GREEK COURSEPACK TABLE OF CONTENTS

Transcription

1 1 GREEK COURSEPACK TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Title of Handout 1 Table of Contents 2 Greek Memory Help Songs 3 Primary & Secondary Verb Suffixes / Contract Verb Chart 4 The Meaning of the Greek Tenses in the Indicative Mood 5 Master Verb Chart 6 Verb Chart 7 Master Case Ending Chart 8 The Square of Stops 9 Articles and 1st & 2nd Declensions 10 Greek Prepositions 11 Translating Participles 12 Subjunctive Mood / Infinitives 13 Contractions 14 Liquid Verbs 15 3rd Declension Adjectives 16 The Imperative Mood 17 Verb Chart

2 2 GREEK MEMORY-HELP SONGS by Ben Merkle & Rob Plummer Alphabet Song by Denny Burk The (Greek) Alphabet Song (to the tune of Holy, Holy, Holy ) Holy, holy, holy! Lord God Almighty! Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, Zeta Early in the morning our song shall rise to Thee; Eta, Theta, Iota Kappa, Lambda, Mu, Holy, holy, holy, merciful and mighty! Nu, Xi, Omicron Pi, Ro, Sigma, Tau, God in three Persons, blessed Trinity. Upsilon, Phi, Chi, Psi, Omega Amazing Greek (1 st & 2 nd Declension Nouns) A-maz-ing grace, how sweet the sound, that saved a wretch like, I now can sing Greek nouns I once was lost, but now am found, was Blind, but now I see, With Greek there are no frowns me The Greek (Active) Verb Song Ah, Lord God, Thou hast made the heavens, and the earth by Thy great power - - -, -- Ah, Lord God, Thou hast made the heavens, and the earth by Thy outstretched arm - - -, -- Nothing is too difficult for Thee, nothing is too difficult for Thee Greek is not too difficult for me, when it can be sung so easily Ah, Lord God, Thou hast made the heavens, and the earth by Thy outstretched arm ---, Now I know all my active verbs The B-I-B-L-E and The B I B L E Yes that's the book for me --Yes that is Greek to me I stand alone on the Word of God, the B I B L E I stand alone on the Word of God, ---

3 3 Primary & Secondary Verb Suffixes Primary A Primary B Secondary A Secondary B (active) (middle-passive) (active) (middle-passive) Singular 1 I 2 you 3 he, she, it * Plural 1 we 2 ya ll 3 they * *Movable nu The aorist tense uses an (alpha) as its theme vowel in the secondary A and B ending groups. The aorist passive uses an as its theme vowel in secondary A endings Contract Verb Chart

4 4 The Meaning of the Greek Tenses in the Indicative Mood TIME Past Present Future Present Imperfect Aorist Future Perfect ( ) Pluperfect ( ) Symbol Meaning Simple Occurrence (undefined action) Ongoing Action Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1996), 518, 541, 556, 567, 574, 583.

5 5 Master Verb Chart Tense (Indicative) Aug/ Redup Tense Stem Tense Form. Conn. Vowel Personal Endings Present, Active Pres, Stem / Primary A 1 st Singular Paradigm Present, Mid-Pass Pres, Stem / Primary B Imperfect, Active Pres, Stem / Secondary A Imperfect, Mid-Pass Pres, Stem / Secondary B Future, Active Fut, Act Stem / Primary A Liquid Future, Active Fut, Act Stem / Primary A Future, Middle Fut, Act Stem / Primary B Liquid Future, Middle Fut, Act Stem / Primary B 1 st Future, Passive Aor, Pass Stem / Primary B 2 nd Future, Passive Aor, Pass Stem / Primary B 1 st Aorist, Active Aor, Act Stem Secondary A Liquid Aorist, Active Aor, Act Stem Secondary A 2 nd Aorist, Active Aor, Act Stem / Secondary A 1 st Aorist, Middle Aor, Act Stem Secondary B 2 nd Aorist, Middle Aor, Act Stem / Secondary B 1 st Aorist, Passive Aor, Pass Stem Secondary A 2 nd Aorist, Passive Aor, Pass Stem Secondary A 1 st Perfect, Active Perf, Act Stem Primary A 2 nd Perfect, Active Perf, Act Stem Primary A Perfect, Mid-Pass Perf, Pass Stem Primary B William D. Mounce, Basics of Biblical Greek Grammar, 2 nd Edition (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2003), 233.

