APA Style Referencing 6 th Edition

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1 APA Style Referencing 6 th Edition In-text Citations Page 1 Reference list entries Page 3 Books, theses and conference proceedings Page 3 Journal, magazine and newspaper articles Page 4 Web pages, online video, PDFs Page 5 Course material, and Learn@Lincoln University Page 6 Other items Reports, Images, charts, pamphlets Page 7 Sample Reference List Page 8 First read Referencing: Why, when and how to learn the principles of what needs to be referenced, and when, including how to include quotes in your paper. Unless your lecturer instructs otherwise, Lincoln University undergraduate students should follow the APA Style. In-text Citations In the text of your assignment support your argument by citing the author and year each time you quote or paraphrase information from another source. The reference list is compiled from these citations. One work by one author Place the author and year in brackets after the relevant text. A study of harvesting techniques at sea (Collette, 1990) identified One work by two authors One work by three, four or five authors One work by six or more authors Organisation as author Works with no author Only use Anonymous if this is how the author is designated in the work. Authors with the same family name When the author s name appears as part of your sentence, place only the year in brackets. Collette (1990) compared harvesting techniques at sea List both authors every time the reference occurs. Growth is strongly determined by the type of cultivar (Hirst & Ferree, 1995). List all the authors the first time. In later citations, include only the first author followed by et al. Kaufman, Perlman and Speciner (1995) found [First citation] Kaufman et al. (1995) found This security technique is not always effective (Kaufman et al., 1995) [Later citations] Give the first author followed by et al. and the year. The disease is advancing rapidly (Yang et al., 2009) Spell out the organisation name in full. (Lincoln University, 2007) Associations and government agencies can be abbreviated if mentioned a second time. (New Zealand Qualifications Authority [NZQA], 2008) [First citation] (NZQA, 2008) [Later citations] Use the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and year. For an article or book chapter place in quote marks according to the media ( Cane toad spread, 2008) For a book or report, italicise the shortened title: according to this definition of the word (Longman dictionary, 2003) Include the authors initials to identify each author. was observed in other studies (B. J. Simpson, 2005; L. M. Simpson, 2007) APA 6th July 2014 Page 1

2 Citing more than one work in the same citation Citing more than one work by the same author(s) in the same citation Citing more than one work by the same author(s) published in the same year No year of publication Citing Web sites List citations in alphabetical order, separated by a semicolon (;). as found in recent studies (Hirst & Ferree, 1995; Tucker, 1994) If one citation is more important emphasise it by listing it first, and then listing the rest in alphabetical order after a see also. (Smith, 2005; see also Flanders, 2001; Gumble, 2000) Give the author s family name once, followed by the year of publication of each work, separated with a comma. Past research (Gumble, 2001, 2005) Distinguish the works with suffixes a, b, c, Suffixes are assigned in the reference list, in order, by title. Several studies (Flanders, 1999a, 1999b;) reports high growth (Gumble, 2005a) as demonstrated by other research (Gumble, 2005b) When there is no date of publication, use n.d. (meaning no date ) instead of a year. (Frink, n.d.) Each page you draw information from must be cited individually....reduced kiwi populations (Department of Conservation, 2008). You may point readers to the entire web site in your main text, but it is not included in the reference list. More information can be found on the SPARC website Citing a source found in another source Always try to find the original document and reference that directly. Quoting from a work (sentence, phrase etc) OR referring to a specific part of a larger work (chapter, image, chart etc) For more information on charts, tables, images, etc. see page 7 for more detail. If an image is your own work you do not need to reference it. Personal communications, such as , personal interviews Statutes Further guidance is provided on the Library web site Mention both sources in the text of your assignment, but in the reference list include only the source you actually saw. (Brockman, 1990, as cited in Peele, 1994, p. 45) [in-text citation] Peele, S. (1994). The surprising truth about addiction. Psychology Today, 37(3), [entry in the reference list no entry for Brockman] Indicate the page, chapter or section that you are citing. Use p. for a single page (Kaufman, Perlman, & Speciner, 1995, p. 125) Use pp. for multiple pages (Kaufman et al., 1995, pp ) Use Chapter (Sadler, 2003, Chapter 5) Use paragraph numbers or section headings if page numbers are missing. Include para before the paragraph number. (Hibbert, 2007, para. 5) (Smithers, 2006, Summary section, para. 1) When copying a graph, table, image or figure provide the author, date and page number as for a quote, but with the word From before the author. Table 1. Youth Unemployment Rates (From Smith, 1999, p. 37). [Place this directly below the copied item] Give initials and family name of the communicator, and as exact a date as possible. Do not include in the reference list as the information is not retrievable by the reader. (T. Lovejoy, personal communication, June 17, 2008)...employees who are not members... (Employment Relations Act 2000, s 63). Recent legislation (Immigration Act 2009) has... APA 6th July 2014 Page 2

