CEL 610 Foundation Engineering
|
|
- Evelyn McCoy
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Shear Strength of Soils CEL 610 Foundation Engineering
2 Strength of different materials Steel Concrete Soil Tensile Compressive Shear strength strength strength Complex behavior Presence of pore water
3 Shear failure of soils Soils generally fail in shear Strip footing Embankment Failure surface Mobilized shear resistance At failure, shear stress along the failure surface (mobilized shear resistance) reaches the shear strength.
4 Shear failure of soils Soils generally fail in shear Retaining wall
5 Shear failure of soils Soils generally fail in shear Retaining wall Mobilized shear resistance Failure surface At failure, shear stress along the failure surface (mobilized shear resistance) reaches the shear strength.
6 Shear failure mechanism failure surface The soil grains slide over each other along the failure surface. No crushing of No crushing of individual grains.
7 Shear failure mechanism At failure, shear stress along the failure surface () reaches the shear strength ( f ).
8 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion (in terms of total stresses) ) f c tan Cohesion c f Friction angle f is the maximum shear stress the soil can take without failure, under normal stress of.
9 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion (in terms of effective stresses) ) c f tan Effective cohesion c f Effective fiti friction angle u u = pore water pressure f is the maximum shear stress the soil can take without failure, under normal effective stress of.
10 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion Shear strength consists of two components: cohesive and frictional. c tan f f f frictional f tan c c f component
11 cand are measures of shear strength. Higher the values, higher the shear strength.
12 Mohr Circle of stress Soil element 1 Resolving forces in and directions Sin Resolving forces in and directions, C Sin Cos 2 2
13 Mohr Circle of stress 1 Soil element
14 Mohr Circle of stress 1 Soil element 3 3 1, P D = Pole w.r.t. plane 1 3 1
15 Mohr Circles & Failure Envelope Failure surface c tan f X Y X Y Soil elements at different locations Y ~ stable X ~ failure
16 Mohr Circles & Failure Envelope The soil element does not fail if the Mohr circle is contained within the envelope GL Y c c Initially, Mohr circle is a point c c +
17 Mohr Circles & Failure Envelope As loading progresses, Mohr circle becomes larger GL Y c c c.. and finally failure occurs when Mohr circle touches the envelope
18 Orientation of Failure Plane 1 Failure envelope 3 3 1, f P D = Pole w.r.t. plane Therefore, = /2
19 Mohr circles in terms of total & effective stresses v = X v u X h h + X u effective stresses total stresses h h v v h or h u v
20 Failure envelopes in terms of total & effective stresses v = X v u X h h + X u If X is on failure Failure envelope in terms of effective stresses effective stresses Failure envelope in terms of total stresses total stresses c c h h v v h or h u v
21 Mohr Coulomb failure criterion with Mohr circle of stress X v = 1 Failure envelope in terms of effective stresses h = 3 effective stresses c X is on failure 3 1 Therefore, 3 c Cot Sin 2 c Cot
22 Mohr Coulomb failure criterion with Mohr circle of stress of stress Cot Sin c 2 2 Cot Sin c 2 C S Cos c Sin Cos c Sin Sin Cos c Sin Sin 2 1 Cos c Sin Sin c Sin Tan c Tan Tan c Tan
23 Determination of shear strength parameters of soils (c, or c Laboratory tests on Field tests specimens taken from representative undisturbed samples Most common laboratory testst 1. Vane shear testt to determine the shear strength 2. Torvane parameters are, 3. Pocket penetrometer 4. Fall cone 1.Direct shear test 5. Pressuremeter 2.Triaxial shear test 6. Static cone penetrometer Other laboratory tests include, 7. Standard penetration test Direct simple shear test, torsional ring shear test, t plane strain ti triaxiali test, laboratory vane shear test, laboratory fall cone test
24 Laboratory tests Field conditions A representative soil sample vc z vc + z hc hc hc hc vc vc + Before construction After and during construction
25 Laboratory tests Simulating field conditions in the laboratory 0 vc hc vc + hc vc hc hc vc 0 vc Representative Step 1 soil sample Set the specimen in Step 2 taken from the site the apparatus and Apply the apply the initialiti corresponding field stress condition stress conditions vc
26 Direct shear test Schematic diagram of the direct shear apparatus
27 Direct shear test Direct shear testt is most suitable for consolidated d drained d testst specially on granular soils (e.g.: sand) or stiff clays Preparation of a sand specimen Porous plates Components of the shear box Preparation of a sand specimen
28 Direct shear test Preparation of a sand specimen Pressure plate Leveling the top surface of specimen Specimen preparation completed
29 Direct shear test Test procedure Porous plates P Steel ball Pressure plate S Proving ring to measure shear force Step 1: Apply a vertical load to the specimen and wait for consolidation
30 Direct shear test Test procedure Porous plates P Steel ball Pressure plate S Proving ring to measure shear force Step 1: Apply a vertical load to the specimen and wait for consolidation Step 2: Lower box is subjected to a horizontal displacement at a constant rate
31 Direct shear test Shear box Dial gauge to measure vertical displacement Proving ring to measure shear force Loading frame to Dial gauge g to apply vertical load measure horizontal displacement
32 Direct shear test Analysis of test results Normal stress Area of Normal force (P) cross section of the sample Shear stress Shear resistance Area of developed d at the sliding surface cross section of the sample (S) Note: Cross-sectional area of the sample changes with the horizontal displacement dspace e