6 Present Stem + / + Primary A or B Future stem + (or in passive) + Primary A or B Past Tenses Imperfect Augment + stem + / + Sec. A or B 1 st Aorist Augment + stem + + / + Sec. A or B 2 nd Aorist ( ) Augment + 2 nd Aor. stem + / + Sec. A or B Verb Chart Active Middle Passive I am loosing you are loosing he, she, it is loosing we are loosing ya ll are loosing they are loosing I will loose you will loose he...will loose we will loose ya ll will loose they will loose I was loosing you were loosing he...was loosing we were loosing ya ll were loosing they were loosing I loosed you loosed he...loosed we loosed ya ll loosed they loosed I left you left he...left we left ya ll left they left I am loosing myself you are loosing yourself he...is loosing himself we are loosing ourselves ya ll are loosing yourselves they are loosing themselves I will loose myself you will loose yourself he...will loose himself we will loose ourselves ya ll will loose yourselves they will loose themselves I was loosing myself you were loosing yourself he...was loosing himself we were loosing ourselves ya ll were loosing yourselves they were loosing themselves I loosed myself you loosed yourself he...loosed himself we loosed ourselves ya ll loosed yourselves they loosed themselves I left myself you left yourself he...left himself we left ourselves ya ll left yourselves they left themselves I am being loosed you are being loosed he...is being loosed we are being loosed ya ll are being loosed they are being loosed I will be loosed you will be loosed he...will be loosed we will be loosed ya ll will be loosed they will be loosed I was being loosed you were being loosed he...was being loosed we were being loosed ya ll were being loosed they were being loosed I was loosed you were loosed he...was loosed we were loosed ya ll were loosed they were loosed I was written you were written he...was written we were written ya ll were written they were written 6 Perfect Reduplication + stem + in active + theme vowel + Sec. A or Prim. B Pluperfect Augment + Reduplication + stem + in active + theme vowel + Sec. A or Sec. B I have loosed you have loosed he...has loosed we have loosed ya ll have loosed they have loosed I had loosed you had loosed he...had loosed we had loosed ya ll had loosed they had loosed I have loosed myself you have loosed yourself he...has loosed himself we have loosed ourselves ya ll have loosed yourselves they have loosed themselves I had loosed myself you had loosed yourself he...had loosed himself we had loosed ourselves ya ll had loosed yourselves they had loosed themselves I have been loosed you have been loosed he...has been loosed we have been loosed ya ll have been loosed they have been loosed I had been loosed you had been loosed he...had been loosed we had been loosed ya ll had been loosed they had been loosed Verb Suffixes Primary A Primary B Secondary A Secondary B (active) (middle-passive) (active) (middle-passive) Singular 1 I 2 you 3 he, she, it * Plural 1 we 2 ya ll 3 they * The aorist tense uses an a (alpha) as its theme vowel in the secondary A and B ending groups. The aorist passive uses an h as its theme vowel in secondary A endings *Movable nu These notes are adapted from Elliott Greene, Charts & Study Aids for New Testament Greek, Dallas Theological Seminary, classroom lecture notes, 1995.

7 7 MASTER CASE ENDING CHART A dash means that no case ending is used. An underline means that the final stem vowel changes to the one listed in the chart (rule 5). The case endings for the masc/fem in the declension are repeated for the sake of clarity, even though in several cases they are the same as in the first and second declensions. First/Second Declension Third Declension Masculine Feminine Neuter Masc/Fem Neuter nom sg gen sg 2 dat sg 3! acc sg / " - nom pl 6 gen pl dat pl 7 acc pl Be prepared for the final stem letter to undergo changes (rule 8). The ending is actually omicron, which contracts with the final stem vowel and forms (rule 5). The vowel lengthens (rule 5) and the iota subscript (rule 4). Because the third declension stems end in a consonant, the iota cannot subscript as it does in the first and second declensions; so it remains on the line ( iota adscript ). The case ending alternates between alpha and nu. As opposed to the first and second declensions, this alpha is an actual case ending and not a changed stem vowel. This is also true in the accusative plural. The nu is a movable nu. Notice that the ending is a flipped version of found in the first and second declensions. The actual case ending for the first and second declension is, but the nu drops out because of the following sigma. In the first declension the alpha simply joins with the sigma (#>$), but in the second declension the final stem omicron lengthens to (rule 5; > > ). As opposed to the first declension (e.g., $), the alpha here is part of the case ending. William D. Mounce, Master Case Ending Chart, in Basics of Biblical Greek Grammar, 2 nd ed. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2003), 343.

8 8 The Square of Stops (Mounce, p. 344) Labials - % Velars - & ' Dentals - Labials + = % Velars + = ' Dentals + =

9 Articles and 1 st & 2 nd Declensions 9 Articles Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular nominative ( ( genitive dative accusative Plural nominative ( ( genitive dative accusative Note: Greek does not have an indefinite article, i.e., the word a. The anarthrous [without the article] use of a noun will translate as indefinite. For example, = a word. Under some circumstances the anarthrous noun may also be definite. Declensions (Endings) First Declension Second Declension ( ( ($ ( ' ( ( (( Singular nominative genitive dative accusative Plural nominative genitive dative accusative Singular nominative ( the word (as the subject) genitive of the word dative in, to, by, for the word accusative the word (as the direct object) Plural nominative ( the words (as the subject) genitive of the words dative in, to, by, for the words accusative the words (as the direct object) Adjectives Masculine adjectives follow the 2 nd declension pattern of. Feminine adjectives will either follow the 1 st declension pattern of or $. Neuter adjectives will follow the 2 nd declension pattern. These notes are adapted from Elliott Greene, Charts & Study Aids for New Testament Greek, Dallas Theological Seminary, classroom lecture notes, 1995.

