Observable Patterns of Inheritance and Human Genetics. Chapter 10 and 12
|
|
- Eugenia Burke
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Observable Patterns of Inheritance and Human Genetics Chapter 10 and 12
2 Gregor Mendel: Father of Genetics Ch. 10 Strong background in plant breeding and mathematics Using pea plants, found indirect but observable evidence of how parents transmit genes to offspring
3 Ch. 10 Genes Units of information about specific traits Passed from parents to offspring Each has a specific location (locus) on a chromosome
4 Ch. 10 Alleles Different molecular forms of a gene Arise by mutation Dominant allele masks a recessive allele that is paired with it
5 Ch. 10 Genetic Terms A pair of homologous chromosomes A gene locus A pair of alleles Three pairs of genes
6 Ch. 10 Allele Combinations Homozygous having two identical alleles at a locus AA or aa Heterozygous having two different alleles at a locus Aa
7 Ch. 10 Genotype & Phenotype Genotype refers to particular genes an individual carries Phenotype refers to an individual s observable traits Cannot always determine genotype by observing phenotype. WHY????
8 Ch. 10 The Garden Pea Plant a good subject for research Self-pollinating True breeding (different alleles not normally introduced) Can be experimentally crosspollinated
9 Ch. 10 Tracking Generations Parental generation mates to produce P First-generation offspring F 1 mate to produce Second-generation offspring F 2
10 Ch. 10 F 1 Results of One Monohybrid Cross
11 Ch. 10 F 2 Results of Monohybrid Cross
12 Mendel s Monohybrid Ch. 10 5,474 round 1,850 wrinkled 6,022 yellow 2,001 green Cross Results 882 inflated 299 wrinkled 428 green 152 yellow F 2 plants showed dominant-torecessive ratio that averaged 3:1 705 purple 224 white 651 axial 207 at tip 787 tall 277 dwarf
13 Law of Dominance If one allele is dominant to another, then only the dominant allele will show in the phenotype of a heterozygous individual. Ex. If black fur is dominant to white fur, and B = black, and b = white, an animal with genotype Bb will have the phenotype of black fur.
14 Ch. 10 Punnett Square of a Monohybrid Cross Male gametes A a Female gametes A a AA Aa Aa aa Dominant phenotype can arise 3 ways, recessive only one
15 Law of Segregation Pairs of alleles separate (segregate) when gametes are formed, so that ½ of the alleles for your traits come from one parent, and the other ½ of the alleles come from the other parent. This is why our Punnett squares have 2 columns and 2 rows!
16 Ch. 12 Genetic Abnormality A rare, uncommon version of a trait Polydactyly Unusual number of toes or fingers Does not cause any health problems View of trait as disfiguring is subjective Genetic Disorder
17 Genetic Disorder Inherited conditions that cause mild to Ch. 12 severe medical problems Why don t they disappear? Mutation introduces new rare alleles In heterozygotes, harmful recessive allele is masked, so it can still be passed on to offspring
18 Autosomal Recessive Ch. 12 Inheritance Patterns parents both heterozygous, child will have a 25% chance being affected b. Examples:PKU, cystic fibrosis, albinism
19 Ch. 12 a.trait typically appears in every generation b. Examples: Huntington disorder, polydactyly, achondroplasia, progeria Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
20 Huntington Disorder Ch. 12 Autosomal dominant allele Causes involuntary movements, nervous system deterioration, death Symptoms don t usually show up until person is past age 30 People often pass allele on before they know they have it
21 Test Crosses Mate the organism with unknown genotype with an organism of known genotype. See if the resulting offspring show only dominant trait or some show the recessive trait. Results from there will tell you what your mystery genotype is. Ch = + =
22 Ch. 10 Punnett Squares of Test Crosses Homozygous recessive a a Homozygous recessive a a A Aa Aa A Aa Aa a aa aa A Aa Aa Two phenotypes All dominant phenotype
23 Ch. 10 Dominance Relations Complete dominance Incomplete dominance Heterozygote phenotype is a blend somewhere between that of two homozygotes Codominance Non-identical alleles specify two different phenotypes that are both expressed in heterozygotes
24 Ch. 10 Flower Color in Snapdragons: Incomplete Dominance Red-flowered plant X White-flowered plant (homozygote) (homozygote) Pink-flowered F 1 plants (heterozygotes)
25 Incomplete Dominance both genetic traits combine and form a median. Ch =
26 Ch. 10 Flower Color in Snapdragons: Incomplete Dominance Pink-flowered plant X Pink-flowered plant (heterozygote) (heterozygote) Red, pink-, and white-flowered plants in a 1:2:1 ratio
27 Incomplete dominance in Cats Tail Length Ch. 10
28 Ch. 10 Codominance There is a single gene with two allelle variations, but both equally strong so in heterozygous both traits show + =
29 Sickle-Cell Anemia: Human example of Codominance Two alleles: Normal hemoglobin; and sickle cell hemoglobin 1) N = Normal hemoglobin chain, so normal Red blood cells 2) S = Mutant allele for defective hemoglobin, so sickle shaped red blood cells NN = NS = SS =
30
31 Ch. 10 Multiple Alleles: Having More than 2 possible alleles for a trait: Ex. ABO Blood Types: Three Alleles (*Note: you still inherit only 2 alleles, it is just more phenotypes are possible.). Gene that controls ABO blood type codes for a particular protein (Immunoglobulin Antigen) on blood cells Two alleles (I A and I B ) are codominant when paired Third allele (i) is recessive to others
32 Ch. 10 Type A - I A I A or I A i Type B - I B I B or I B i ABO Blood Type: Allele Combinations Type AB - I A I B Type O - ii
33 Ch. 10
34 Ch. 10 Genetics Problem A man with type A blood marries a woman with type B blood. Their child has type O blood. What are the genotypes of these individuals? What other genotypes, and in what frequencies, would you expect in offspring from this marriage?