33 Direct shear tests on sands Stress-strain relationship She ear stre ess, f f Dense sand/ OC clay Loose sand/ NC clay Shear displacement height mple hange in the sam Ch of Expansi ion Compres ssion Dense sand/oc Clay Shear displacement Loose sand/nc Clay
34 Direct shear tests on sands How to determine strength parameters c and She ear stress s, f3 f2 Normal stress = 3 Normal stress = 2 Normal stress = 1 f1 Shear displacement Shea ar stress s at failure, f Mohr Coulomb failure envelope Normal stress,
35 Direct shear tests on sands Some important facts on strength parameters c and of sand Sand is cohesionless hence c = 0 Direct shear tests are drained and pore water pressures are dissipated, hence u = 0 Therefore, = and c = c = 0
36 Direct shear tests on clays In case of clay, horizontal displacement should be applied at a very slow rate to allow dissipation of pore water pressure (therefore, one test would take several days to finish) Failure envelopes for clay from drained direct shear tests Shear stress at failure e, f Overconsolidated clay y( (c 0) Normally consolidated clay (c = 0) Normal force,
37 Interface tests on direct shear apparatus Inmany foundation design problems and retaining i wall problems, it is required to determine the angle of internal friction between soil and the structural material (concrete, steel or wood) P Soil S Foundation material f c a tan Where, c a = adhesion, = angle of internal friction
38 Triaxial Shear Test Piston (to apply deviatoric stress) Failure plane O-ring Soil sample at failure Perspex cell Soil sample impervious membrane Porous stone Water Cell pressure Back pressure pedestal Pore pressure or volume change
39 Triaxial Shear Test Specimen preparation (undisturbed sample) Sampling tubes Sample extruder
40 Triaxial Shear Test Specimen preparation (undisturbed sample) Edges of the sample are carefully trimmed Setting up the sample in the triaxial cell
41 Triaxial Shear Test Specimen preparation (undisturbed sample) Sample is covered with a rubber membrane and sealed Cell is completely filledwithwater
42 Triaxial Shear Test Specimen preparation (undisturbed sample) Proving ring to measure the deviator load Dial gauge to measure vertical displacement
43 Types of Triaxial Tests Step 1 c Step 2 deviatoric stress ( = q) c c c c c Under all-around cell pressure c c + q Shearing (loading) Is the drainage valve open? Is the drainage valve open? yes no yes no Consolidated Unconsolidated d sample sample Drained Undrained d loading loading
44 Types of Triaxial Tests Step 1 Step 2 Under all-around aro cell pressure c Shearing (loading) Is the drainage valve open? Is the drainage valve open? yes no yes no Consolidated Unconsolidated Drained Undrained sample sample loading loading CD test UU test CU test
45 Consolidated- drained test (CD Test) Total, = Neutral, u Effective, Step 1: At the end of consolidation VC + VC = VC hc 0 Drainage 0 hc = hc Step 2: During axial stress increase Drainage VC + V = VC + = 1 hc 0 h = hc = 3 Step 3: At failure VC + f Vf = VC + f = 1f Drainage hc 0 hf = hc = 3f
46 Consolidated- drained test (CD Test) 1 = VC + 3 = hc Deviator stress (q or d ) = 1 3
47 Consolidated- drained test (CD Test) Volume change of sample during consolidation Time Volume change of the sample Compression Expansion
48 Consolidated- drained test (CD Test) Stress-strain relationship during shearing r stress s, d Deviato d ) f d ) f Dense sand or OC clay Loose sand or NC Clay Axial strain hange mple olume ch the sam Vo of Expansi ion Compres ssion Dense sand or OC clay Axial strain Loose sand or NC clay
49 CD tests How to determine strength parameters c and ress, d Dev viator str d d) fc 1 = 3 +( ( d ) f = 3b Confining stress = 3c Confining i stress d ) fb Confining stress = 3a 3 d ) fa She ear stre ess, Mohr Coulomb failure envelope 3a 3b Axial strain 3c 1a 1b 1c or ( d ) fa ( d ) fb
50 CD tests Strength parameters c and obtained from CD tests Since u = 0 in CD Therefore, c = c tests, = and = c d and d are used to denote them
51 CD tests Failure envelopes For sand and NC Clay, c d = 0 stress s, Mohr Coulomb failure envelope d Shear 3a ( d ) fa 1a or Therefore, one CD test would be sufficient to determine d Therefore, one CD test would be sufficient to determine d of sand or NC clay
52 CD tests Failure envelopes For OC Clay, c d 0 OC NC c 3 1 c or ( d ) f
53 Some practical applications of CD analysis for clays 1. Embankment constructed very slowly, in layers over a soft clay deposit Soft clay = in situ drained shear strength
54 Some practical applications of CD analysis for clays 2. Earth dam with steady state seepage Core = drained shear strength of clay core
55 Some practical applications of CD analysis for clays 3. Excavation or natural slope in clay = In situ drained shear strength Note: CD test simulates the long term condition in the field. Thus, c d and d shouldbeusedtoevaluatethelong term behavior of soils
56 Consolidated- Undrained test (CU Test) Total, = Neutral, u Effective, Step 1: At the end of consolidation VC + VC = VC hc 0 Drainage 0 Step 2: During axial stress increase VC + hc = hc V = VC + ± u = 1 No drainage hc ±u h = hc ± u= 3 Step 3: At failure VC + f Vf = VC + f ± u f = 1f No drainage hc ±u f hf = hc ± u f = 3f
57 Consolidated- Undrained test (CU Test) Volume change of sample during consolidation Time Volume change of the sample Compression Expansion
58 Consolidated- Undrained test (CU Test) Stress-strain relationship during shearing r stress s, d Deviato d ) f d ) f Dense sand or OC clay Loose sand or NC Clay Axial strain + Loose sand /NC Clay u - Axial strain Dense sand or OC clay
59 CU tests How to determine strength parameters c and Shear stress, ress, d Dev viator str d ) fb d) fb 1 = 3 +( d ) f Confining stress = 3b Confining stress = 3a d ) fa Axial strain Mohr Coulomb failure envelope in terms of total stresses 3 Total stresses at failure cu c cu 3a 3b 1a 1b ( d ) fa or