10 10 Greek Prepositions (with 3 cases) G. on, upon, over D. on, upon, over A. on, upon, over G. from, from beside (pers.) D. with, beside (pers.) A. beside (impersonal) than (comparison) (with 2 cases) G. through, by means of A. because of, on account of G. against A. according to G. with (association) A. after (temporal) G. concerning, about A. around ( G. on behalf of, for the sake of A. above, beyond than (comparison) ( G. by (agency) A. under (with 1 case) G. from, away from G. from, out of, of G. before, in the presence of $ G. until, as far as D. in, by, among, with (= means, manner) D. with (association) A. into, unto, for, in A. to, unto, for, with, at

11 11 Translating Participles Generic Translations Present Active Participle loosing Present Middle Participle loosing for itself Present Passive Participle being loosed Aorist Active Participle having loosed Aorist Middle Participle having loosed for itself Aorist Passive Participle having been loosed Steps to Follow When Translating Participles in Sentences 1. Determine whether the participle is in the attributive or predicate position. (If it s in the predicate position...) (If it s in the attributive position...) 2. Give a generic translation. Ex. loosing (present) having loosed (aorist) 3. Use either while or after to make the time of the participle explicit. Ex. while loosing (present) after having loosed (aorist) 4. Use an English temporal clause to make explicit the person or thing being referred to by the participle. Ex. while he was loosing (present) after he loosed (aorist) 2. Determine whether the participle is substantive or an attributive adjective. 3. Give a generic translation. Ex. the loosing one (present) the having-loosed one (aorist) 4. Give a good English translation using an English relative clause. Ex. the one who looses (present) the one who loosed (aorist)

12 12 Tense (Subjunctive) Aug/ Redup The Subjunctive Mood Tense Stem Tense Form. Conn. Vowel Personal Endings 1 st Singular Paradigm Present, Active Pres, Stem / Primary A Present, Mid-Pass Pres, Stem / Primary B 1 st Aorist, Active 1 st Aor, Act / Primary A 1 st Aorist, Middle 1 st Aor, Act / Primary B 1 st Aorist, Passive 1 st Aor, Pass / Primary A 2 nd Aorist, Active 2 nd Aor, Act / Primary A 2 nd Aorist, Middle 2 nd Aor, Act / Primary B 2 nd Aorist, Passive 2 nd Aor, Pass / Primary A The Greek Infinitive The Greek Infinitive: Endings Present 1 st Aorist 2 nd Aorist Perfect Active Middle Passive The Greek Infinitive: Forms Present 1 st Aorist 2 nd Aorist Perfect Active Middle Passive The Greek Infinitive: Translations Present 1 st Aorist 2 nd Aorist Perfect Active to loose to loose to receive to have loosed Middle to loose itself to loose itself to receive itself to have thrown itself Passive to be loosed to be loosed to be written to have been thrown

13 13 Contractions (Machen pp. 10, ) VOWEL WITH VOWEL 1. Diphthong Rule An open vowel unites with a close vowel to form the appropriate diphthong when the open vowel comes first. Example: makes. Open Vowels Close Vowels 2. Like-Vowel Rule Two like vowels form the common long. Examples: makes long ; makes ; makes. Short Vowels Long Vowels 3. Like-Vowel Exception makes, and makes. 4. Overcomes Rule An sound ( or ) overcomes or (whether the sound comes first or second), and forms. Examples: makes ; makes. 5. Overcomes Exception and make. 6. First Rule When and or come together, whichever one comes first overcomes the other, and forms its own long. Examples: and make long ; makes. VOWEL WITH DIPHTHONG 1. Like First Vowel A vowel disappears by absorption before a diphthong that begins with the same vowel. Exampes: makes ; makes. 2. Different First Vowel When a vowel comes before a diphthong that does not begin with the same vowel, it is contracted with the diphthong s first vowel. The diphthong s second vowel disappears, unless it is, in which case it becomes subscript. Examples: makes ; makes ; makes. 3. Different First Vowel Exception and make.