3 Books, theses or conference proceedings. Basic format Only include an edition statement for the second and later editions. Book as a whole Authors listed in the order found on the title page Book No author Book Author is an organisation Edited book Book chapter Use when each chapter has its own author[s]; ebook Include the type of ebook reader in square brackets. [Google books] [Kindle version] Encyclopedia or Dictionary Entry. Online Encyclopedia Use the address of the article page, not the home page. Reference List Entries Author(s). (year of publication). Title of book: Subtitle of book (edition statement). City of publication, Country or U.S. State abbreviation: Publisher. Kaufman, C., Perlman, R., & Speciner, M. (1995). Network security: Private communication in a public world. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Longman dictionary of contemporary English (4th ed.). (2003). Harlow, England: Longman. Statistics New Zealand. (1998). Samoan people in New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Author. Persley, D. M. (Ed.). (1992). Diseases of fruit crops (2nd ed.). Brisbane, Australia: Department of Primary Industries. Collette, R. L. (1990). Harvesting techniques. In R. E. Martin & G. J. Flick (Eds.), The seafood industry (pp ). New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ebook with DOI. Clark, W., & Bonham-Carter, C. (2009). Sustainable Communities in the United Kingdom [Kindle version]. doi: / _10 ebook with no DOI. Hindson, J. C., & Winter, A. C. (2002). Manual of sheep disease. [Google books]. Retrieved from Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopaedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp ). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica. Christchurch. (2007). In Encyclopaedia britannica. Retrieved from Thesis or dissertation Thesis from an institutional Web site Paper in a conference proceedings For proceedings retrieved online remove place of publication and publisher and use a DOI or URL, as for an online journal article. Whole proceedings Brown, T. N. (1995). Simulation of the development of the root system and associated microbial community of Pinus radiata. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand. Xie, Z. (2007). Modelling genetic regulatory networks: A new model for circadian rhythms in Drosophila and investigation of genetic noise in a viral infection process (Doctoral thesis, Lincoln University, 2007). Retrieved from Brackley, P. (1995). Through other eyes. In D. H. Owen & B. F. Frey (Eds.), Ergonomics tomorrow: Adapting the future: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the New Zealand Ergonomics Society, Lincoln, February 1995 (pp ). Palmerston North, New Zealand: New Zealand Ergonomics Society. Owen, D. H., & Frey, B. F. (Eds.). (1995). Ergonomics tomorrow: Adapting the future: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the New Zealand Ergonomics Society, Lincoln, February Palmerston North, New Zealand: New Zealand Ergonomics Society. APA 6th July 2014 Page 3

4 Statute Further guidance for referencing legal material is provided on the Library, Teaching and Learning website Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act Employment Relations Act 2000, s 63. Treaty of Waitangi report Use the name on the title page, not the cover Waitangi Tribunal. (1995). The Whanganui-a-Orutu report Wellington, New Zealand: Brookers. Articles in a journal, magazine or newspaper Basic format A DOI is a unique and persistent identifier for online documents Journal article Online article with a DOI Online Article with no DOI List the homepage of the journal or magazine instead of a DOI. No author If there is no author, start the entry with the title. 8 or more authors Give the first 6 authors followed by then the last author. Abstract only seen Newspaper article No author Author(s). (year of publication). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Serial, Volume number(issue number), pages. doi:###/### Quarrie, K. L., Cantu, R. C., & Chalmers, D. J. (2002). Rugby union injuries to the cervical spine and spinal cord. Sports Medicine, 32(10), Note: For undergraduates at Lincoln this form is acceptable for articles with no DOI found in library databases. Ancrenaz, M., Dabek, L., & O'Neil, S. (2007). The costs of exclusion: Recognizing a role for local communities in biodiversity conservation. PLoS Biology, 5(11), doi: /journal.pbio Nielsen, L. (2009). Green farm subsidies sponsoring eco labeling: Is the separation of market access and subsidies regulation in WTO law sustainable?. Journal of World Trade, 43(6), Retrieved from Painting life in the southern beech forest. (2000). Forest and Bird, 297(12), Hong-Van, T., Phanuphak, N., Ananworanich, J., Vatanparast, R., Jadwattanakul, T., Pharachetsakul, N., Phanuphak, P. (2010). Acceptability of male circumcision for the prevention of HIV among high-risk heterosexual men in Thailand. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 37(6), Tucker, R. (1994). Cymbidium hybrids from New Zealand. American Orchid Society Bulletin, 63, Abstract obtained from CAB Abstracts database. English, P. (1996, December 28). Anguish as moths escape spraying. New Zealand Herald, p. A1. Scientist discounts lamp radioactivity. (1995, January 16). The Press, p. 2. Electronic version from publisher Web site Bruce, D. (2007, December 13). Chairman frustrated by nonsense. Otago Daily Times. Retrieved from APA 6th July 2014 Page 4