60 CU tests How to determine strength parameters c and 1 = 3 + ( d ) f -u f Shea ar stres ss, Mohr Coulomb failure envelope in terms of effective stresses Mohr Coulomb failure envelope in terms of total stresses u f = 3 -u f Effective stresses at failure cu C u fa u fb c cu 3b 1b 3a 3a 3b 1a 1a ( d ) fa 1b or
61 CU tests Strength parameters c and obtained from CD tests Shear strength Shear strength parameters in terms parameters in terms of effective stresses of total stresses are are c and c cu and cu c = c d and = d
62 CU tests Failure envelopes For sand and NC Clay, c cu and c = 0 ress, Mohr Coulomb failure envelope in terms of effective stresses Mohr Coulomb failure envelope in terms of total stresses cu hear st Sh 3a 3a 1a 1a or ( d ) fa Therefore, one CU test would be sufficient to determine cu and = d ) of sand or NC clay
63 Some practical applications of CU analysis for clays 1. Embankment constructed rapidly over a soft clay deposit Soft clay = in situ undrained shear strength
64 Some practical applications of CU analysis for clays 2. Rapid drawdown behind an earth dam Core = Undrained shear strength of clay core
65 Some practical applications of CU analysis for clays 3. Rapid construction of an embankment on a natural slope = In situ undrained shear strength Note: Total stress parameters from CU test (c cu and cu ) canbeusedfor stability problems where, Soil have become fully consolidated and are at equilibrium with the existing stress state; Then for some reason additional stresses are applied quickly with no drainage occurring
66 Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test) Data analysis Initial specimen condition Specimen condition during shearing No drainage C = 3 C = 3 No drainage 3 + d 3 Initial i volume of the sample = A 0 H 0 Volume of the sample during shearing = A H Since the test is conducted under undrained condition, A H = A 0 H 0 A (H 0 H) = A 0 H 0 A (1 H/H 0 ) = A 0 A A 0 1 z
67 Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test) Step 1: Immediately after sampling 0 0 Step 2: After application of hydrostatic cell pressure C = 3 3 = 3 - u c No drainage C = 3 u c 3 = 3 - u c drainage = + Increase of pwp due to increase of cell pressure u c = B 3 Skempton s pore water pressure parameter, B Increase of cell pressure Note: If soil is fully saturated, then B = 1 (hence, u c = 3 )
68 Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test) Step 3: During application of axial load 1 = 3 + d - u c u d No drainage 3 + d 3 = + 3 = 3 - u c u d u c ± u d u d = AB d Increase of pwp due to increase of deviator stress Increase of deviator stress Skempton s pore water pressure parameter, A
69 Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test) Combining steps 2 and 3, u c =B 3 u d = AB d Total pore water pressure increment at any stage, u u=u c + u d u=b [ 3 + A d ] u=b [ 3 + A( 1 3 ] Skempton s pore water pressure equation
70 Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test) Total, = Neutral, u Effective, Step 1: Immediately after sampling 0 + V0 =u r 0 -u r Step 2: After application of hydrostatic cell pressure No drainage C C -u r u c = -u r c (S r = 100% ; B = 1) h0 =u r VC = C + u r - C = u r h =u r Step 3: During application of axial load V = C + + u r - c u C + No drainage C -u r c ± u h = C +u r - c u Step 3: At failure Vf = C + f + u r - c u f = 1f C + No f drainage hf = C +u r - c u C -u f r c ± u f = 3f
71 Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test) Total, = Neutral, u Effective, Step 3: At failure Vf = C + f + u r - c u f = 1f + C f No drainage hf = C +u r - c u C -u f r c ± u f = 3f Mohr circle in terms of effective stresses do not depend on the cell pressure. Therefore, we get only one Mohr circle in terms of effective stress for different cell pressures f
72 Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test) Total, = Neutral, u Effective, Step 3: At failure Vf = C + f + u r - c u f = 1f + C f No drainage hf = C +u r - c u C -u f r c ± u f = 3f + Mohr circles in terms of total stresses Failure envelope, u = 0 c u u b u a 3a 3b f 1a 1b 3 1 or
73 Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test) Effect of degree of saturation on failure envelope S < 100% S > 100% 3c c or 3b 3a b a
74 Some practical applications of UU analysis for clays 1. Embankment constructed rapidly over a soft clay deposit Soft clay = in situ undrained shear strength
75 Some practical applications of UU analysis for clays 2. Large earth dam constructed rapidly with no change in water content of soft clay Core = Undrained shear strength of clay core
76 Some practical applications of UU analysis for clays 3. Footing placed rapidly on clay deposit = In situ undrained shear strength Note: UU test simulates the short term condition in the field. Thus, c u can be used to analyze the short term behavior of soils
77 Unconfined Compression Test (UC Test) 1 = VC + 3 = 0 3 Confining pressure is zero in the UC test
78 Unconfined Compression Test (UC Test) 1 = VC + f 3 = 0 She ear stres ss, q u Normal stress, τ f = σ 1 /2 = q u /2 = c u
79 Various correlations for shear strength For NC clays, the undrained shear strength (c u ) increases with the effective overburden pressure, 0 c u ( PI) Skempton (1957) Plasticity Index as a % For OC clays, the following relationship is approximately true c u cu 0. 8 (OCR) 0 0 Overconsolidated NormallyConsolidated Ladd (1977) For NC clays, the effective friction angle ( ) is related to PI as follows Sin log( IP) Kenny (1959)
80 Shear strength of partially saturated soils In the previous sections, we were discussing the shear strength of saturated soils. However, in most of the cases, we will encounter unsaturated soils Water Pore water pressure, u Air Water Pore air pressure, u a Pore water Solid Effective stress, Solid pressure, u w Effective stress, Saturated soils Unsaturated soils Pore water pressure can be negative in unsaturated soils
