1. List and describe Darwin s 5 points in his theory of natural selection. What evidence did he use to prove his theory?

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1 Review for Mod 4 Quiz Concepts: 1. List and describe Darwin s 5 points in his theory of natural selection. What evidence did he use to prove his theory? Overproduction more offspring produced than survive Struggle for existence organisms compete within and between species Variation exists in any population and the variations are passed on to the next generation (genetic differences) Survival of the Fittest surviving organisms are ones better able to compete, survive and reproduce. The others die without leaving offspring (natural selection) Speciation over numerous generations, new species arise by accumulation of inherited variations of traits; considered new species when members cannot interbreed 2. What is molecular biology and how can it be used to show evidence of evolution? -examine DNA, proteins and other chemicals to show relationships between organism 3. How are fossils used as direct evidence for evolution? -shows progressive changes in species and relationships between species also shows extinction of species. 4. What is embryology and how does indirectly provide evidence for evolution? -studying the development of embryos, show relationship between species (through similarities in development stages) and identifies homologous structures 5. Contrast homologous and analogous structures. Also give examples. -Homologous structures have common origins in the embryo (eg. Gill slits, forelimbs of vertebrates) and show evidence of a common ancestor -Analogous structure: similar structures, but develop from different embryological structures, do not show common ancestor ex) Wings of insects, birds and bats 6. Define and give an example of a vestigial structure. -no longer have a use, ex) human tail bone 7. What is convergent evolution? What is divergent evolution? Convergent: species may also develop similar adaptations due to similar needs in their environment Divergence: Similar species become quite different due to differing

2 environmental needs 8. Describe Lamarck s theory of acquired characteristics. -Law of Use and Disuse: organisms can change their body features during their lifetimes to satisfy their needs. Acquired characteristics are inherited: Those characteristics changed during the lifetime of an individual can be passed on to offspring Practice Problems: 1. Mutations cause variations among individuals. If these variations provide an advantage to individuals, then the resulting traits are known as adaptations. Which of the following statements about adaptations is incorrect? A. They modify the behavior of organisms. B. They are structural or physiological in nature. C. They increase reproductive success of organisms. D. They provide a selective advantage in any environment. 2. Which of the following statements about fossils is not true? A. Fossils found in the deepest rock layers are more ancient than those in the upper strata. B. Fossils always appear in chronological order in rock layers. C. Most vertebrates appear in fossil record at the same time. D. There are some gaps in fossil records. 3. The idea that populations produce more offspring than their environment can support was derived from the works of A. Jean Lamarck B. Charles Darwin C. Gregor Mendel D. Thomas Malthus 4. Which of the following processes was proposed by Charles Darwin as the mechanism of evolution? A. natural selection B. artificial selection C. artificial insemination D. inheritance of acquired characteristics

3 Use the following information to answer the next question. According to one of the theories of evolution, if a horse acquires large and strong muscles during its lifetime these muscles will be passed on to its offspring. 5. The scientist that made a theory based on the above assumption, and the name of the theory, respectively, is A. Darwin, natural selection B. Cuvier, adaptive radiation C. Linnaeus, binomial nomenclature D. Lamarck, inheritance of acquired characteristics 7. Lamarck and Darwin came up with two very different theories of evolution. Lamarck s theory for how evolutionary change occurs is based on i, while Darwin s theory is based on ii. The statement given above is completed by the information in row: Row i ii A. the use and disuse of organs the fossil record B. the fossil record geology C. the use and disuse of organs natural selection D. geology natural selection 8. The wings of birds and bats perform the same function and are an example of A. homologous organs B. rudimentary organs C. analogous organs D. vestigial organs 9. What is required for natural selection to occur? A. Variation within a species B. Variation between a species C. No change in environmental conditions D. Some artificial means of selecting traits

4 10. Two species arise from a common ancestor. The process that has occurred is A. convergent evolution B. sympatric speciation C. allopatric speciation D. divergent evolution 11. Which of the following is considered to be an evolutionary adaptation? A. the ability of plants found near iron deposits to grow in soil enriched with iron B. increased flexibility obtained through repeated stretching C. larger muscles acquired through rigorous exercise D. darker skin obtained through sun exposure 12. Evolution is defined as A. the ability of an organism to survive changing environmental conditions B. a change in gene frequency of a population over time C. the reproductive ability of an organism D. the morphology of an organism Use the following information to answer the next question. According to Lamarck, giraffe showed acquired variation. Given below are four stages in Lamarck s explanation of the evolution of the giraffe. 1 Stretching of the neck and forelimbs to feed on tree leaves 2 Absence of surface vegetation 3 Giraffes having short necks and short forelimbs 4 Giraffes having long necks and long forelimbs Numerical Response 1. Using the numbers above, order the stages in which Lamarck claimed they occurred. Answer: 3, 2, 1, 4 (Record your four-digit answer) 13. Fish are among the oldest vertebrates. This is inferred from the A. fossil record of vertebrates B. biochemical makeup of vertebrates C. similarities among vertebrate embryos

5 D. geographical distribution of vertebrates Use the following information to answer the next question. Observation 1: Two colourless micro-organisms placed in the solution give rise, by sexual reproduction, to micro-organisms in 7 days. A pair of these descendants also give rise to micro-organisms in 7 days if placed in a fresh solution. Observation 2: The individuals in the population differ slightly in size, colour, and shape. Observation 3: After several weeks in one solution, the proportion of green individuals in the population increases. 14. The most likely explanation for Observation 3 is that A. some traits are environmentally controlled B. the green individuals had a survival advantage C. the rate of mutation is greater in large populations D. the experiment did not work the way it was supposed to 15. Charles Darwin was unable to explain the source of the variations he claimed were necessary for evolution. This was because A. such variations did not exist B. genes had not been discovered during his lifetime C. variations occur in nature and have no explanation D. variations result from reproduction, which he had not studied 16. Which field of research provides evidence that supports Darwin s Theory of Evolution? A. Embryology B. Biochemistry C. Paleontology D. All of the above Part 3 Matching Match each of the following contributions to the Theory of Evolution with the scientist(s) that proposed it. Some contributions may be used more than once. A. geological change is slow and has been going on for a very long time B. species evolved through a process called natural selection

6 C. species change over time, leading to new organisms; no explanation of how this happens D. organisms pass traits they have acquired on to the next generation E. species produce more offspring than can survive C_ 1. Buffon D 2. Lamarck _B 3. Charles Darwin E 4. Thomas Malthus A 5. Charles Lyell B 6. Alfred Russell Wallace