5 Web pages Basic format No full stop at the end of the URL Only include a retrieval date if the page changes frequently e.g Wikipedia Web page No date No author. Page changes frequently Online document (PDF, Word, PowerPoint etc) If the document has its own web address, use Retrieved from address If the document is only linked from another page, use Available from and give the address of the page it is linked from. Author(s). (year, month date of last update). Title of page: Subtitle of page. Retrieved from URL or Author(s). (n.d.). Title of page: Subtitle of page. Retrieved month day, year, from URL Kedgley, S. (2004, June 7). Greens launch Food Revolution. Retrieved from New Zealand Dragon Boat Association. (n.d.). NZDBA Membership. Retrieved from The New Zealand Kiwi: History and legends. (n.d.). Retrieved from Kiwi. (2010, April 13). Retrieved April 14, 2010, from Document has its own unique web address. Dyson, R. (2005) Drowning prevention strategy: Towards a water safe New Zealand Retrieved from /groups/external_ip/documents/guide/wcm2_ pdf Document linked from a web page. Statistics New Zealand. (n.d.). National accounts: Year ended March GDP breakdown Tables. Available from /browse_for_stats/economic_indicators/nationalaccounts /NationalAccounts_HOTPyeMar10.aspx Blog Entry When referencing an online document posted under a username, treat the username as the author. Online video e.g. YouTube Entire Web site Plait, P. (2010, April 13). 3D Apollo! [Blog post]. Retrieved from Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Retrieved from watch?v=vja83klqxzs Do not include in the reference list. Each page you refer to must have its own individual reference entry. Note: When you have a long Web address that extends beyond a single line, you should try to break it just before a punctuation mark such as /? - Statistics New Zealand. (n.d.). National accounts: Year ended March GDP breakdown Tables. Available from /NationalAccounts/NationalAccounts_HOTPyeMar10.aspx APA 6th July 2014 Page 5

6 Citing and referencing Course materials In all of the situations listed below, if the material is copied from a journal article or book, reference it as a journal article or book (as shown above). Lecture notes and comments by guest speakers If you are referring to notes you have made from a lecturer s or guest speakers spoken presentation, cite as a personal communication (no entry in the reference list). (J. Bowring, personal communication, October 3, 2009) Handouts Handouts presented during lectures, tutorials and site visits are referenced as an unpublished paper presented at a meeting. (Bowring, 2009) [in-text citation] Bowring, J. (2009). Otahuna images in pictures. Paper presented at lecture for LASC 316, Innovative Design, Lincoln University. [reference list entry] Coursebook Material written by the lecturer in a coursebook, is referenced as a publication of limited circulation. Include the page number in the in-text citation if present, otherwise the section heading. (Ross, 2009, pp ) [in-text citation, page numbers] (Ross, 2009, Outdoor Recreation, para. 4) [in-text citation, section heading and paragraph] Ross, J. (2009). RECN 110 Concepts in Sport and Recreation reading resource book. [Available from Lincoln University to enrolled students.] [reference list entry] Learn@Lincoln Material posted on the course Web site (Learn@Lincoln) by your lecturer, is referenced as a publication of limited circulation. (Bowring, 2009) [in-text citation] Bowring, J. (2009). Lecture 4: Otahuna images in pictures [PowerPoint slides]. [Available from Lincoln University Learn@Lincoln LASC 316 Web site.] [reference list entry] APA 6th July 2014 Page 6

