The Atomic Nucleus. Discovery of Radioactivity
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- Amos Ross
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1 The Atomic Nucleus Discovery of Radioactivity
2
3 Lead block
4 Radium Lead block
5 Magnet Radium Lead block
6
7 α
8 α Alpha particle (helium nucleus)
9 β
10 β Beta particle (electron)
11 γ
12 γ Gamma ray (ultra-high energy nonvisible light)
13 α γ β
14 Radioactive Source Paper Aluminum Lead
15 Radioactive Source α Paper Aluminum Lead
16 Radioactive Source Paper β Aluminum Lead
17 Radioactive Source Paper γ Aluminum Lead
18 Radioactivity Is a Natural Phenomenon
19 Origins of radiation exposure
20 Origins of radiation exposure Natural Background (cosmic rays, earth minerals) 81% Medicine and Diagnostics 15% Consumer Products (televisions sets, smoke detectors) 4%
21 Unit of radiation exposure
22 Unit of radiation exposure rad
23 Unit of radiation exposure rad = 0.01 joule radiant energy kilogram of tissue
24 Some forms of radiation are more harmful to living organisms than others
25 Ability to cause harm is given in rem rem = rad x factor
26 Particle Dosage Factor Health effect
27 Particle Dosage Factor Health effect alpha 1 rad x 10 = 10 rem
28 Particle Dosage Factor Health effect alpha beta 1 rad x 10 = 10 rem 10 rad x 1 = 10 rem
29 1 rem = 1000 millirem (mrem)
30 Average annual exposure per person In the United States about 360 mrem Major Source Radon - 222
31 Typical Annual Radiation Exposure Source Natural Origin Cosmic radiation 26 Ground 33 Air (radon-222) 198 Human tissues (postassium-40; radium-226) 35 Human Origin Typical Amount Received in 1 Year (millirems) Medical procedures Diagnostic X rays 33 Nuclear medicine 15 Television tubes, other consumer products 11 Weapons-test fallout 1
32 Radioactive Isotopes Are Useful as Tracers and for Medical Imaging
33 Isotope Uses of Some Radioactive Isotopes Usage Calcium-47 Study of bone formation in mammals Californium-252 Inspect airline luggage for explosives Hydrogen-3 (tritium) Life-science and drug-metabolism studies to ensure safety of potential new drugs Iodine-131 Diagnose and treat thyroid disorders Iridium-192 Test integrity of pipeline welds, boilers, and aircraft parts Thallium-201 Cardiology and for tumor detection Xenon-133 Lung-ventilation and flood-flow studies Source: Nuclear Regulatory Council
34 Radioactivity Results from an Imbalance of Forces in the Nucleus
35 Helium nucleus
36 Strong Nuclear Force An attractive force that acts between all nucleons
37
38 These protons are not normally attracted to each other
39 Neutrons are needed to create the strong nuclear force
40 There is a limit to the number of neutrons that can be added to an atomic nucleus
41 neutrons need to have protons around them in order to remain stable
42 with too many neutrons, and not enough protons, something most bizarre occurs
43 A lone neutron
44
45
46
47
48 converts to a proton!
49
50
51
52
53
54
55 Proton to Neutron ratios
56 Proton to Neutron ratios Optimum 1 to 1
57 Proton to Neutron ratios Optimum 1 to 1 Limit 1 to 1.4
58 A nucleus with too many neutrons
59 A nucleus with too many neutrons
60
61
62
63
64 Hmm extra proton?
65
66
67
68
69 The size of the nucleus is limited 1) The nucleus cannot hold a very large number of protons together. 2) There cannot be an unlimited number of neutrons.
70 A Radioactive Element Can Transmute to a Different Element
71 Transmutation The changing of one element to another
72 238 U 92
73 234 4 Th He 90 2
74 234 4 Th He 90 2
75 234 4 Th He 90 2
76 234 Th 90
77 238 U 92
78 234 4 Th He 90 2
79 234 4 Th He 90 2
80 234 4 Th He 90 2
81 234 Th 90
82 +
83 +
84 U 234 Th He
85 +
86 +
87 Th 234 Pa e
88 Radioactive Half-Life The time it takes for one-half of a radioactive sample to decay
89 Element Half-Life Uranium x 10 9 years 4.5 x 10 years
90 Element Half-Life Uranium x 10 9 years 4.5 x 10 years Carbon years
91 Element Half-Life Uranium x 10 9 years 4.5 x 10 years Carbon years Bismuth days
92 Element Half-Life Uranium x 10 9 years 4.5 x 10 years Carbon years Bismuth days Polonium x 10-4 sec 1.6 x 10 sec
93
94
95
96
97
98 Radioactive Half-Life The time it takes for onehalf of a radioactive sample to decay Look at factors of 2 One half-life (1/2) Two half-lives (1/4) Three half-lives (1/8) For Example: A material has decreased by ¼ of its original amount it has gone through two half-lives
99
100 N-14
101 N
102 N-14
103 N-14
104 N-14
105
106 C-14
107 C-14
108 C-14
109 C-14
110 C
111 C-14
112 14 CO 2
113 14 CO 2
114
115 Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope that is naturally incorporated from carbon dioxide into living organisms, the amount remains relatively constant during the life of the organism When the living organisms dies the carbon 14 is no longer being replaced in the organism and will start to decay. The amount of loss from the that compared to living organisms can be used to determine when the organism died.
116 22,920 years ago
117 17,190 years ago
118 11,460 years ago
119 5730 years ago
120 Present
121
122 Calculate Age Problem: The carbon-14 radioactivity in the bones of a body was measured to be 1/8 of that compared to a living person How long ago did the person live?
123 Calculate Age Calculation of Age: The carbon-14 has decreased by 1/8 which is three half lives (1/2 times 1/2 times 1/2 = 1/8) Carbon-14 half life = 5730 years 3 times 5730 = 17,190 years
124 Present
125 One Half-Life 5730 years ago
126 Two Half-Lives 11,460 years ago
127 Three Half-Lives 17,190 years ago
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