EESC 2200 The Solid Earth System. Plate tectonics Sep 08. Subduction Zones. Transform Faults
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1 EESC 2200 The Solid Earth System Plate tectonics Sep 08 Subduction Zones Transform Faults
2 Review Compositional Layering (Chemical) 6-70 km Crust Mantle 2885 The Nectarine! Core 6370 ES 101-Lect 2
3 Compositional Layering vs. Mechanical Layering How Strong or Weak? Temperature weakens Pressure strengthens BOTH Increase into the Earth ES 101-Lect 2
4 Geotherm Temperature C Mantle Depth km Core Iron melts Iron solid Outer core Inner core ES 101-Lect 2
5 Mechanical Layering Liquid Outer Core (magnetic field) Solid Inner Core 6370 km ES 101-Lect 2
6 Temperature ( C) Depth (km) Lithosphere Asthenosphere hl = 90 km Turcotte & Schubert, 2002
7 Geotherm Crust Mantle Cold and Strong Temperature C Lithosphere Hot and Weak Asthenosphere Depth km ES 101-Lect 2
8 Mechanical Layering Lithosphere The "Plate" km depending on age Crust + some mantle Strong, rigid shell -- "floats" ES 101-Lect 2
9 Mechanical Layering Asthenosphere The asthenosphere is mostly solid, but it flows at Geological time scales (Ma) SILLY PUTTY ES 101-Lect 2
10 Convection in Mantle/Asthenosphere -- The driving force for movement at Earth's Surface -> Plate Tectonics Because Mantle is HOT! Density ES 101-Lect 2
11 Why is the Earth Hot? ES 101-Lect 2
12 Why is the Earth s Interior Hot? Original heat (gravitational) Radioactivity
13 Consequences of a Hot Earth Dense material sinks, light float DIFFERENTIATION Some parts weak -- flow CONVECTION ES 101-Lect 2
14 Consequence of Convection... Plate Tectonics Large plates move over the Earth surface Rates: mm/yr ES 101-Lect 2
15 ES 101-Lect 2
16 At Boundaries, Plates Divergent Spread Apart 2. Convergent Collide 3. Transform Slide by Animations ES101-Lect 2B
17 At Boundaries, Plates... Divergent Middle of Atlantic Convergent Aleutians Tranform San Andreas Fault ES101-Lect 2B
18 Divergent Mid-Ocean Ridge ES101-Lect 2B
19 Divergent Mid-Ocean Ridge ES101-Lect 2B
20 Divergent Mid-Ocean Ridge ES101-Lect 2B
21 Mantle Melting 1100 C 1300 C Partial Melting Temperature All Liq Depth All Solid ES101-Lect9
22 Mantle Melting 1100 C 1300 C Partial Melting Temperature All Liq Depth All Solid Raise Temp? ES101-Lect9
23 Mantle Melting 1100 C 1300 C Partial Melting Temperature All Liq Depth All Solid Lower Pressure!! ES101-Lect9
24 Ridges: plate spreading mantle below? 1300 C ES101-Lect9
25 Ridges: 1300 C ES101-Lect9
26 Ridges: Mantle undergoes decompression melting --->>> Basalts (dry) 1300 C basalt = mantle melt ("blood of the Earth") ES101-Lect9
27 Continental Break-Up South America Africa Ma Late Jur-Early Cret ES101-Lect 2B
28 Continental Break-Up South America Africa ES101-Lect 2B
29 Continental Break-Up South America Africa ES101-Lect 2B
30 Ocean Crustal Age Oceanic crust spreads away from the ridge axis. New crust is closer to the ridge; older crust farther away. Oldest oceanic crust is found at the far edge of the basin. Earth: Portrait of a Planet, 3 rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 4: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
31 200 Ma 5000 km 0 Ma 200 Ma Depth-Age Relationship 2500 If you know the age of a patch of sea floor, you can predict its depth to amazing accuracy! Depth (m) Sqr Rt Age (M.y.)