81 Shear strength of partially saturated soils Bishop (1959) proposed shear strength equation for unsaturated soils as follows f c ( u ) ( u u ) tan n a a w Where, n u a = Net normal stress u a u w = Matric suction = a parameter depending on the degree of saturation ( = 1 for fully saturated soils and 0 for dry soils) Fredlund et al (1978) modified the above relationship as follows f c ( n u a ) tan ( u a u w ) b tan Where, tan b = Rate of increase of shear strength with matric suction
82 Shear strength of partially saturated soils f c ( n u a ) tan ( u a u w ) b tan Same as saturated soils Apparent cohesion due to matric suction Therefore, strength of unsaturated soils is much higher than the strength of saturated soils due to matric suction - u a
83 How it become possible build a sand castle f c ( u ) tan ( u n a a u w ) b tan Same as saturated soils Apparent cohesion due to matric suction Apparent cohesion - u a
84
Soil Mechanics. Outline. Shear Strength of Soils. Shear Failure Soil Strength. Laboratory Shear Strength Test. Stress Path Pore Pressure Parameters
Soil Mechanics Shear Strength of Soils Chih-Ping Lin National Chiao Tung Univ. cplin@mail.nctu.edu.tw 1 Outline Shear Failure Soil Strength Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion Laboratory Shear Strength Test
More informationDrained and Undrained Conditions. Undrained and Drained Shear Strength
Drained and Undrained Conditions Undrained and Drained Shear Strength Lecture No. October, 00 Drained condition occurs when there is no change in pore water pressure due to external loading. In a drained
More informationSoil Strength. Performance Evaluation of Constructed Facilities Fall 2004. Prof. Mesut Pervizpour Office: KH #203 Ph: x4046
ENGR-627 Performance Evaluation of Constructed Facilities, Lecture # 4 Performance Evaluation of Constructed Facilities Fall 2004 Prof. Mesut Pervizpour Office: KH #203 Ph: x4046 1 Soil Strength 2 Soil
More informationSoil Mechanics SOIL STRENGTH page 1
Soil Mechanics SOIL STRENGTH page 1 Contents of this chapter : CHAPITRE 6. SOIL STRENGTH...1 6.1 PRINCIPAL PLANES AND PRINCIPAL STRESSES...1 6.2 MOHR CIRCLE...1 6.2.1 POLE METHOD OF FINDING STRESSES ON
More informationCEEN 162 - Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory Session 7 - Direct Shear and Unconfined Compression Tests
PURPOSE: The parameters of the shear strength relationship provide a means of evaluating the load carrying capacity of soils, stability of slopes, and pile capacity. The direct shear test is one of the
More informationKWANG SING ENGINEERING PTE LTD
KWANG SING ENGINEERING PTE LTD 1. INTRODUCTION This report represents the soil investigation works at Aljunied Road / Geylang East Central. The objective of the soil investigation is to obtain soil parameters
More informationFigure 2.31. CPT Equipment
Soil tests (1) In-situ test In order to sound the strength of the soils in Las Colinas Mountain, portable cone penetration tests (Japan Geotechnical Society, 1995) were performed at three points C1-C3
More informationINTRODUCTION TO SOIL MODULI. Jean-Louis BRIAUD 1
INTRODUCTION TO SOIL MODULI By Jean-Louis BRIAUD 1 The modulus of a soil is one of the most difficult soil parameters to estimate because it depends on so many factors. Therefore when one says for example:
More informationDIRECT SHEAR TEST SOIL MECHANICS SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF MORATUWA SRI LANKA
DIRECT SHEAR TEST SOIL MECHANICS SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF MORATUWA SRI LANKA DIRECT SHEAR TEST OBJEVTIVES To determine the shear strength parameters for a
More informationc. Borehole Shear Test (BST): BST is performed according to the instructions published by Handy Geotechnical Instruments, Inc.
Design Manual Chapter 6 - Geotechnical 6B - Subsurface Exploration Program 6B-2 Testing A. General Information Several testing methods can be used to measure soil engineering properties. The advantages,
More informationINDIRECT METHODS SOUNDING OR PENETRATION TESTS. Dr. K. M. Kouzer, Associate Professor in Civil Engineering, GEC Kozhikode
INDIRECT METHODS SOUNDING OR PENETRATION TESTS STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT) Reference can be made to IS 2131 1981 for details on SPT. It is a field edtest to estimate e the penetration e resistance
More informationConsolidation and Settlement Analysis
19 Consolidation and Settlement Analysis Patrick J. Fox Purdue University 19.1 Components of Total Settlement 19.2 Immediate Settlement 19.3 Consolidation Settlement Total Consolidation Settlement Rate
More informationSite Investigation. Some unsung heroes of Civil Engineering. buried right under your feet. 4. Need good knowledge of the soil conditions
This is an attempt to create a stand alone self learning module on site investigation. Fasten your seat belts. Sit back, relax and enjoy. 1 2 Site Investigation Some unsung heroes of Civil Engineering
More informationModule 7 (Lecture 24 to 28) RETAINING WALLS
Module 7 (Lecture 24 to 28) RETAINING WALLS Topics 24.1 INTRODUCTION 24.2 GRAVITY AND CANTILEVER WALLS 24.3 PROPORTIONING RETAINING WALLS 24.4 APPLICATION OF LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE THEORIES TO DESIGN 24.5
More informationEM 1110-2-1902 31 Oct 2003. US Army Corps of Engineers ENGINEERING AND DESIGN. Slope Stability ENGINEER MANUAL
31 Oct 2003 US Army Corps of Engineers ENGINEERING AND DESIGN Slope Stability ENGINEER MANUAL AVAILABILITY Electronic copies of this and other U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) publications are available
More informationModule 1 : Site Exploration and Geotechnical Investigation. Lecture 4 : In-situ tests [ Section 4.1: Penetrometer Tests ] Objectives
Lecture 4 : In-situ tests [ Section 4.1: Penetrometer Tests ] Objectives In this section you will learn the following Penetrometer Tests Standard penetration test Static cone penetration test Dynamic cone
More informationSoil Mechanics. Soil Mechanics