35 Ch. 10 Dihybrid Cross: Studying 2 traits at the same time. Genotypes will have 4 alleles represented, 2 per trait. TRUE- BREEDING PARENTS: purple flowers, tall white flowers, dwarf AABB x aabb GAMETES: AB AB ab ab AaBb F1 HYBRID OFFSPRING: All purple-flowered, tall
36 Ch. 10 F 1 Results of Mendel s Dihybrid Crosses All plants displayed the dominant form of both traits We now know: All plants inherited one allele for each trait from each parent All offspring plants were heterozygous (AaBb)
37 Mendel then crossed F 1 offspring to get Phenotypic Ratios in F 2 = 9:3:3:1 Ch. 10 AaBb X AaBb Four Phenotypes: Tall, purple-flowered (9/16) Tall, white-flowered (3/16) Dwarf, purple-flowered (3/16) Dwarf, white-flowered (1/16)
38 Ch. 10 Explanation of Mendel s Dihybrid Results If the two traits are coded for by genes on separate chromosomes, sixteen zygote combinations are possible 1/4 AB 1/4 Ab 1/4 ab 1/4 ab 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4 AB Ab ab ab 1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16 AABB AABb AaBB AaBb 1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16 AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb 1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16 AaBB AaBb aabb aabb 1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16 AaBb Aabb aabb aabb
39 Law of Independent Assortment When gametes are formed, pairs of chromosomes (and the alleles they carry) enter the gametes independently of the other chromosomes. Members of each pair of homologous chromosomes are sorted into gametes at random during meiosis So, the inheritance of 1 trait does not influence the inheritance of any other trait! This only applies if alleles are NOT on the SAME chromosome, and Crossing Over HAS NOT occurred. This explains why we set up dihybrid squares the way we do, with 16 sections.
40 Ch. 10 Independent Assortment Metaphase I Metaphase II: A A a a A A a a B B OR b b b b B B A A a a A A a a B B b b b b B B Gametes: A B A B a b b b b a A A a B a B 1/4 AB 1/4 ab 1/4 Ab 1/4 ab
41 Linkage maps estimate distances between genes. Alfred Sturtevant- said further apart the genes were, the more likely they were to be separated during crossover in meiosis The closer together two genes are, the more likely they will be inherited together. Cross-over frequencies are related to distances between genes. Linkage maps show the relative locations of genes.
42 Chromosome Linkage Maps
43 Polygenic Traits Ch. 10 Controlled by more than 1 pair of alleles Get a range of phenotypes, shows up as a parabola curve on a graph. Number of people ' 5 ' 5' 6 ' 6' 6" tall 6" tall 6" tall tall Series 1 Column1 Column2 Examples: Human height, human skin color, corn cob length
44 Interactions Between Gene Pairs = Epistasis multiple genes that control the same trait but one gene can mask the other. The gene for color in mice is controlled by the C gene. If the mouse gets cc, it will be albino.
45 Albinism A phenotype that results when pathway for melanin production (skin pigment) is completely blocked Genotype - Homozygous recessive for the gene that codes for tyrosinase, an enzyme in the melanin-synthesizing pathway
46 Ch. 10 Environment can affect Phenotype Ex. Temperature: Himalayan rabbits are Homozygous for an allele for a heat-sensitive version of an enzyme that helps make melanin More Melanin is produced in cooler areas of body Ex. Soil ph can cause hydrangeas to have different flower colors: blue or pink!!!