14 Liquid Verbs 14 LIQUID FUTURES 1. Liquid verbs are regularly formed verbs and belong in Pattern 1. However, they use a slightly different tense formative. 2. The consonants and are called liquids because the air flows around the tongue or the sound goes through the nose when pronouncing the letter. If the last letter of the verbal stem is a liquid, that verb is called a liquid verb. 3. Chart: Future active indicative (liquid) Future active tense stem + Tense formative + Connecting vowel + Primary active personal endings ### > Instead of adding a sigma followed by the connecting vowel, a liquid future adds and then the connecting vowel. However, a sigma does not like to stand between two vowels so it drops out, and the epsilon and connecting vowel contract. ### > > This different way of forming the future does not affect the verb s meaning, only its form. LIQUID AORISTS 1. Chart: First aorist active indicative (liquid) Augment + Aorist active tense stem + Tense formative + Secondary active personal endings ### > Instead of adding as the tense formative, liquid verbs add only alpha and then sometimes modify the tense stem. The paradigmatic verb used here is. The phenomena of the liquids affect only the future and aorist tenses. 2. Paradigm: First aorist active indicative (liquid) aorist liquid translation first aorist 1 sg I remained 2 sg you remained 3 sg he/she/it remained 1 pl we remained 2 pl you remained 3 pl they remained As you see, has altered its stem in the aorist tense: the epsilon has changed to. 3. Forms: The keys to recognizing a liquid aorist are two: the final stem consonant is a liquid the tense formative is, not. William D. Mounce, Master Case Ending Chart, in Basics of Biblical Greek Grammar, 2 nd ed. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2003), 173,

15 15 3 rd Declension Adjectives Stem: (the drops out in most forms) Singular Masculine/Feminine Plural Masculine/Feminine + = + = Neuter Neuter + =

16 THE IMPERATIVE MOOD 16 Imperative Endings Imperative A (Active) Imperative B (Passive) 2 nd sg,, or 3 rd sg 2 nd pl 3 rd pl James A. Brooks and Carlton L. Winbery, A Morphology of New Testament Greek: A Review and Reference Grammar (Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1994), 301. Master Verb Chart for the Imperative Mood Present Tense (Imperative) Aug/ Redup Tense Stem Tense Form. Conn. Vowel Personal Endings Present, Active Present Stem / Imperative A Present, Mid-Pass Present Stem / Imperative B 2nd Singular Paradigm 1 st Aorist, Active 1 st Aorist Stem Imperative A 1 st Aorist, Middle 1 st Aorist Stem Imperative B 1 st Aorist, Passive 1 st Aorist Stem Imperative A 2 nd Aorist, Active 2 nd Aorist Stem / Imperative A 2 nd Aorist, Middle 2 nd Aorist Stem / Imperative B 2 nd Aorist, Passive 2 nd Aorist Stem Imperative A 1 st Aorist 2 nd Aorist Verb Chart for the Imperative Mood Active Middle Passive (You) Loose! Let him loose. (Ya ll) Loose! Let them loose! (You) Loose! Let him loose. (Ya ll) Loose! Let them loose! (You) Take! Let him take! (Ya ll) Take! Let them take! (You) Loose for yourself! Let him loose for himself! (Ya ll) Loose for yourselves! Let them loose for themselves! (You) Loose for yourself! Let him loose for himself! (Ya ll) Loose for yourselves! Let them loose for themselves! (You) Become for yourself! Let him become for himself! (Ya ll) Become for yourselves! Let them become for themselves! (You) Be loosed! Let him be loosed! (Ya ll) Be loosed! Let them be loosed (You) Be loosed! Let him be loosed! (Ya ll) Be loosed! Let them be loosed (You) Be written! Let it be written! (Ya ll) Be written! Let them be written

17 17 Present Future Past Tenses Imperfect Verb Chart Active Middle Passive I give you give he, she gives we give ya ll give they give I will give you will give he, she will give we will give ya ll will give they will give I was giving you were giving he... was giving we were giving ya ll were giving they were giving I give myself you give yourself he... gives himself we give ourselves ya ll give yourselves they give themselves I will give myself you will give yourself he... will give himself we will give ourselves ya ll will give yourselves they will give themselves I was giving myself you were giving yourself he... was giving himself we were giving ourselves ya ll were giving yourselves they were giving themselves I am being given you are being given he... is being given we are being given you are being given they are being given I will be given you will be given he... will be given we will be given you will be given they will be given I was being given you were being given he... was being given we were being given you were being given they were being given 2 nd Aorist I gave you gave he, she, it gave we gave you gave they gave I gave myself you gave yourself he... gave himself we gave ourselves you gave yourselves they gave themselves I was given you were given he... was given we were given you were given they were given Perfect I have given you have given he... has given we have given ya ll have given they have given - Verb Suffixes Active Middle/Passive (active) (middle-passive) Singular 1 I 2 you 3 he, she, it Plural 1 we 2 ya ll 3 they These notes are adapted from Elliott Greene, Charts & Study Aids for New Testament Greek, Dallas Theological Seminary, classroom lecture notes, 1995.