Soil is the most misunderstood term in the field. The problem arises in the reasons for which different groups or professions study soils. Soil scientists are interested in soils as a medium for plant
More informationCIVL451. Soil Exploration and Characterization
CIVL451 Soil Exploration and Characterization 1 Definition The process of determining the layers of natural soil deposits that will underlie a proposed structure and their physical properties is generally
More informationCONSTANT HEAD AND FALLING HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST
CONSTANT HEAD AND FALLING HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST 1 Permeability is a measure of the ease in which water can flow through a soil volume. It is one of the most important geotechnical parameters. However,
More information1 Mobilisation and demobilisation 1 Deep boring sum 2 Cone penetration tests sum 3 Miscellenous tests sum
Malaysian Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement (MyCESMM) CLASS D: SITE INVESTIGATION WORK Measurement covered under other classes: Excavation not carried out for the purpose of soil investigation
More informationAnalysis of Stresses and Strains
Chapter 7 Analysis of Stresses and Strains 7.1 Introduction axial load = P / A torsional load in circular shaft = T / I p bending moment and shear force in beam = M y / I = V Q / I b in this chapter, we
More informationNumerical Simulation of CPT Tip Resistance in Layered Soil
Numerical Simulation of CPT Tip Resistance in Layered Soil M.M. Ahmadi, Assistant Professor, mmahmadi@sharif.edu Dept. of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Abstract The paper
More informationGUIDELINE FOR HAND HELD SHEAR VANE TEST
GUIDELINE FOR HAND HELD SHEAR VANE TEST NZ GEOTECHNICAL SOCIETY INC August 2001 CONTENTS Page 1.0 Introduction 2 2.0 Background 2 3.0 Recommended Practice 3 4.0 Undrained Shear Strength 3 5.0 Particular
More informationSPECIFICATION FOR DYNAMIC CONSOLIDATION / DYNAMIC REPLACEMENT
SPECIFICATION FOR DYNAMIC CONSOLIDATION / DYNAMIC REPLACEMENT 1.0 SOIL IMPROVEMENT 1.1 General Soil Investigation Information are provided in Part B1 annex as a guide to the Contractor for his consideration
More informationStrength Determination of "Tooth-Paste" Like Sand and Gravel Washing Fines Using DMT
Strength Determination of "Tooth-Paste" Like Sand and Gravel Washing Fines Using DMT David L. Knott, P.E. and James M. Sheahan, P.E. HDR Engineering, Inc. 3 Gateway Center Pittsburgh, PA 15222-1074 Phone:
More informationEarth Pressure and Retaining Wall Basics for Non-Geotechnical Engineers
PDHonline Course C155 (2 PDH) Earth Pressure and Retaining Wall Basics for Non-Geotechnical Engineers Instructor: Richard P. Weber, P.E. 2012 PDH Online PDH Center 5272 Meadow Estates Drive Fairfax, VA
More informationCHAPTER 9 FEM MODELING OF SOIL-SHEET PILE WALL INTERACTION
391 CHAPTER 9 FEM MODELING OF SOIL-SHEET PILE WALL INTERACTION 9.1 OVERVIEW OF FE SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION Clough and Denby (1969) introduced Finite Element analysis into the soil-structure interaction
More information10.1 Powder mechanics
Fluid and Particulate systems 424514 /2014 POWDER MECHANICS & POWDER FLOW TESTING 10 Ron Zevenhoven ÅA Thermal and Flow Engineering ron.zevenhoven@abo.fi 10.1 Powder mechanics RoNz 2/38 Types of flow of
More informationPILE FOUNDATIONS FM 5-134
C H A P T E R 6 PILE FOUNDATIONS Section I. GROUP BEHAVIOR 6-1. Group action. Piles are most effective when combined in groups or clusters. Combining piles in a group complicates analysis since the characteristics
More informationK x ' Retaining. Walls ENCE 461. Foundation Analysis and Design. Mohr s Circle. and Lateral Earth. Pressures. Lateral Earth Pressure.
Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient K x ' z ' K = lateral earth pressure coefficient x = horizontal effective stress Mohr s Circle and Lateral Earth Pressures x ' = = z ' ENCE 461 Foundation Analysis and
More informationInternational Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 9, September-2013 409 ISSN 2229-5518
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 9, September-2013 409 Estimation of Undrained Shear Strength of Soil using Cone Penetration Test By Nwobasi, Paul Awo Department
More informationEVALUATION OF STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF LIME STABILIZED SOILS AND AGGREGATES VOLUME 3: MIXTURE DESIGN AND TESTING PROCEDURE FOR LIME STABILIZED SOILS
EVALUATION OF STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF LIME STABILIZED SOILS AND AGGREGATES VOLUME 3: MIXTURE DESIGN AND TESTING PROCEDURE FOR LIME STABILIZED SOILS PREPARED FOR THE NATIONAL LIME ASSOCIATION by Dallas
More informationPenetration rate effects on cone resistance measured in a calibration chamber
Penetration rate effects on cone resistance measured in a calibration chamber K. Kim Professional Service Industries, Inc, Houston, TX, USA M. Prezzi & R. Salgado Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN,
More informationSPECIFICATIONS FOR PRECAST MODULAR BLOCK RETAINING WALL SYSTEM (revised 11/5/13)
Page 1 of 7 STONE STRONG SYSTEMS SPECIFICATIONS FOR PRECAST MODULAR BLOCK RETAINING WALL SYSTEM (revised ) PART 1: GENERAL 1.01 Description A. Work includes furnishing and installing precast modular blocks
More informationESTIMATION OF UNDRAINED SETTLEMENT OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS ON LONDON CLAY
International Conference on Structural and Foundation Failures August 2-4, 2004, Singapore ESTIMATION OF UNDRAINED SETTLEMENT OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS ON LONDON CLAY A. S. Osman, H.C. Yeow and M.D. Bolton
More informationEstimation of Compression Properties of Clayey Soils Salt Lake Valley, Utah
Estimation of Compression Properties of Clayey Soils Salt Lake Valley, Utah Report Prepared for the Utah Department of Transportation Research Division by Steven F. Bartlett, PhD. P.E. Assistant Professor
More informationCE 366 SETTLEMENT (Problems & Solutions)