47 Human Genetics chapter 12 Alleles and Gametes Diploid cell has a pair of alleles for each trait because of homologous chromosomes) Haploid cell (gamete) has a single allele for each trait (no homologues after meiosis)
48 Sex Determination Ch. 10 X and Y chromosomes are sex chromosomes, last pair of chromosomes shown in a karyotype In humans and most animals XX female and XY male BIRDS xx male xy female
49 Human Karyotype XX (or XY)
50 Ch. 10 Sex Determination eggs sperm X Y X Female germ cell Male germ cell X X Y X XX XY X XX XY sex chromosome combinations possible in new individual
51 The X Chromosome Carries more than 2,300 genes Most genes deal with nonsexual traits Genes on X chromosome can be expressed in both males and females Ch. 10, 12
52 The Y Chromosome Fewer than two dozen genes found One is the master gene for male sex determination SRY gene (Sex-determining region of Y) SRY present, testes form SRY absent, ovaries form Ch. 10, 12
53 Ch. 12 Examples of X-Linked Traits Color blindness Inability to distinguish among some of all colors Hemophilia Blood-clotting disorder 1/7,000 males has allele for hemophilia A Was common in European royal families
54 Pedigree a family tree that indicates the phenotype of one trait being studied for every member of a family. Females=circle, males = square Normal= unshaded, carrier=1/2 shaded, exhibits trait=shaded Ch. 12
55 Ch. 12 Pedigree for Polydactly I female male II 5,5 6,6 III * 5,5 6,6 6,6 5,5 6,6 5,5 IV 6 7 5,5 6,6 5,5 6,6 5,5 6,6 5,5 6,6 5,6 6,7 V *Gene not expressed in this carrier. 12 6,6 6,6
56 Autosomal Recessive Ch. 12 Inheritance Patterns parents both heterozygous, child will have a 25% chance being affected b. Examples:PKU, cystic fibrosis, albinism c. Trait often skips generations, shows up equally in boys and girls
57 Ch. 12 a.trait typically appears in every generation b. Examples: Huntington disorder, polydactyly, achondroplasia, progeria Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
58 Ch. 10, 12 Males show disorder more than females X-Linked Recessive Son cannot inherit disorder from his father Inheritance
59 Ch. 12
60 Ch. 12 Karyotype Definition: Photograph of chromosomes arranged to form diagram from largest pair to smallest pair of autosomes and sex chromosomes Karyotype Analysis can show chromosomal abnormalities (ie. Nondisjunction effects)
61 Ch. 12 Karyotype Preparation Arrested cells (cells whose mitosis is halted) are broken open Metaphase chromosomes are fixed and stained Chromosomes are photographed through microscope Photograph of chromosomes is cut up and arranged to form karyotype diagram
62 Chromosome Mutations Change in structure of chromosome or loss of an entire chromosome. Ch. 12 Includes: Duplication, Inversion, Translocation and Deletion
63 Ch. 12 Translocation A piece of one chromosome becomes attached to another nonhomologous chromosome Philadelphia chromosome arose from a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22
64 Nondisjunction Ch. 12 n + 1 n + 1 n - 1 chromosome alignments at metaphase I nondisjunction at anaphase I alignments at metaphase II anaphase II n - 1
65 Aneuploidy Ch. 12 Individuals have one extra or less chromosome (2n + 1 or 2n - 1) Major cause of human reproductive failure Most human miscarriages are aneuploids
66 Down Syndrome Trisomy of chromosome 21 Ch. 12 Mental impairment and a variety of additional defects Can be detected before birth Risk of Down syndrome increases dramatically in mothers over age 35
67 Ch. 12
68 Ch. 12
69 Turner Syndrome Inheritance of only one X (XO) 98% spontaneously aborted Survivors are short, infertile females May be treated with hormones, surgery Klinefelter Syndrome XXY condition Results mainly from nondisjunction in mother (67%) Phenotype is tall males Sterile or nearly so Feminized traits (sparse facial hair, somewhat enlarged breasts) Treated with testosterone injections Ch. 12
70 Polyploidy Individuals have three or more of each type of chromosome (3n, 4n) Common in flowering plants Lethal for humans 99% die before birth Newborns die soon after birth Ch. 12
71 Genetic Counseling - Assesses risk of passing on inherited disorders prior to child bearing Large-scale screening programs detect affected persons Newborns in United States routinely tested for PKU Early detection allows dietary intervention and prevents brain impairment Ch. 12
72 Ch. 12 Prenatal Diagnosis Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling Fetoscopy All methods have some risks
Heredity - Patterns of Inheritance
Heredity - Patterns of Inheritance Genes and Alleles A. Genes 1. A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a special functional product a. Transfer RNA b. Enzyme c. Structural protein d. Pigments 2. Genes
More informationHeredity. Sarah crosses a homozygous white flower and a homozygous purple flower. The cross results in all purple flowers.
Heredity 1. Sarah is doing an experiment on pea plants. She is studying the color of the pea plants. Sarah has noticed that many pea plants have purple flowers and many have white flowers. Sarah crosses
More informationHuman Blood Types: Codominance and Multiple Alleles. Codominance: both alleles in the heterozygous genotype express themselves fully
Human Blood Types: Codominance and Multiple Alleles Codominance: both alleles in the heterozygous genotype express themselves fully Multiple alleles: three or more alleles for a trait are found in the
More informationName: 4. A typical phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross is a) 9:1 b) 3:4 c) 9:3:3:1 d) 1:2:1:2:1 e) 6:3:3:6
Name: Multiple-choice section Choose the answer which best completes each of the following statements or answers the following questions and so make your tutor happy! 1. Which of the following conclusions
More informationA trait is a variation of a particular character (e.g. color, height). Traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes.
