Musculoskeletal System

Transcription

1 Musculoskeletal System

2 Musculoskeletal System The musculoskeletal system is composed of three different parts: Bones Joints Muscles

3 Bones Our bones are hard solid organ that forms part of the skeleton. Our bodies can be broken down into 3 sections Head Trunk Limbs

4 Bones Bones are mostly made up of bone cells that are continuously renewed. There are two types of bone Spongy bone contains many small cavities Compact bone is much more dense

5 Bones Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Bones can be divided into 4 categories. Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones

6 Long Bones Longer than they are wide They have a long thin body, called the diaphysis, and two rounded extremities, called epiphyses. They are mainly compact bone. The center contains bone marrow, a soft, fatty substance and blood vessels. These bones are mainly found in the limbs.

7 Long Bones

8 Short Bones Generally cubic. Mainly composed of spongy bone Generally found in the wrists and heels

9 Short Bones

10 Flat Bones Thin, flat and generally curved. They re made up of two layers of compact bones separated by a small layer of spongy tissue. These are found in the skull, ribs, sternum and scapula (Shoulder blade)

11 Flat Bones

12 Irregular Bones These bones do not fit into any other category They have irregular shapes. They are found mainly in the spine

13 Irregular Bones

14 Bones

15 Bones

16 Function of Bones Support Bones form a rigid structure that makes up the framework of our bodies. They also provide an anchor for organs and muscles. Protection Bones protect our internal organs. Rib cage protects the lungs and heart. Skull protects the brain. Movement Bones act as levers during muscle movement.

17 Function Storage Internal cavities of the bones store fat. Bony tissue stores minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus. Production of blood cells The bone marrow found in the bones produces the formed elements of the blood Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

18 Joint A joint is the junction between two or more bones. Joints are essential as they allow movement. Almost all bones have at least one joint. Joints are lined with cartilage to minimize wear on the bones.

19 Types of Joints There are 3 types of joints in our bodies Fixed These joints do not move. They are the type of joints which are in our skull. Semi-movable These are joints with only a small range of motion. The spine is a series of these joints.

20 Fixed Joints

21 Semi-Movable

22 Types of Joints Freely movable joint Some joints can only move in one direction Ex Elbow and Knees Some joints have a complete range of motion Hips and Shoulders

23 Movable Joints

24 Movable Joints

25 Types of Joints

26 Muscles Muscles have the ability to contract causing our bodies or our internal organs to move. Muscles have 4 functions Movement Posture maintenance Joint stabilization Heat release

27 Movement Muscle movement can either be voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary movements are movements as raising your arm or moving your legs. Examples of involuntary movements are peristalsis and your heart beating.

28 Posture, Joints and Heat When we aren t moving, our muscles are still contracting and releasing to maintain our posture. Muscles are also used to stabilize your joints. Some joints need muscles to stay in place. Most (75%) of the energy used by muscles are transformed into heat. The heat lost helps maintain our body s temperature.

29 Types of Muscles There are 3 different types of muscles Skeletal Muscles Also known as striated) Smooth muscles Cardiac Muscles

30 Skeletal Muscles Skeletal muscles are the only voluntary muscles in our bodies. They are attached to bones. As they contract, they move the bones. Skeletal muscles have relatively low endurance and must rest after being exerted.

31 Skeletal Muscles Skeletal muscles are made up of several muscle fibers gathered into bundles. Muscles are held together with connective tissue and is connected to the bone through tendons. Skeletal muscles also have antagonistic muscles. This means that they pull in opposite directions to move a joint in opposite directions Ex Bicep and Tricep

32 Skeletal Muscles

33 Antagonistic Muscles

34 Smooth Muscles Smooth muscles make up the walls of certain internal organs. Ex Uterus, stomach, uterus They move involuntarily. They move much slower but tirelessly.

35 Smooth Muscles

36 Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscle is the muscle that makes up the heart. It is an involuntary muscle with a structure more similar to skeletal muscle. It has great strength and endurance. This type of muscle is branched.

37 Cardiac Muscle

38 Bones The adult human body has 206 bones. The femur, or thighbone, is the longest and strongest bone of the human skeleton. There are 26 bones in the human foot. The human hand, including the wrist, contains 54 bones.

39 Bones We re going to learning about the bones in the arms, legs, head and trunk. We won t be learning all of the bones. You will be given a diagram on the test where you ll have to identify them.

40 Bones of the Skull

41 Bones of the Skull For the skull, all you are responsible to know is: The skull Mandible (jaw) The skull is composed of 22 different bones, but most fuse together by the age of 2.

42 Bones in the Spine

43 Bones of the Spine The spine is composed of 33 bones in 5 sections From top to bottom, the sections are: Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx

44 Bones of the Arm and Hand

45 Bones of the Arm and Hand There are 3 bones in the arm Humerus Upper arm Ulna Bone from the elbow to pinky Radius Bone from the elbow to thumb The wrist and hand are in 3 sections Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges

46 Bones of the Leg and Foot

47 Bones of the Leg and Foot The legs have 4 bones Femur Thigh bone Tibia Shin bone Fibula A bone in the lower leg Patella Kneecap The foot is similar to the hand Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges The link between the femur and spine is the pelvis.

48 Ribs

49 Scapula

50 Ribs and Scapula You have 12 sets of ribs Some individuals can have 11 or 13 ribs. Ribs are classified into 3 categories True ribs are connected directly to the sternum. False ribs are connected to the sternum through another rib Floating ribs do not connect to the sternum The sternum is the bone where the ribs meet. The scapula is the shoulder blade.

51 Muscles You are born with every muscle fiber that you ll ever have. If all of your muscles could pull in one direction, they would be capable of pulling 25 tons. There are around 650 muscles in the body.

52 Muscles

53 Muscles The muscles you will be responsible for are: Bicep Triceps Deltoid Pectoral Quadriceps Glutes Anterior tibialis Calves Hamstrings Obliques Abdominals Erector Spinae Latissimus Dorsi Trapezius

54 Muscles in the Arm

55 Shoulder and Chest

56 Leg Muscles

57 Core Muscles

58 Back Muscles