CE 366 SETTLEMENT (Problems & Solutions) P. 1) LOAD UNDER A RECTANGULAR AREA (1) Question: The footing shown in the figure below exerts a uniform pressure of 300 kn/m 2 to the soil. Determine vertical
More informationCHAPTER: 6 FLOW OF WATER THROUGH SOILS
CHAPTER: 6 FLOW OF WATER THROUGH SOILS CONTENTS: Introduction, hydraulic head and water flow, Darcy s equation, laboratory determination of coefficient of permeability, field determination of coefficient
More informationSoil Suction. Total Suction
Soil Suction Total Suction Total soil suction is defined in terms of the free energy or the relative vapor pressure (relative humidity) of the soil moisture. Ψ = v RT ln v w 0ω v u v 0 ( u ) u = partial
More information4.3 Results... 27 4.3.1 Drained Conditions... 27 4.3.2 Undrained Conditions... 28 4.4 References... 30 4.5 Data Files... 30 5 Undrained Analysis of
Table of Contents 1 One Dimensional Compression of a Finite Layer... 3 1.1 Problem Description... 3 1.1.1 Uniform Mesh... 3 1.1.2 Graded Mesh... 5 1.2 Analytical Solution... 6 1.3 Results... 6 1.3.1 Uniform
More informationGeotechnical Measurements and Explorations Prof. Nihar Ranjan Patra Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Geotechnical Measurements and Explorations Prof. Nihar Ranjan Patra Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur Lecture No. # 13 (Refer Slide Time: 00:18) So last class, it was
More informationEN 1997-1 Eurocode 7. Section 10 Hydraulic Failure Section 11 Overall Stability Section 12 Embankments. Trevor L.L. Orr Trinity College Dublin Ireland
EN 1997 1: Sections 10, 11 and 12 Your logo Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 1 EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7 Section 10 Hydraulic Failure Section 11 Overall Stability Section
More informationGeotechnical Testing Methods II
Geotechnical Testing Methods II Ajanta Sachan Assistant Professor Civil Engineering IIT Gandhinagar FIELD TESTING 2 1 Field Test (In-situ Test) When it is difficult to obtain undisturbed samples. In case
More informationDr John J M Powell Geolabs Ltd
When or should advanced laboratory testing be routine Dr John J M Powell Geolabs Ltd 7/11/2012 - Doha Routine tests Atterbergs Particle size, density, specific gravity Compaction, CBR Shear box Triaxial
More informationGEOTECHNICAL DESIGN MANUAL
GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN MANUAL CHAPTER 6 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL AND ROCK NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 6-1 June 17, 2013 (Intentionally left blank) NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 6-2 June 17, 2013 Table of Contents
More informationUNDER DRAINAGE AND FILTER DESIGN
UNDER DRAINAGE AND FILTER DESIGN Tailings and HLP Workshop 28 April to 1 May 2010 INTRODUCTION The internal drainage is of crucial importance to the reliability and safety of a tailings dam throughout
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF CONSOLIDATION
FUNDAMENTALS OF CONSOLIDATION SAND (Vertical Stress Increase) CLAY CONSOLIDATION: Volume change in saturated soils caused by the expulsion of pore water from loading. Saturated Soils: causes u to increase
More informationNUMERICAL MODELLING OF PIEZOCONE PENETRATION IN CLAY
NUMERICAL MODELLING OF PIEZOCONE PENETRATION IN CLAY Ilaria Giusti University of Pisa ilaria.giusti@for.unipi.it Andrew J. Whittle Massachusetts Institute of Technology ajwhittl@mit.edu Abstract This paper
More informationFoundation Experts, LLC Specializes in Foundation Repair and Waterproofing
1 Most basements show some signs of leaking and cracking. Through the years, problems with water, poor soils, grading, drainage and possible settling affect the integrity of a basement. Being able to recognize
More informationGeotechnical Standards Eurocodes. An update
Geotechnical Standards Eurocodes. An update Professor Ltd Sussex University EUROCOE 7 (EN 1997) Part 1 published. 2004 National Annex published 2007 Part 2 published Mar 2007 National Annex published 2010
More informationCone Penetration Testing (CPT) Michael Bailey, P.G. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Savannah District
Cone Penetration Testing (CPT) Michael Bailey, P.G. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Savannah District Recommended publications ASTM D 5778-07 Standard Test Method for Electronic Friction Cone and Piezocone
More informationLiner system design for tailings impoundments and heap leach pads
Liner system design for tailings impoundments and heap leach pads John F. Lupo, Ph.D., P.E. AMEC E&E TAILINGS & MINE WASTE 08, VAIL Liner Systems Liner systems Environmental containment of process solutions
More informationCone Penetration Testing in Geotechnical Practice. Tom Lunne Peter K. Robertson John J.M. Powell
Cone Penetration Testing in Geotechnical Practice Tom Lunne Peter K. Robertson John J.M. Powell BLACKIE ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL An Imprint of Chapman & Hall London Weinheim New York Tokyo Melbourne Madras
More informationModule 5 (Lectures 17 to 19) MAT FOUNDATIONS
Module 5 (Lectures 17 to 19) MAT FOUNDATIONS Topics 17.1 INTRODUCTION Rectangular Combined Footing: Trapezoidal Combined Footings: Cantilever Footing: Mat foundation: 17.2 COMMON TYPES OF MAT FOUNDATIONS
More informationSoil Classification Through Penetration Tests
Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol. 9, Jul., 2011 (p. 76-86) Soil Classification Through Penetration Tests A. H. Khan, A. Akbar, K. Farooq, N. M. Khan, M. Aziz and H. Mujtaba Department of Civil Engineering,
More informationStructural Axial, Shear and Bending Moments
Structural Axial, Shear and Bending Moments Positive Internal Forces Acting Recall from mechanics of materials that the internal forces P (generic axial), V (shear) and M (moment) represent resultants
More informationCE-632 Foundation Analysis and Design
