative and genitive data: (13) a. definiteness requirement seems to hold across the data: b. makan nina=ka he house.masc.sg.nom Nina.Fem.Sg.Obl=Gen.Masc.Sg.Nom be.pres.3p.sg Nina has/owns the house., not * Nina has/owns a house. nina=ka makan he Nina.Fem.Sg.Obl=Gen.Masc.Sg.Nom house.masc.sg.nom be.pres.3p.sg Nina has/owns a house., not * Nina has/owns the house. normal genitive : definite theme inverted genitive : indefinite theme Freeze (1992): subjects of have are nothing else than locations should analyze them on a par 22/39
23 Genitive Subjects Linking for Normal Genitives (14) makan nina=ka he house.masc.sg.nom Nina.Fem.Sg.Obl=Gen.Masc.Sg.Nom be.pres.3p.sg Nina has/owns the house., not * Nina has/owns a house. ho < th, loc > intrinsic [-r] [-o] defaults [+r] obj/subj obl loc well-formedness subj obl loc nom gen Table: Linking analysis for normal genitives 23/39
24 Genitive Subjects Linking for Normal Genitives (15) makan nina=ka he house.masc.sg.nom Nina.Fem.Sg.Obl=Gen.Masc.Sg.Nom be.pres.3p.sg Nina has/owns the house., not * Nina has/owns a house. PRED SUBJ OBL-LOC ho<( SUBJ), ( OBL-LOC)> [ ] PRED makan CASE nom [ ] PRED nina CASE gen Figure: F-Structure for (15) 24/39
25 Genitive Subjects Linking for Inverted Genitives (16) nina=ka makan he Nina.Fem.Sg.Obl=Gen.Masc.Sg.Nom house.masc.sg.nom be.pres.3p.sg Nina has/owns a house., not * Nina has/owns the house. ho < th, loc > intrinsic [-r] [-o] defaults [-r] obj/subj subj well-formedness obj subj nom gen Table: Linking analysis for inverted genitives 25/39
26 Genitive Subjects Linking for Inverted Genitives (17) nina=ka makan he Nina.Fem.Sg.Obl=Gen.Masc.Sg.Nom house.masc.sg.nom be.pres.3p.sg Nina has/owns a house., not * Nina has/owns the house. PRED ho<( SUBJ), ( OBJ)> [ ] PRED nina SUBJ CASE gen [ ] PRED makan OBJ CASE nom Figure: F-Structure for (17) 26/39
27 Genitive Subjects A Remark Note the predictions that lmt makes about the inverted cases: the nominative nominal turns out as an object; we have agreement between the genitive case marker and the object; we therefore have to assume subject-object agreement for Hindi/Urdu (in the case of possessives). Under a predlink analysis, agreement comes for free. agreement on e.g. predicative adjectives, nominals predlink analysis in place in Urdu grammar implemented as predlinks right now (contrary to what lmt suggests) 27/39
28 Overview Thoughts on Discourse 1 Case on Subjects in Hindi/Urdu 2 Rediscoveries 3 Locative Subjects 4 Genitive Subjects 5 Thoughts on Discourse 6 Implementation 28/39
29 Thoughts on Discourse Looking at it from a Discourse Angle Bresnan & Kanerva (1989): locative inversion has a special function in discourse: presentative function has been noted for several languages seems natural if we assume mapping: syntactic subject discourse topic, syntactic object discourse focus The argument goes like this: 2 arguments: theme, locative theme wants to be focus theme can be realized as an object to presentationally focus the argument subject condition: locative subject 29/39
30 Thoughts on Discourse Looking at it from a Discourse Angle Works out nicely for Hindi/Urdu: (18) cuha makan=mẽ he rat.masc.sg.nom house.masc.sg.obl=loc be.pres.3p.sg The rat is in the house., not * There is a rat in the house. (18) could be answered to: Where is the rat?, not to Who/what is in the house? assume that locative is being focussed locative (focus) obl-loc theme (topic) subj 30/39
31 Thoughts on Discourse Looking at it from a Discourse Angle (19) makan=mẽ cuha he house.masc.sg.obl=loc rat.masc.sg.nom be.pres.3p.sg There is a rat in the house., not * The rat is in the house. (19) could be answered to: Who/what is in the house?, not to Where is the rat? assume that theme is being focussed theme (focus) obj locative (topic) subj in line with general assumptions about Hindi/Urdu discourse structure (e.g. Butt & King 1997): focus position is immediately preverbal; in line with the cross-linguistic generalization that topics should be definite. 31/39