32 Drilling Sedimentary Input to Subduction Zones
33 Sediment & Oceanic Crust Cores
34 ODP Leg 185 Drilling oldest crust in Pacific
35 Anatahan, Marianas 2004
36 mid-ocean ridge trench subduction zone ES101-Lect 2B
37 Fate of Subducted Plates? Plate descent continues past the earthquake limit. The lower mantle may be a plate graveyard. Earth: Portrait of a Planet, 3 rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 4: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
38 Convergent Subduction downgoing plate upper plate ES101-Lect 2B
39 Subduction Zones Upper plate like "bulldozer" scraping sediments accretionary wedge upper plate ES101-Lect 3
40 Convergent Boundaries Accretionary prisms Deformed sediment wedges. Sediments scraped off subducting plates are smeared and welded onto the overriding plates. These contorted sediments can be pushed above sea. Washington s s Olympic Peninsula. Taiwan. Earth: Portrait of a Planet, 3 rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 4: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
41 Subduction Zones Earthquakes! upper plate ES101-Lect 3
42 Subduction Zones Earthquakes! downgoing plate upper plate ES101-Lect 2B
43 Sumatra Java km Wadati-Benioff Zone earthquakes Earthquakes define Subducting plate surface Syracuse & Abers (2006) G3
44 Aftershocks of Sumatra Dec 2004 Fig. 2. Map showing aftershock locations for the first 13 weeks after the 26 December 2004 earthquake from the NEIC (yellow dots, with radii proportional to seismic magnitude). Moment-tensor solutions from the Harvard CMT catalog (21) are shown for the 26 December 2004 and 28 March 2005 mainshocks (large solutions at bottom, with associated centroid locations) and aftershocks. Star indicates the epicenter for the 2004 rupture obtained by the NEIC. Dashed line shows the boundary between the aftershock zones for the two events. Lay et al, Science (2005)
45 Subduction Volcanism 100 km ES101-Lect 2B
46 Most subduction zones are arcuate on maps trench volcanoes Geoff's arc - 2 Volcanic Arcs ES101-Lect 2B
47 H 2 O -- Lowers Melting Point Depth 800 C 1100 C "Dry" Melt T All Solid you are here ES101-Lect9
48 H 2 O -- Lowers Melting Point Depth 800 C Wet melting 1100 C T you are here ES101-Lect9
49 Two Ways that the Mantle Melts: Decompression Water Added How do we decompress and add water to the mantle?? ridges subduction zones hot spots ES101-Lect9
50 Subduction Zones: mantle flow? ES101-Lect9
51 Subduction Zones: At sea, top of plate reacts with water... ES101-Lect9
52 wet crust subducts warms, sweats out water... ES101-Lect9
53 water --> mantle wedge, --> basalt arc volcanism... ES101-Lect9
54 Aleutian Arc Anchorage which way? ES101-Lect 2B
55 Aleutian Arc Anchorage what happens when subduct a continent? ES101-Lect 2B
56 Oceanic plates subduct Continental plates usually do not Affects geologic record -- how? ES101-Lect 2B
57 Convergent Boundaries Subduction Zone requires an oceanic plate to subduct Aleutians Continent-Continent-Collision two continental plates Himalayas ES101-Lect 2B
58 Review: Fracture zone Transform Fault
59 Transform Boundaries Oceanic transforms Offsets along the MOR. Older interpretation Faulting occurs after MOR forms. Modern interpretation Faulting occurs with the MOR. Earth: Portrait of a Planet, 3 rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 4: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
60 Transform Boundaries Continental transforms Chop continental crust. Example: The San Andreas Fault. Earth: Portrait of a Planet, 3 rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 4: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
61 Transform San Andreas Fault Big Earthquakes, No Volcanoes Offsets ES101-Lect 2B
62 Transform San Andreas Fault right lateral Big Earthquakes, No Volcanoes Offsets slides-general ES101-Lect 2B
63 1. Earthquakes occur on a statistically-predictable cycle
64 Pacific-N. American 50 mm/year SAF 35 mm/year
65 1906 Earthquake Magnitude meters of slip on a fault 500 km long
66 earthquake cycle Fault at boundary between plates is locked Stress builds up on fault as plates move Stress exceeds strength of fault Fault suddenly slips in an earthquake Plate boundary moves Fault locks again
67 fault fault locked loading more loading Earthquake!
68 Earthquake Repeat Time Mean time interval between large earthquakes on a particular fault For San Andread 6 meters = 6000 mm 6000 mm / 35 mm/year = 170 years 170 years of plate motion was released by this earthquake Basis for believing that The repeat time for Such earthquakes is About 200 years.
69 Scientific basis for earthquake risk assessments
70 Aftershocks of Sumatra Dec 2004 Fig. 2. Map showing aftershock locations for the first 13 weeks after the 26 December 2004 earthquake from the NEIC (yellow dots, with radii proportional to seismic magnitude). Moment-tensor solutions from the Harvard CMT catalog (21) are shown for the 26 December 2004 and 28 March 2005 mainshocks (large solutions at bottom, with associated centroid locations) and aftershocks. Star indicates the epicenter for the 2004 rupture obtained by the NEIC. Dashed line shows the boundary between the aftershock zones for the two events. Lay et al, Science (2005)
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