CE-63 Foundation Analysis and Design Pile Foundations 1 Indian Standards on Piles IS 911 : Part 1 : Sec 1 : 1979 Driven cast in-situ concrete piles IS 911 : Part 1 : Sec : 1979 Bored cast-in-situ piles
More informationGDS Triaxial Automated System (GDSTAS)
GDS Triaxial Automated System (GDSTAS) Overview: The GDS Triaxial Automated System (GDSTAS) is a load frame-based triaxial testing system. The system is configured by choosing from a range of load frames,
More informationTable of Contents 10.1 GENERAL... 10.1-1
Table of Contents Section Page 10.1 GENERAL... 10.1-1 10.1.1 Overview... 10.1-1 10.1.2 Role of Uncertainty in Property Interpretation... 10.1-1 10.1.3 Role of Drainage in Property Interpretation... 10.1-2
More informationREINFORCED CONCRETE. Reinforced Concrete Design. A Fundamental Approach - Fifth Edition. Walls are generally used to provide lateral support for:
HANDOUT REINFORCED CONCRETE Reinforced Concrete Design A Fundamental Approach - Fifth Edition RETAINING WALLS Fifth Edition A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
More information2009 Japan-Russia Energy and Environment Dialogue in Niigata S2-6 TANAKA ERINA
Importance of the Site Investigation for Development of Methane Hydrate Hokkaido University Hiroyuki Tanaka Civil Engineer My Background Site Investigation Soil Parameters for Design Very Soft Clay and
More informationTests and Analyses on Shear Strength Increment of Soft Soil under Embankment Fill
Tests and Analyses on Shear Strength Increment of Soft Soil under Embankment Fill Guanbao Ye Professor Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering,Tongji University, Ministry of Education,
More information9. STRENGTH. 9.1. Principles PHYSICAL BACKGROUND. Definition of Sediment Strength. Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion
9. STRENGTH 9.1. Principles PHYSICAL BACKGROUND Definition of Sediment Strength Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion Most soils and rocks are visco-elastic materials. Well-developed mathematical theories are
More informationHow To Design A Foundation
The Islamic university - Gaza Faculty of Engineering Civil Engineering Department CHAPTER (2) SITE INVESTIGATION Instructor : Dr. Jehad Hamad Definition The process of determining the layers of natural
More informationEFFECT OF GEOGRID REINFORCEMENT ON LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF A COARSE SAND BED
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 3, May June 2016, pp. 01 06, Article ID: IJCIET_07_03_001 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=7&itype=3
More informationEXAMPLE 1 DESIGN OF CANTILEVERED WALL, GRANULAR SOIL
EXAMPLE DESIGN OF CANTILEVERED WALL, GRANULAR SOIL A sheet pile wall is required to support a 2 excavation. The soil is uniform as shown in the figure. To take into account the friction between the wall
More informationSchedule of Accreditation issued by United Kingdom Accreditation Service 21-47 High Street, Feltham, Middlesex, TW13 4UN, UK
ccredited to Laboratory locations: Schedule of ccreditation United Kingdom ccreditation Service 21-47 High Street, Feltham, Middlesex, TW13 4UN, UK skern Road arcroft Doncaster South Yorkshire DN6 8DG
More informationPREDICTING THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF MAKASSAR MARINE CLAY USING FIELD PENETRATION TEST (CPTU) RESULTS
Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2011) December 14 16, 2011, Hong Kong, China PREDICTING THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF MAKASSAR MARINE CLAY USING FIELD
More informationLaterally Loaded Piles
Laterally Loaded Piles 1 Soil Response Modelled by p-y Curves In order to properly analyze a laterally loaded pile foundation in soil/rock, a nonlinear relationship needs to be applied that provides soil
More informationPore pressure. Ordinary space
Fault Mechanics Laboratory Pore pressure scale Lowers normal stress, moves stress circle to left Doesn Doesn t change shear Deviatoric stress not affected This example: failure will be by tensile cracks
More informationSOIL INVESTIGATION REPORT
SOIL INVESTIGATION REPORT PROJECT GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION FOR PROPOSED WINDMILL FOUNDATION AT LOCATION JDA-13 AT BALNABA VILLAGE, BHUJ-KUTCH CLIENT M/S SUZLON INFRASTRUCTURES SERVICES LTD PROJECT NO.
More informationNumerical Analysis of Texas Cone Penetration Test
International Journal of Applied Science and Technology Vol. 2 No. 3; March 2012 Numerical Analysis of Texas Cone Penetration Test Nutan Palla Project Engineer, Tolunay-Wong Engineers, Inc. 10710 S Sam
More informationINSITU TESTS! Shear Vanes! Shear Vanes! Shear Vane Test! Sensitive Soils! Insitu testing is used for two reasons:!
In-situ Testing! Insitu Testing! Insitu testing is used for two reasons:! To allow the determination of shear strength or penetration resistance or permeability of soils that would be difficult or impossible
More informationSoil behaviour type from the CPT: an update
Soil behaviour type from the CPT: an update P.K. Robertson Gregg Drilling & Testing Inc., Signal Hill, California, USA ABSTRACT: An initial application of CPT results is to evaluate soil type and soil
More informationTrench Rescue by Buddy Martinette
Trench Rescue by Buddy Martinette SOIL TYPE AND TESTING It is imperative that rescue personnel understand soil types and testing procedures if the want to be competent at trench rescue operations. Determining
More informationSTP883-EB/Nov. 1985. Subject Index
STP883-EB/Nov. 1985 Subject Index A Aas in-situ tests, 209-210 Analytical model technique, 432, 438 Andersen's procedure, 342, 345,349-351 Arabian Gulf soils, 413 ASCE conference, 41 ASTM Standards D 422:385
More informationHow To Model A Shallow Foundation
Finite Element Analysis of Elastic Settlement of Spreadfootings Founded in Soil Jae H. Chung, Ph.D. Bid Bridge Software Institute t University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Content 1. Background 2.