7 Other commonly referenced items Reports If the author and the publisher are the same simply state Author as the publisher. If retrieved from the publishing organisations website state the publisher as part of the retrieval statement unless the publishing organisation is also the author Graphs, tables, figures and images If you are publishing copied graphs or images you need written permission from the copyright holder. When referencing an online image posted under a username treat the username as the author. Pamplets, flyers and other ephemera This type of document should be used cautiously as evidence in academic writing. Always ask yourself if you can trust information presented in such an informal way. These documents are usually used as evidence of the issuing organisations view on a topic rather than as primary evidence for an argument you are making. Reports are treated as if they were a book or web-page. Include any report number in brackets immediately after the title. Wholesale Electricity Market Study. (1992). A managed transition towards a facilitated market: Rationale (Final report WEMS/4). Wellington, New Zealand: Author. Halliburton, T. (2008, November 25). SDDP modelling of carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation.retrieved from Ministry for the environment website: sddp-modelling-of-carbon-dioxide-emissions-from-electricitygeneration.pdf When copying a graph, table, image or figure provide the author, date and page number as for a quote, but with the word From before the author. This should be located immediately below the item in question. Table 1. Youth unemployment rates (From Smith, 1999, p. 37). In the reference list create an entry for the book, journal or web-page you copied the item from. Smith, J. (1999) Structural unemployment in post-war first world economies: An unavoidable reality. Sydney, Australia: New South Wales University Press. Images from online source such as flicker should be referenced as a web page with [Image] or [Photograph] placed after the title. OneEighteen. (2007). "USS Texas" at San Jacinto park in fog. [Photograph] Retrieved from / These should follow the basic form for a book (see page 3); however, you are likely to be missing several major elements such as date, author or publisher details. Orana wildlife park. (n.d.). Park map. Christchurch, New Zealand: Author It is often advisable to specify what type of document you are looking at by placing a description of its form in square brackets [Advertising leaflet] or [Class timetable flyer] immediately after the title. Wilderness tours. (n.d.). Rainforrest adventures. [Advertising leaflet] Additional help: Library, Teaching and Learning can help with referencing questions in person or online via Ask Us For workshops, online resources and booking one-to-one appointments visit For the definitive APA style, postgraduates, researchers and academic staff should consult: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.(located at Z253 Pub 2010) APA 6th July 2014 Page 7

8 The Reference List The reference list is placed on a new page under the heading References. The reference list is double-spaced and listed in alphabetical order according to the first author s name. Works by the same author(s) are listed in order by date of publication with the oldest listed first. The second and later lines of each reference are indented by 5 characters. Make sure that Word does not underline hyperlinks. If a web address wraps accross 2 or more lines, break it before a punctuation mark such as? / or # Only items cited in text are included in the reference list. Works you have not identified in the text are not included. References Ancrenaz, M., Dabek, L., & O'Neil, S. (2007). The costs of exclusion: Recognizing a role for local communities in biodiversity conservation. PLoS Biology, 5(11), doi: /journal.pbio Councillors narrowly reject no-smoke beach plan. (1999, July 5). New Zealand Herald, p. 2. English, P. (1996, December 28). Anguish as moths escape spraying. New Zealand Herald, p. A1. Hong-Van, T., Phanuphak, N., Ananworanich, J., Vatanparast, R., Jadwattanakul, T., Pharachetsakul, N., Phanuphak, P. (2010). Acceptability of male circumcision for the prevention of HIV among high-risk heterosexual men in Thailand. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 37(6), Kaufman, C., Perlman, R., & Speciner, M. (1995). Network security: Private communication in a public world. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Kiwi. (2010, April 13). Retrieved April 14, 2010, from Owen, D. H., & Frey, B. F. (Eds.). (1995). Ergonomics tomorrow: Adapting the future: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the New Zealand Ergonomics Society, Lincoln, February Palmerston North, New Zealand: New Zealand Ergonomics Society. Ross, J. (2007). RECN 108 Professional Studies for Recreation Management reading resource book. [Available from Lincoln University to enrolled students.] Statistics New Zealand. (n.d.). National accounts: Year ended March GDP breakdown Tables. Available from /NationalAccounts_HOTPyeMar10.aspx Statistics New Zealand. (1998). Samoan people in New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Author. APA 6th July 2014 Page 8