1 Biology Chapter 10 Study Guide Trait A trait is a variation of a particular character (e.g. color, height). Traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes. Genes Genes are located on chromosomes
More informationThe correct answer is c A. Answer a is incorrect. The white-eye gene must be recessive since heterozygous females have red eyes.
1. Why is the white-eye phenotype always observed in males carrying the white-eye allele? a. Because the trait is dominant b. Because the trait is recessive c. Because the allele is located on the X chromosome
More informationGenetic Mutations. Indicator 4.8: Compare the consequences of mutations in body cells with those in gametes.
Genetic Mutations Indicator 4.8: Compare the consequences of mutations in body cells with those in gametes. Agenda Warm UP: What is a mutation? Body cell? Gamete? Notes on Mutations Karyotype Web Activity
More informationChapter 9 Patterns of Inheritance
Bio 100 Patterns of Inheritance 1 Chapter 9 Patterns of Inheritance Modern genetics began with Gregor Mendel s quantitative experiments with pea plants History of Heredity Blending theory of heredity -
More informationCHROMOSOMES AND INHERITANCE
SECTION 12-1 REVIEW CHROMOSOMES AND INHERITANCE VOCABULARY REVIEW Distinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs of terms. 1. sex chromosome, autosome 2. germ-cell mutation, somatic-cell
More informationCCR Biology - Chapter 7 Practice Test - Summer 2012
Name: Class: Date: CCR Biology - Chapter 7 Practice Test - Summer 2012 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A person who has a disorder caused
More information7A The Origin of Modern Genetics
Life Science Chapter 7 Genetics of Organisms 7A The Origin of Modern Genetics Genetics the study of inheritance (the study of how traits are inherited through the interactions of alleles) Heredity: the
More informationBio EOC Topics for Cell Reproduction: Bio EOC Questions for Cell Reproduction:
Bio EOC Topics for Cell Reproduction: Asexual vs. sexual reproduction Mitosis steps, diagrams, purpose o Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis Meiosis steps, diagrams, purpose
More informationChromosomes, Mapping, and the Meiosis Inheritance Connection
Chromosomes, Mapping, and the Meiosis Inheritance Connection Carl Correns 1900 Chapter 13 First suggests central role for chromosomes Rediscovery of Mendel s work Walter Sutton 1902 Chromosomal theory
More informationMendelian and Non-Mendelian Heredity Grade Ten
Ohio Standards Connection: Life Sciences Benchmark C Explain the genetic mechanisms and molecular basis of inheritance. Indicator 6 Explain that a unit of hereditary information is called a gene, and genes
More informationName: Class: Date: ID: A
Name: Class: _ Date: _ Meiosis Quiz 1. (1 point) A kidney cell is an example of which type of cell? a. sex cell b. germ cell c. somatic cell d. haploid cell 2. (1 point) How many chromosomes are in a human
More informationProblems 1-6: In tomato fruit, red flesh color is dominant over yellow flesh color, Use R for the Red allele and r for the yellow allele.
Genetics Problems Name ANSWER KEY Problems 1-6: In tomato fruit, red flesh color is dominant over yellow flesh color, Use R for the Red allele and r for the yellow allele. 1. What would be the genotype
More informationBiology 1406 Exam 4 Notes Cell Division and Genetics Ch. 8, 9
Biology 1406 Exam 4 Notes Cell Division and Genetics Ch. 8, 9 Ch. 8 Cell Division Cells divide to produce new cells must pass genetic information to new cells - What process of DNA allows this? Two types
More informationTwo copies of each autosomal gene affect phenotype.
SECTION 7.1 CHROMOSOMES AND PHENOTYPE Study Guide KEY CONCEPT The chromosomes on which genes are located can affect the expression of traits. VOCABULARY carrier sex-linked gene X chromosome inactivation
More informationB2 5 Inheritrance Genetic Crosses
B2 5 Inheritrance Genetic Crosses 65 minutes 65 marks Page of 55 Q. A woman gives birth to triplets. Two of the triplets are boys and the third is a girl. The triplets developed from two egg cells released
More informationMendelian inheritance and the
Mendelian inheritance and the most common genetic diseases Cornelia Schubert, MD, University of Goettingen, Dept. Human Genetics EUPRIM-Net course Genetics, Immunology and Breeding Mangement German Primate
More informationGenetics 1. Defective enzyme that does not make melanin. Very pale skin and hair color (albino)
Genetics 1 We all know that children tend to resemble their parents. Parents and their children tend to have similar appearance because children inherit genes from their parents and these genes influence
More informationEach person normally has 23 pairs of chromosomes, or 46 in all. We inherit one chromosome per pair from our mother and one from our father.
AP Psychology 2.2 Behavioral Genetics Article Chromosomal Abnormalities About 1 in 150 babies is born with a chromosomal abnormality (1, 2). These are caused by errors in the number or structure of chromosomes.
