Proving Properties of Triangles

Transcription

1 Proving Properties of Triangles Overview Number of instruction days: 8-10 (1 day = 50 minutes) Content to Be Learned Mathematical Practices to Be Integrated Prove the triangle proportionality theorem and its converse. 1 Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. Prove the Pythagorean Theorem using triangle similarity. Use congruence and similarity criteria for triangles to solve problems. Solve problems using the proportionality theorem and its converse and the Pythagorean Theorem. Use congruence and similarity criteria for triangles to solve problems. Check problems using another method. Question whether answers make sense. 3 Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. Use postulates, definitions, and previously established results to construct proofs about triangles. 4 Model with mathematics. Solve real-world problems involving triangle proofs. Providence Public Schools D-78

2 Proving Properties of Triangles (8-10 days) Geometry, Quarter 3, Unit 3.2 Essential Questions How can you use congruence and similarity criteria for triangles to solve problems? What types of problems can you solve using the Pythagorean Theorem? What types of problems can you solve using the triangle proportionality theorem and its converse? Standards Common Core State Standards for Mathematical Content Geometry Similarity, Right Triangles, and Trigonometry G-SRT Prove theorems involving similarity. G-SRT.4 Prove theorems about triangles. Theorems include: a line parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two proportionally, and conversely; the Pythagorean Theorem proved using triangle similarity. G-SRT.5 Use congruence and similarity criteria for triangles to solve problems and to prove relationships in geometric figures. Common Core State Standards for Mathematical Practice 1 Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. Mathematically proficient students start by explaining to themselves the meaning of a problem and looking for entry points to its solution. They analyze givens, constraints, relationships, and goals. They make conjectures about the form and meaning of the solution and plan a solution pathway rather than simply jumping into a solution attempt. They consider analogous problems, and try special cases and simpler forms of the original problem in order to gain insight into its solution. They monitor and evaluate their progress and change course if necessary. Older students might, depending on the context of the problem, transform algebraic expressions or change the viewing window on their graphing calculator to get the information they need. Mathematically proficient students can explain correspondences between equations, verbal descriptions, tables, and graphs or draw diagrams of important features and relationships, graph data, and search for regularity or trends. Younger students Providence Public Schools D-79

3 Proving Properties of Triangles (8-10 days) might rely on using concrete objects or pictures to help conceptualize and solve a problem. Mathematically proficient students check their answers to problems using a different method, and they continually ask themselves, Does this make sense? They can understand the approaches of others to solving complex problems and identify correspondences between different approaches. 3 Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. Mathematically proficient students understand and use stated assumptions, definitions, and previously established results in constructing arguments. They make conjectures and build a logical progression of statements to explore the truth of their conjectures. They are able to analyze situations by breaking them into cases, and can recognize and use counterexamples. They justify their conclusions, communicate them to others, and respond to the arguments of others. They reason inductively about data, making plausible arguments that take into account the context from which the data arose. Mathematically proficient students are also able to compare the effectiveness of two plausible arguments, distinguish correct logic or reasoning from that which is flawed, and if there is a flaw in an argument explain what it is. Elementary students can construct arguments using concrete referents such as objects, drawings, diagrams, and actions. Such arguments can make sense and be correct, even though they are not generalized or made formal until later grades. Later, students learn to determine domains to which an argument applies. Students at all grades can listen or read the arguments of others, decide whether they make sense, and ask useful questions to clarify or improve the arguments. 4 Model with mathematics. Mathematically proficient students can apply the mathematics they know to solve problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace. In early grades, this might be as simple as writing an addition equation to describe a situation. In middle grades, a student might apply proportional reasoning to plan a school event or analyze a problem in the community. By high school, a student might use geometry to solve a design problem or use a function to describe how one quantity of interest depends on another. Mathematically proficient students who can apply what they know are comfortable making assumptions and approximations to simplify a complicated situation, realizing that these may need revision later. They are able to identify important quantities in a practical situation and map their relationships using such tools as diagrams, two-way tables, graphs, flowcharts and formulas. They can analyze those relationships mathematically to draw conclusions. They routinely interpret their mathematical results in the context of the situation and reflect on whether the results make sense, possibly improving the model if it has not served its purpose. Clarifying the Standards Prior Learning Proportionality was introduced in Grade 6. In Grade 7, students extended their reasoning about proportionality and ratios in several ways, and they recognized and wrote equations for proportional relationships. In Grade 8, students learned about congruence and similarity. They explored the Providence Public Schools