More informationInterpretation of clogging effects on the hydraulic behavior of ion treated geotextiles
9 th International Conference on Geosynthetics, Brazil, 2010 Interpretation of clogging effects on the hydraulic behavior of ion treated geotextiles Lee, K. W. Department of Civil Engineering, Dongseo
More informationEurocode 7 - Geotechnical design - Part 2 Ground investigation and testing
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 1 Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical design - Part 2 Ground investigation and testing Dr.-Ing. Bernd Schuppener, Federal Waterways Engineering
More informationproduct manual HS-4210 HS-4210_MAN_09.08 Digital Static Cone Penetrometer
HS-4210_MAN_09.08 product manual HS-4210 Digital Static Cone Penetrometer Introduction This Manual covers the measurement of bearing capacity using the Humboldt Digital Static Cone Penetrometer (DSCP).
More informationStress Analysis, Strain Analysis, and Shearing of Soils
C H A P T E R 4 Stress Analysis, Strain Analysis, and Shearing of Soils Ut tensio sic vis (strains and stresses are related linearly). Robert Hooke So I think we really have to, first, make some new kind
More informationUse and Application of Piezocone Penetration Testing in Presumpscot Formation
Use and Application of Piezocone Penetration Testing in Presumpscot Formation Craig W. Coolidge, P.E. Summit Geoengineering Services, Rockland, Maine ABSTRACT: This paper examines the advantages and limitations
More informationSlope Stability Analysis Using Finite Element Techniques
Slope Stability Analysis Using Finite Element Techniques Colby C. Swan, Assoc. Professor Young Kyo Seo, Post Doctoral Research Assoc. Civil & Environmental Engineering Center for Computer Aided Design
More informationDistribution Restriction Statement Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
CECW-ED Engineer Manual 1110-2-2504 Department of the Army U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 Engineering and Design DESIGN OF SHEET PILE WALLS EM 1110-2-2504 31 March 1994 Distribution
More informationState Parameter Interpretation of Cone Penetration Tests in Agricultural Soils
Biosystems Engineering (2002) 83 (4), 469 479 doi:10.1006/bioe.2002.0146, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on SW}Soil and Water State Parameter Interpretation of Cone Penetration Tests in
More informationAPPENDIX A PRESSUREMETER TEST INTERPRETATION
APPENDIX A PRESSUREMETER TEST INTERPRETATION PRESSUREMETER TEST INTERPRETATION Description of test The pressuremeter test, discussed in great detail by Martin (1977), Baguelin et al. (1978), Barksdale
More informationGround improvement using the vibro-stone column technique
Ground improvement using the vibro-stone column technique A. Kosho 1 A.L.T.E.A & Geostudio 2000, Durres, Albania ABSTRACT The vibro stone columns technique is one of the most used techniques for ground
More informationLABORATORY DETERMINATION OF CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO
LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO STANDARD IS: 2720 (Part 16) 1979. DEFINITION California bearing ratio is the ratio of force per unit area required to penetrate in to a soil mass with
More informationENCE 4610 Foundation Analysis and Design
This image cannot currently be displayed. ENCE 4610 Foundation Analysis and Design Shallow Foundations Total and Differential Settlement Schmertmann s Method This image cannot currently be displayed. Strength
More informationBy D. P. StewarP and M. F. Randolph z
T-BAR PENETRATION TESTING IN SOFT CLAY By D. P. StewarP and M. F. Randolph z ABSTRACT: A t-bar penetration test for soft clay that can be performed with existing cone penetration test (CPT) equipment is
More informationEARTH PRESSURE AND HYDRAULIC PRESSURE
CHAPTER 9 EARTH PRESSURE AND HYDRAULIC PRESSURE - C9-1 - CHAPTER 9 EARTH PRESSURE AND HYDRAULIC PRESSURE General This chapter deals with earth pressure and hydraulic pressure acting on exterior basement
More informationWashington 98102-3699, mike.bailey@hartcrowser.com
LESSONS LEARNED FROM A STONE COLUMN TEST PROGRAM IN GLACIAL DEPOSITS Barry S. Chen 1, P.E., Member, Geo-Institute and Michael J. Bailey 2, P.E., Member, Geo-Institute ABSTRACT A stone column test program
More informationImprovement in physical properties for ground treated with rapid impact compaction
International Journal of the Physical Sciences Vol. 6(22), pp. 5133-5140, 2 October 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/ijps ISSN 1992-1950 2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research
More informationGEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING FORMULAS. A handy reference for use in geotechnical analysis and design
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING FORMULAS A handy reference for use in geotechnical analysis and design TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. SOIL CLASSIFICATION...3 1.1 USCS: Unified Soil Classification System...3 1.1.1
More informationProcedure for the Determination of the Permeability of Clayey Soils in a Triaxial Cell Using the Accelerated Permeability Test
Procedure for the Determination of the Permeability of Clayey Soils in a Triaxial Cell Using the Accelerated Permeability Test R&D Technical Report P1-398/TR/2 Dr E. J Murray Research Contractor: Murray
More informationCOMPLEX STRESS TUTORIAL 3 COMPLEX STRESS AND STRAIN
COMPLX STRSS TUTORIAL COMPLX STRSS AND STRAIN This tutorial is not part of the decel unit mechanical Principles but covers elements of the following sllabi. o Parts of the ngineering Council eam subject
More informationGeotechnical Engineering: Slope Stability
Geotechnical Engineering: Slope Stability Course No: G06-001 Credit: 6 PDH Yun Zhou, PhD, PE Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 9 Greyridge Farm Court Stony Point, NY 10980 P: (877) 322-5800 F:
More informationTECHNICAL REPORT ON SCALA DYNAMIC CONE PENETROMETER IRREGULARITY
TECHNICAL REPORT ON SCALA DYNAMIC CONE PENETROMETER IRREGULARITY CETANZ Technical Report TR 1 Author(s) SJ Anderson, Geotechnics Ltd Report Date First Issue May 2010 Report Revision Date September 2011
More informationConstruction Specification for Concrete Curb and Concrete Curb and Gutter
Engineering & Construction Services Division Standard Specifications for Road Works TS 3.50 April 2015 for Concrete Curb and Table of Contents TS 3.50.01 SCOPE... 3 TS 3.50.02 REFERENCES... 3 TS 3.50.03
More information