FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGY. To review atomic structure Go to:
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1 FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGY Basic Chemical Concepts To review atomic structure Go to: -the smallest unit of an element that can combine chemically with other elements Structure Proton charged Neutron charged Electron charged Electrons exist in distinct clouds Protons and neutrons are the same and make up the nucleus Identification : number of protons Atomic mass number: number of + neutrons Atoms are organized into in the periodic table Go to: to fill in the blanks Element Argon Symbol Atomic number Atomic mass # protons #electrons #neutrons C type of element halogen Atomic Configurations EG Lithium Draw the atomic configuration for the following elements: K Cl O Ne 1
2 Isotopes. Google the term isotope. Fill in the blanks. Two atoms with the same number but different atomic mass numbers Differ only in the number of Some are (radioisotopes) EG Isotopes of hydrogen H-1 has a mass number of 1 and no neutrons H-2 has a mass number of 2 and only one neutron H-3 has a mass number of 3 and two neutrons Go to: and identify the following isotopes. How many neutrons are found in each isotope? C-12 C-14 Compound -a combination of two or more that are joined chemically Chemical bonding Ionic: when an atom will either give or take an from another atom : positive ion Anion: ion forces hold the atoms together Go to: Draw the ionic bond between Na and Cl Covalent: when atoms electrons Forms single, or triple bonds Sharing of hold the atoms together Go to: Lewis Dot diagrams: draw the valence electrons using the Lewis dot system for the following. C H O N Draw the Lewis dot diagram for water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas 2
3 Go to and fill in the blanks. Non-polar covalent bond: are shared equally Non-polar compounds are hydrophobic because they do not dissolve in Draw the Lewis dot diagram of methane. Polar covalent bonds: electrons are not equally Polar compounds are because they do dissolve in water Draw the Lewis dot diagram of water. Hydrogen bonds: weak links between the positively charged hydrogen end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule Go to: Draw hydrogen bonding between six water molecules. Life on earth is possible because water molecules form hydrogen bonds. Go to and explain how the following properties of water make life on earth possible: Surface tension Capillary action Ice floats 3
4 High specific heat capacity Universal solvent Acids and Bases Go to: and fill in the blanks : a substance that releases a H + ion in water : a substance that releases an OH - ion in water ph scale A method of determining how or basic a solution is Measures the of H + ions in a solution Negative logarithmic scale: 0 to 14 A basic solution with a H + ion concentration of 1 X 10-8 has a ph of 8 An acidic solution with a H + ion concentration of 1 X 10-4 has a ph of A neutral solution with a H + ion concentration of has a ph of 7 Go to: and determine the ph of the following: Blood Gastric fluid Seawater ph What is the H + ion concentration of seawater? Buffer: naturally occurring substance that limits the change of H + ions if the surrounding environment becomes too acidic H + ions if the surrounding environment becomes too basic Basic chemical reactions Go to: Identify the four types of reactions : two or more atoms or molecules are combined : molecules are broken down into simpler forms : involve both synthesis and decomposition reactions : chemical bonds are broken or made depending on what s needed. 4
5 Identify the type of reaction and balance the equation of the following reactions. Type of reaction Balanced equation H 2 O H 2 + O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O HCl + NaOH H 2 O + NaCl Go to: 20Materials/Chemistry%20of%20Life/Redox%20Reactions/02_A01s.swf to learn about redox reactions. Redox reactions occur during photosynthesis and cellular respiration GER The addition of electrons to a molecule LEO The removal of electrons from a molecule Energy and its Changes Oxidized atoms are more than reduced atoms Go to: and fill in the blanks Kinetic energy: energy of energy: energy of position (stored energy) Kinetic and potential energy are Go to: and fill in the blanks Energy in chemical reactions Exergonic: reactions which energy Endergonic: reactions that require Identify the following reactions as either exergonic or endergonic. A + B AB + energy CD + energy C + D 5
6 Go to: What is activation energy? Draw a graph that shows the activation energy of hypothetical chemical reaction. 6
List the 3 main types of subatomic particles and indicate the mass and electrical charge of each.
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