4 Proving Properties of Triangles (8-10 days) Geometry, Quarter 3, Unit 3.2 Pythagorean Theorem as a major cluster. They learned to explain a proof of the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse and applied this knowledge to real-world problems in two and three dimensions. Current Learning Students formalize triangle relationships learned in middle school into theorems. They investigate and prove triangle similarity using the Pythagorean Theorem. They also prove the triangle proportionality theorem and its converse. Students connect congruence and similarity, and they apply the theorems to solve problems. Proving theorems using similarity is major content as defined by the PARCC Model Frameworks for Mathematics. Future Learning A thorough knowledge of triangle theorems will prepare students to use trigonometry to solve problems involving real-world situations in future math courses. Additional Findings This content may be challenging for students since it requires them to justify reasoning in proof. A Research Companion to Principles and Standards for School Mathematics cites Thompson s (1966) definition of mathematical reasoning as purposeful inference, deduction, induction and association in the areas of quantity and structure. (p. 228) Adding It Up describes adaptive reasoning as the capacity to think logically about the relationships among concepts and situations. Such reasoning is correct and valid, stems from careful consideration of alternatives, and includes knowledge of how to justify the conclusions. (p. 129) Assessment When constructing an end-of-unit assessment, be aware that the assessment should measure your students understanding of the big ideas indicated within the standards. The CCSS for Mathematical Content and the CCSS for Mathematical Practice should be considered when designing assessments. Standards-based mathematics assessment items should vary in difficulty, content, and type. The assessment should comprise a mix of items, which could include multiple choice items, short and extended response items, and performance-based tasks. When creating your assessment, you should be mindful when an item could be differentiated to address the needs of students in your class. The mathematical concepts below are not a prioritized list of assessment items, and your assessment is not limited to these concepts. However, care should be given to assess the skills the students have developed within this unit. The assessment should provide you with credible evidence as to your students attainment of the mathematics within the unit. Use the AA similarity theorem to prove triangles are similar. Providence Public Schools D-81

5 Proving Properties of Triangles (8-10 days) Use triangle similarity to prove: Triangle Proportionality Theorem, Converse of the Triangle Proportionality Theorem, Pythagorean Theorem. Use proportional parts within triangles and with parallel lines to solve problems. Solve real-world problems using congruence and similarity criteria. Instruction Learning Objectives Students will be able to: Prove a line parallel to one side of triangle divides the other two proportionally, and it s converse. Make and verify conjectures about proportional parts of segments between parallel lines using a variety of tools, including concrete models, and then use those conjectures to solve meaningful problems. Investigate and apply ratios of parts of similar triangles to solve problems. Prove the Pythagorean Theorem using triangle similarity. Review and demonstrate knowledge of important concepts and procedures related to proving properties of triangles. Resources Geometry, Glencoe McGraw-Hill, 2010, Student/Teacher Editions Sections (pp ) Glencoe McGraw-Hill Online Chapter 7 Resources Masters (pp ) Study Notebook 7-4 Parallel Lines and Proportional Parts (p ) 7-5 Parts of Similar Triangles (p ) Providence Public Schools

6 Proving Properties of Triangles (8-10 days) Geometry, Quarter 3, Unit 3.2 Interactive Classroom CD (PowerPoint Presentations) Teacher Works CD-ROM Exam View Assessment Suite Note: The district resources may contain content that goes beyond the standards addressed in this unit. See the Planning for Effective Instructional Design and Delivery and Assessment sections for specific recommendations. Materials TI-Nspire graphing calculator, dynamic geometry software, large chart paper, sticky notes, markers, string Instructional Considerations Key Vocabulary midsegment Planning for Effective Instructional Design and Delivery Reinforced vocabulary taught in previous grades or units: parallel, proportional and transversal. Post essential questions for this unit around the classroom at the beginning of the unit. Use posted Essential Questions upon completion of an objective as a prompt to review content and close the lesson. Essential Questions can also be used to encourage mathematical discourse or formatively assess conceptual understanding when used as an exit ticket. To assist students with notetaking skills, have them use study organizers similar to those provided in the Study Notebook. This utilizes an advance organizer strategy of skimming to help students review and process information about parallel lines and proportional parts of similar triangles prior to the lesson. In this unit, students use multiple methods to prove theorems involving similarity. There are Glencoe resources available to support the fluency recommendations for similarity criteria. For example, students prove the Triangle Proportionality Theorem using a paragraph proof (p. 491, item 30) and they prove the converse using a more traditional two-column proof (p. 491, item 31). Students may also be separated into small collaborative groups. Each group is assigned a different method (flow, two-column, or paragraph) to complete a proof of the same theorem. The proofs should be recorded on large chart paper and posted around the room for a gallery walk. Students can use sticky notes to record their observations of other group s proofs. An opportunity to prove the Pythagorean Theorem using similar triangles is available using the 7-5 Enrichment worksheet in the Chapter 7 Resource Masters. Providence Public Schools D-83

7 Proving Properties of Triangles (8-10 days) Opportunities to differentiate instruction appear throughout the textbook, including: Section 7-4: Differentiated Instruction: Visual Learners, p. 487 Section 7-4: Differentiated Instruction: Kinesthetic Learners, p. 488 The kinesthetic learners activity supports the nonlinguistic representation strategy as students use string and masking tape to mark off congruent segments on a tiled floor and investigate the relationships formed by the congruent segments, parallel lines, and transversals. Fluency with application of triangle similarity criteria will help students throughout their continued investigations of trigonometry and circles in future units. Notes Providence Public Schools