More information2 18. If a boy s father has haemophilia and his mother has one gene for haemophilia. What is the chance that the boy will inherit the disease? 1. 0% 2
1 GENETICS 1. Mendel is considered to be lucky to discover the laws of inheritance because 1. He meticulously analyzed his data statistically 2. He maintained pedigree records of various generations he
More informationBioBoot Camp Genetics
BioBoot Camp Genetics BIO.B.1.2.1 Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of genetic information DNA Replication is the process of DNA being copied before
More informationGENETIC CROSSES. Monohybrid Crosses
GENETIC CROSSES Monohybrid Crosses Objectives Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype Explain the difference between homozygous and heterozygous Explain how probability is used to predict
More informationChapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Name Period Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know.
More informationLAB : PAPER PET GENETICS. male (hat) female (hair bow) Skin color green or orange Eyes round or square Nose triangle or oval Teeth pointed or square
Period Date LAB : PAPER PET GENETICS 1. Given the list of characteristics below, you will create an imaginary pet and then breed it to review the concepts of genetics. Your pet will have the following
More informationGenetics for the Novice
Genetics for the Novice by Carol Barbee Wait! Don't leave yet. I know that for many breeders any article with the word genetics in the title causes an immediate negative reaction. Either they quickly turn
More informationChromosomes, Karyotyping, and Abnormalities (Learning Objectives) Learn the components and parts of a metaphase chromosome.
Chromosomes, Karyotyping, and Abnormalities (Learning Objectives) Learn the components and parts of a metaphase chromosome. Define the terms karyotype, autosomal and sex chromosomes. Explain how many of
More informationBio 102 Practice Problems Mendelian Genetics and Extensions
Bio 102 Practice Problems Mendelian Genetics and Extensions Short answer (show your work or thinking to get partial credit): 1. In peas, tall is dominant over dwarf. If a plant homozygous for tall is crossed
More informationChapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Name Period Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know. Define: gene locus gamete male gamete female
More informationChapter 4 Pedigree Analysis in Human Genetics. Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings 2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Chapter 4 Pedigree Analysis in Human Genetics Mendelian Inheritance in Humans Pigmentation Gene and Albinism Fig. 3.14 Two Genes Fig. 3.15 The Inheritance of Human Traits Difficulties Long generation time
More informationBiology Final Exam Study Guide: Semester 2
Biology Final Exam Study Guide: Semester 2 Questions 1. Scientific method: What does each of these entail? Investigation and Experimentation Problem Hypothesis Methods Results/Data Discussion/Conclusion
More informationMCB41: Second Midterm Spring 2009
MCB41: Second Midterm Spring 2009 Before you start, print your name and student identification number (S.I.D) at the top of each page. There are 7 pages including this page. You will have 50 minutes for
More information17. A testcross A.is used to determine if an organism that is displaying a recessive trait is heterozygous or homozygous for that trait. B.
ch04 Student: 1. Which of the following does not inactivate an X chromosome? A. Mammals B. Drosophila C. C. elegans D. Humans 2. Who originally identified a highly condensed structure in the interphase
More informationAP Biology PowerPoint Notes Chapter 11 & 12 Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics
AP Biology PowerPoint Notes Chapter 11 & 12 Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics Mendelism and Genotype Genotype must be considered an integrated whole of all the genes because genes often work together
More informationLecture 2: Mitosis and meiosis
Lecture 2: Mitosis and meiosis 1. Chromosomes 2. Diploid life cycle 3. Cell cycle 4. Mitosis 5. Meiosis 6. Parallel behavior of genes and chromosomes Basic morphology of chromosomes telomere short arm
More informationwww.njctl.org PSI Biology Mitosis & Meiosis
Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis Classwork 1. Identify two differences between meiosis and mitosis. 2. Provide an example of a type of cell in the human body that would undergo mitosis. 3. Does cell division
More information5. The cells of a multicellular organism, other than gametes and the germ cells from which it develops, are known as
1. True or false? The chi square statistical test is used to determine how well the observed genetic data agree with the expectations derived from a hypothesis. True 2. True or false? Chromosomes in prokaryotic
More informationSex for the purposes of this class refers to 4 components
Sex for the purposes of this class refers to 4 components Gonadal sex Gonads or where gametes are produced by meiosis Somatic sex Somatic cells are cells that undergo mitosis. They can be divided into
More informationThe Developing Person Through the Life Span 8e by Kathleen Stassen Berger
The Developing Person Through the Life Span 8e by Kathleen Stassen Berger Chapter 3 Heredity and Environment PowerPoint Slides developed by Martin Wolfger and Michael James Ivy Tech Community College-Bloomington
More information5 GENETIC LINKAGE AND MAPPING
5 GENETIC LINKAGE AND MAPPING 5.1 Genetic Linkage So far, we have considered traits that are affected by one or two genes, and if there are two genes, we have assumed that they assort independently. However,
More informationInfluence of Sex on Genetics. Chapter Six
Influence of Sex on Genetics Chapter Six Humans 23 Autosomes Chromosomal abnormalities very severe Often fatal All have at least one X Deletion of X chromosome is fatal Males = heterogametic sex XY Females