32 Overview Implementation 1 Case on Subjects in Hindi/Urdu 2 Rediscoveries 3 Locative Subjects 4 Genitive Subjects 5 Thoughts on Discourse 6 Implementation 32/39
33 Implementation Notes on the Implementation General case implementation in Urdu grammar (e.g. Butt & King 2007): constructive case approach (Nordlinger 1998) basically, any kp may take on any gf constrain on gf via lexical entry of case marker: ne erg) (SUBJ ^). ko K * dat) { (SUBJ ^) (OBJ-GO acc) (OBJ loc) (^ SEM-PROP LOCATION) = towards (OBL ^) } }. 33/39
34 Implementation Notes on the Implementation Added genitive subjects & locative subjects in the same way: confine locatives to adjunct/predlink/obl/subj confine genitives to spec poss/predlink/subj confine all to copular clauses for the moment men K loc) (^ SEM-PROP LOCATION) = in (OBL ^) (PREDLINK ^)}; K loc) (^ SEM-PROP LOCATION) = in (SUBJ ^)= %LOCAL (%LOCAL VTYPE) =c copular. ka Kposs (^ CHECK NUM) = sg (^ CHECK GEND) = masc (^ CHECK CMORPH) = nom; K gen) { (SUBJ ^) = %LOCAL (%LOCAL OBJ GEND) =c masc (%LOCAL OBJ NUM) =c sg. (%LOCAL VTYPE) =c copular. (PREDLINK ^) = %LOCAL (%LOCAL SUBJ GEND) =c masc (%LOCAL SUBJ NUM) =c sg. (%LOCAL VTYPE) =c copular}. 34/39
35 F-Structures Implementation "makan men cuha he" PRED 'ho<[1:makan], [35:cUhA]>' PRED 'makan' CHECK _NMORPH obl SUBJ NTYPE NSEM COMMON count NSYN common SEM-PROP LOCATION in 1 CASE loc, GEND masc, NUM sg, PERS 3 PRED 'cuha' PREDLINK NTYPE NSEM COMMON count NSYN common 35 GEND masc, NUM sg, PERS 3 CHECK _VMORPH _MTYPE infl _RESTRICTED -, _SUBCAT-FRAME V-SUBJ-PREDLINK TNS-ASP MOOD indicative, TENSE pres 58 CLAUSE-TYPE decl, PASSIVE -, VTYPE copular 35/39
36 F-Structures Implementation "nadiyah ka makan he" PRED 'ho<[1:nadiyah], [22:makAn]>' PRED 'nadiyah' CHECK _NMORPH obl SUBJ NTYPE NSEM PROPER PROPER-TYPE name NSYN proper SEM-PROP SPECIFIC + 1 CASE gen, GEND fem, NUM sg, PERS 3 PRED 'makan' PREDLINK NTYPE NSEM COMMON count NSYN common 22 GEND masc, NUM sg, PERS 3 CHECK _VMORPH _MTYPE infl _RESTRICTED -, _SUBCAT-FRAME V-SUBJ-PREDLINK TNS-ASP MOOD indicative, TENSE pres 54 CLAUSE-TYPE decl, PASSIVE -, VTYPE copular 36/39
37 Implementation Summary many different kinds of subjects already implemented in the Urdu grammar rediscovered genitive and locative subjects within copula verbs both constructions may undergo inversion lmt suggests a subj-obj analysis for inverted cases in line with other assumptions about discourse structure but: have to assume subj-obj agreement have implemented the inverted cases as predlink for now... 37/39
38 Thank you! Implementation Questions? Discussion? 38/39
39 Implementation References Bresnan, Joan and Jonni M. Kanerva Locative Inversion in Chicheŵa: A Case Study of Factorization in Grammar. Linguistic Inquiry 20(1). Butt, Miriam and Tracy H. King Null Elements in Discourse Structure. In K. V. Subbarao (Ed.), Papers from the NULLS Seminar. Butt, Miriam and Tracy H. King The Status of Case. In Clause Structure in South Asian Languages. Kluwer Academic Publishing. Butt, Miriam and Tracy H. King Urdu in a Parallel Grammar Development Environment. Language Resources and Evaluation: Special Issue on Asian Language Processing: State of the Art Resources and Processing 41: Freeze, Ray Existentials and Other Locatives. Language 68:3. Mohanan, Tara Argument Structure in Hindi. CSLI Publications. Nordlinger, Rachel Constructive Case: Evidence from Australian Languages. Stanford, California: CSLI Publications. 39/39
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