More information12.1 The Role of DNA in Heredity
12.1 The Role of DNA in Heredity Only in the last 50 years have scientists understood the role of DNA in heredity. That understanding began with the discovery of DNA s structure. In 1952, Rosalind Franklin
More informationHardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Problems
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Problems 1. The frequency of two alleles in a gene pool is 0.19 (A) and 0.81(a). Assume that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. (a) Calculate the percentage of
More informationGenetics Module B, Anchor 3
Genetics Module B, Anchor 3 Key Concepts: - An individual s characteristics are determines by factors that are passed from one parental generation to the next. - During gamete formation, the alleles for
More informationMitosis, Meiosis and Fertilization 1
Mitosis, Meiosis and Fertilization 1 I. Introduction When you fall and scrape the skin off your hands or knees, how does your body make new skin cells to replace the skin cells that were scraped off? How
More informationGenetics Part 1: Inheritance of Traits
Genetics Part 1: Inheritance of Traits Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Offspring usually show some traits of each parent. For a long time, scientists did not understand
More informationEx) A tall green pea plant (TTGG) is crossed with a short white pea plant (ttgg). TT or Tt = tall tt = short GG or Gg = green gg = white
Worksheet: Dihybrid Crosses U N I T 3 : G E N E T I C S STEP 1: Determine what kind of problem you are trying to solve. STEP 2: Determine letters you will use to specify traits. STEP 3: Determine parent
More information1 Mutation and Genetic Change
CHAPTER 14 1 Mutation and Genetic Change SECTION Genes in Action KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What is the origin of genetic differences among organisms? What kinds
More information4.2 Meiosis. Meiosis is a reduction division. Assessment statements. The process of meiosis
4.2 Meiosis Assessment statements State that meiosis is a reduction division of a diploid nucleus to form haploid nuclei. Define homologous chromosomes. Outline the process of meiosis, including pairing
More informationPhenotypes and Genotypes of Single Crosses
GENETICS PROBLEM PACKET- Gifted NAME PER Phenotypes and Genotypes of Single Crosses Use these characteristics about plants to answer the following questions. Round seed is dominant over wrinkled seed Yellow
More informationThe Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection in Humans
OVERVIEW MENDELIN GENETIC, PROBBILITY, PEDIGREE, ND CHI-QURE TTITIC This classroom lesson uses the information presented in the short film The Making of the Fittest: Natural election in Humans (http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/making-fittest-natural-selection-humans)
More informationCHAPTER 15 THE CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF INHERITANCE. Section B: Sex Chromosomes
CHAPTER 15 THE CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF INHERITANCE Section B: Sex Chromosomes 1. The chromosomal basis of sex varies with the organism 2. Sex-linked genes have unique patterns of inheritance 1. The chromosomal
More informationChapter 3. Chapter Outline. Chapter Outline 9/11/10. Heredity and Evolu4on
Chapter 3 Heredity and Evolu4on Chapter Outline The Cell DNA Structure and Function Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis The Genetic Principles Discovered by Mendel Mendelian Inheritance in Humans Misconceptions
More informationBIO 184 Page 1 Spring 2013 NAME VERSION 1 EXAM 3: KEY. Instructions: PRINT your Name and Exam version Number on your Scantron
BIO 184 Page 1 Spring 2013 EXAM 3: KEY Instructions: PRINT your Name and Exam version Number on your Scantron Example: PAULA SMITH, EXAM 2 VERSION 1 Write your name CLEARLY at the top of every page of
More informationI. Genes found on the same chromosome = linked genes
Genetic recombination in Eukaryotes: crossing over, part 1 I. Genes found on the same chromosome = linked genes II. III. Linkage and crossing over Crossing over & chromosome mapping I. Genes found on the
More informationPractice Problems 4. (a) 19. (b) 36. (c) 17
Chapter 10 Practice Problems Practice Problems 4 1. The diploid chromosome number in a variety of chrysanthemum is 18. What would you call varieties with the following chromosome numbers? (a) 19 (b) 36
More informationVariations on a Human Face Lab
Variations on a Human Face Lab Introduction: Have you ever wondered why everybody has a different appearance even if they are closely related? It is because of the large variety or characteristics that
More informationPRACTICE PROBLEMS - PEDIGREES AND PROBABILITIES
PRACTICE PROBLEMS - PEDIGREES AND PROBABILITIES 1. Margaret has just learned that she has adult polycystic kidney disease. Her mother also has the disease, as did her maternal grandfather and his younger
More informationA and B are not absolutely linked. They could be far enough apart on the chromosome that they assort independently.
Name Section 7.014 Problem Set 5 Please print out this problem set and record your answers on the printed copy. Answers to this problem set are to be turned in to the box outside 68-120 by 5:00pm on Friday
More informationBiology 1406 - Notes for exam 5 - Population genetics Ch 13, 14, 15
Biology 1406 - Notes for exam 5 - Population genetics Ch 13, 14, 15 Species - group of individuals that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring; genetically similar 13.7, 14.2 Population
More informationIncomplete Dominance and Codominance
Name: Date: Period: Incomplete Dominance and Codominance 1. In Japanese four o'clock plants red (R) color is incompletely dominant over white (r) flowers, and the heterozygous condition (Rr) results in
More informationMeiosis is a special form of cell division.
Page 1 of 6 KEY CONCEPT Meiosis is a special form of cell division. BEFORE, you learned Mitosis produces two genetically identical cells In sexual reproduction, offspring inherit traits from both parents
More informationChapter 8: Variation in Chromosome Structure and Number
Chapter 8: Variation in Chromosome Structure and Number Student Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter you should be able to: 1. Know the principles and terminology associated with variations
More informationsomatic cell egg genotype gamete polar body phenotype homologous chromosome trait dominant autosome genetics recessive
CHAPTER 6 MEIOSIS AND MENDEL Vocabulary Practice somatic cell egg genotype gamete polar body phenotype homologous chromosome trait dominant autosome genetics recessive CHAPTER 6 Meiosis and Mendel sex
More informationCCpp X ccpp. CcPp X CcPp. CP Cp cp cp. Purple. White. Purple CcPp. Purple Ccpp White. White. Summary: 9/16 purple, 7/16 white
P F 1 CCpp X ccpp Cp Cp CcPp X CcPp F 2 CP Cp cp cp CP Cp cp cp CCPP CCPp CcPP CcPp CCPp CCpp CcPp Ccpp CcPP CcPp ccpp ccpp Summary: 9/16 purple, 7/16 white CcPp Ccpp ccpp ccpp AABB X aabb P AB ab Gametes
More informationGene mutation and molecular medicine Chapter 15
Gene mutation and molecular medicine Chapter 15 Lecture Objectives What Are Mutations? How Are DNA Molecules and Mutations Analyzed? How Do Defective Proteins Lead to Diseases? What DNA Changes Lead to
More informationDNA Determines Your Appearance!
DNA Determines Your Appearance! Summary DNA contains all the information needed to build your body. Did you know that your DNA determines things such as your eye color, hair color, height, and even the
More informationTest Two Study Guide
Test Two Study Guide 1. Describe what is happening inside a cell during the following phases (pictures may help but try to use words): Interphase: : Consists of G1 / S / G2. Growing stage, cell doubles
More informationSexual Reproduction. The specialized cells that are required for sexual reproduction are known as. And come from the process of: GAMETES
Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction We know all about asexual reproduction 1. Only one parent required. 2. Offspring are identical to parents. 3. The cells that produce the offspring are not usually
More informationUNIT 13 (OPTION) Genetic Abnormalities
Unit 13 Genetic Abnormailities 1 UNIT 13 (OPTION) Genetic Abnormalities Originally developed by: Hildur Helgedottir RN, MN Revised (2000) by: Marlene Reimer RN, PhD, CCN (C) Associate Professor Faculty
More informationGenetics Lecture Notes 7.03 2005. Lectures 1 2
Genetics Lecture Notes 7.03 2005 Lectures 1 2 Lecture 1 We will begin this course with the question: What is a gene? This question will take us four lectures to answer because there are actually several
More informationIf you crossed a homozygous, black guinea pig with a white guinea pig, what would be the phenotype(s)
Biological Principles Name: In guinea pigs, black hair (B) is dominant to white hair (b). Homozygous black guinea pig White guinea pig Heterozygous black guinea pig Genotype Phenotype Why is there no heterozygous
More informationTerms: The following terms are presented in this lesson (shown in bold italics and on PowerPoint Slides 2 and 3):
Unit B: Understanding Animal Reproduction Lesson 4: Understanding Genetics Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives: 1. Explain
More informationMendelian Genetics in Drosophila
Mendelian Genetics in Drosophila Lab objectives: 1) To familiarize you with an important research model organism,! Drosophila melanogaster. 2) Introduce you to normal "wild type" and various mutant phenotypes.
More informationGenetics with a Smile
Teacher Notes Materials Needed: Two coins (penny, poker chip, etc.) per student - One marked F for female and one marked M for male Copies of student worksheets - Genetics with a Smile, Smiley Face Traits,
More informationChromosomal Basis of Inheritance. Ch. 3
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Ch. 3 THE CHROMOSOME THEORY OF INHERITANCE AND SEX CHROMOSOMES! The chromosome theory of inheritance describes how the transmission of chromosomes account for the Mendelian
More informationBio 101 Section 001: Practice Questions for First Exam
Do the Practice Exam under exam conditions. Time yourself! MULTIPLE CHOICE: 1. The substrate fits in the of an enzyme: (A) allosteric site (B) active site (C) reaction groove (D) Golgi body (E) inhibitor
More informationCHROMOSOME STRUCTURE CHROMOSOME NUMBERS
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE 1. During nuclear division, the DNA (as chromatin) in a Eukaryotic cell's nucleus is coiled into very tight compact structures called chromosomes. These are rod-shaped structures made
More informationDRAGON GENETICS LAB -- Principles of Mendelian Genetics
DragonGeneticsProtocol Mendelian Genetics lab Student.doc DRAGON GENETICS LAB -- Principles of Mendelian Genetics Dr. Pamela Esprivalo Harrell, University of North Texas, developed an earlier version of
More informationBasic Human Genetics: Reproductive Health and Chromosome Abnormalities
Basic Human Genetics: Reproductive Health and Chromosome Abnormalities Professor Hanan Hamamy Department of Genetic Medicine and Development Geneva University Switzerland Training Course in Sexual and
More informationCauses of Birth Defects
Causes of Birth Defects Some medical / genetic terms: congenital defects: visible defects present at birth (due to any cause (genetic, developmental error ). syndrome: the symptoms that characterize any
More informationMCAS Biology. Review Packet
MCAS Biology Review Packet 1 Name Class Date 1. Define organic. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 2. All living things are made up of 6 essential elements: SPONCH. Name the six elements of life. S N P C O H 3. Elements
More informationBio 102 Practice Problems Mendelian Genetics: Beyond Pea Plants
Bio 102 Practice Problems Mendelian Genetics: Beyond Pea Plants Short answer (show your work or thinking to get partial credit): 1. In four-o'clock flowers, red flower color (R) is incompletely dominant
More information2 GENETIC DATA ANALYSIS
2.1 Strategies for learning genetics 2 GENETIC DATA ANALYSIS We will begin this lecture by discussing some strategies for learning genetics. Genetics is different from most other biology courses you have
More informationGene Mapping Techniques
Gene Mapping Techniques OBJECTIVES By the end of this session the student should be able to: Define genetic linkage and recombinant frequency State how genetic distance may be estimated State how restriction
More informationBioSci 2200 General Genetics Problem Set 1 Answer Key Introduction and Mitosis/ Meiosis
BioSci 2200 General Genetics Problem Set 1 Answer Key Introduction and Mitosis/ Meiosis Introduction - Fields of Genetics To answer the following question, review the three traditional subdivisions of
More informationThe following chapter is called "Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)".
Slide 1 Welcome to chapter 9. The following chapter is called "Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)". The author is Dr. Maria Lalioti. Slide 2 The learning objectives of this chapter are: To learn the
More informationLesson Plan: GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE
Lesson Plan: GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE Pacing Two 45- minute class periods RATIONALE: According to the National Science Education Standards, (NSES, pg. 155-156), In the middle-school years, students should
More informationEXERCISE 11 MENDELIAN GENETICS PROBLEMS
EXERCISE 11 MENDELIAN GENETICS PROBLEMS These problems are divided into subdivisions composed of problems that require application of a specific genetic principle. These problems are intended to complement
More informationAbout The Causes of Hearing Loss
About 1 in 500 infants is born with or develops hearing loss during early childhood. Hearing loss has many causes: some are genetic (that is, caused by a baby s genes) or non-genetic (such as certain infections
More informationREI Pearls: Pitfalls of Genetic Testing in Miscarriage
The Skinny: Genetic testing of miscarriage tissue is controversial and some people question if testing is helpful or not. This summary will: 1) outline the arguments for and against genetic testing; 2)
More informationThe Genetics of Drosophila melanogaster
The Genetics of Drosophila melanogaster Thomas Hunt Morgan, a geneticist who worked in the early part of the twentieth century, pioneered the use of the common fruit fly as a model organism for genetic
More informationAP: LAB 8: THE CHI-SQUARE TEST. Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics
Ms. Foglia Date AP: LAB 8: THE CHI-SQUARE TEST Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics Why do we study random chance and probability at the beginning of a unit on genetics? Genetics is the study of inheritance,
More informationLAB 8 EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
LAB 8 EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS Los Angeles Mission College Biology 3 Name: Date: INTRODUCTION BINARY FISSION: Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) reproduce asexually by binary fission. Bacterial
More informationCHROMOSOMES Dr. Fern Tsien, Dept. of Genetics, LSUHSC, NO, LA
CHROMOSOMES Dr. Fern Tsien, Dept. of Genetics, LSUHSC, NO, LA Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes and their structure, inheritance, and abnormalities. Chromosome abnormalities occur in approximately:
More informationCystic Fibrosis Webquest Sarah Follenweider, The English High School 2009 Summer Research Internship Program
Cystic Fibrosis Webquest Sarah Follenweider, The English High School 2009 Summer Research Internship Program Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited chronic disease that affects the lungs and
More informationSaffiyah Y. Manboard Biology Instructor Seagull Alternative High School Saffiyah.manboard@browardschools.com
The Effect of Discovery Learning through Biotechnology on the Knowledge and Perception of Sickle Cell Anemia and It s Genetics on Lower Income Students Saffiyah Y. Manboard Biology Instructor Seagull Alternative
More informationGenetics Review for USMLE (Part 2)
Single Gene Disorders Genetics Review for USMLE (Part 2) Some Definitions Alleles variants of a given DNA sequence at a particular location (locus) in the genome. Often used more narrowly to describe alternative
More information