Algebra II Click HERE for full text of Alaska Mathematics Standards

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1 Instructional Focus Polynomial, rational, and radical relationships Trigonometric functions Modeling with functions Inferences and conclusions from data Descriptive statistics Algebra II Click HERE for full text of Alaska Mathematics Standards Course Clusters Perform arithmetic operations with complex numbers. (N- CN.1, N- CN.2) Use complex numbers in polynomial identities and equations. (N- CN.7, N- CN.8, N- CN.9) Interpret the structure of expressions. (A- SSE.1 a- b, A- SSE.2) Write expression in equivalent forms to solve problems. (A- SSE.4) Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials. (A- APR.1, A- APR.5) Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning. (A- APR.2, A- APR.3) Use polynomial identities to solve problems. (A- APR.4) Rewrite rational expressions. (A- APR.6, A- APR.7) Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning. (A- REI.2) Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically. (A- REI.11) Analyze functions using different representations. (F- IF.7) Extend the domain of trigonometric functions using the unit circle. (F.TF.1, F.TF.2) Model periodic phenomena with trigonometric function. (F.TF.5) Prove and apply trigonometric identities. (F.TF.8) Create equations that describe numbers or relationships. (A- CED.1, A- CED.2, A- CED.3, A- CED.4) Interpret functions that arise in application in terms of a context. (F- IF.4, F- IF.5, F- IF.6) Analyze functions using different representations. (F- IF.7 b, e, F- IF.8, F- IF.9) Build a function that models a relationship between two quantities. (F- BF.1) Build new functions from existing functions. (F- BF.4 a) Construct and compare linear, quadratic and exponential models and solve problems. (F- LE.4) Summarize, represent, and interpret data on single count or measurement variables. (S- ID.4) Understand and evaluate random processes underlying statistical experiments. (S- IC.1, S- IC.2) Make inferences and justify conclusions from sample surveys, experiments and observational studies. (S- IC.3, S- IC.4, S- IC.5, S- IC.6) Use probability to evaluate outcomes of decisions. (SMD.6, S- MT.7) Construct and compare linear, quadratic, and exponential models and solve problems. (F- LE.1 a- c, F- LE.2, F- LE.3) Interpret expressions for functions in terms of the situation they model. (F- LE.5) Summarize, represent, and interpret data on a single count or measurement variable. (S- ID.1, S- ID.2, S- ID.3) Summarize, represent, and interpret data on two categorical and quantitative variables. (S- ID.5, S- ID.6 a- c) Interpret linear models. (S- ID.7, S- ID.8, S- ID.9)

2 Expressions and equations Interpret the structure of expressions. (A- SSE.1 a- b, A- SSE.2) Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems. (A- SSE.3 a- c) Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials. (A- ARP.1) Create equations that describe numbers or relationships. (A- CED.1, A- CED.2, A- CED.4) Solve equations and inequalities in one variable. (A- REI.4 a- b) Solve systems of equations. (A- REI.7) Quadratic functions and modeling Use properties of rational and irrational numbers. (N- RN.3) Interpret functions that arise in applications in terms of a context. (F- IF.4,F- IF.5, F- IF.6) Analyze functions using different representations. (F- IF7 a- b, F- IF.8 a- b, F- IF.9) Build a function that models a relationship between two quantities. (F- BF.1 a- b) Build new functions from existing functions. F- BF.3, F- BF.4 a) Construct and compare linear, quadratic and exponential models and solve problems. (F- LE.3 Pacing Guide For Algebra II Standards for Mathematical Content Emphasis Chapter 1 Expressions, Equations, and Inequalities Pace: 6 days + 2 assess 1-3 Algebraic Expressions A.SSE.1.a 1-4 Solving Equations A.CED.1, A.CED.4 low 1-5 Solving Inequalities A.CED Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities A.SSE.1.b, A.CED.1 low Chapter 2 Functions, Equations, and Graphs 2-3 Linear Functions and Slope- Intercept Form 2-4 More About Linear Equations A.CED.2, F.IF.7 F.IF.7.a N.Q.1, A.CED.2, F.IF.8, F.IF.7.a F.LE.2, F.LE Using Linear Models N.Q.1, A.CED.2, F.IF.7, F.IF.7.a, F.IF.4, F.IF.6, F.LE.2, S.ID.6, S.ID.6.a, S.ID.6.c, S.ID.7, S.ID.8 Pace: 6 days + 3 assess low low 2-6 Families of Functions F.IF.7.b, F.BF Absolute Value Functions and Graphs F.IF.7, F.IF.7.b, F.BF Two- Variable Inequalities A.CED.2, A.REI.12 medium

3 Chapter 3 Linear Systems Pace: 8 days + 3 assess 3-1 Solving Systems Using Tables and Graphs N.Q.1, A.CED.2, A.CED.3, A.REI.6, 3-2 Solving Systems Algebraically A.REI.5, A.REI.6 low 3-3 Systems of Inequalities N.Q Linear Programming N.Q.1, A.CED Systems With Three Variables A.REI Solving Systems Using Matrices A.REI.6 Chapter 4 Quadratic Functions and Equations Pace: 14 days + 4 assess 4-1 Quadratic Functions and Transformations 4-2 Standard Form of a Quadratic Function 4-3 Modeling With Quadratic Functions A.CED.1, F.IF.1, F.IF.2, F.IF.4, F.IF.7, F.IF.7.a, F.BF.3 N.Q.1, A.SSE.3, A.SSE.3.c, A.CED.2,, F.IF.4, F.IF.7.a, F.IF.8, F.LE.5 N.Q.1, F.IF.4, F.IF.5, F.IF.7, F.IF.7.a, F.LE Factoring Quadratic Expressions A.SSE.1.a, A.SSE.1.b, A.SSE Quadratic Equations A.CED.1, A.REI.4.b 4-6 Completing the Square A.REI.4.b 4-7 The Quadratic Formula A.REI.4.b 4-8 Complex Numbers N.CN.1, N.CN.2, N.CN.3, N.CN.5, N.CN.7, A.REI.4, A.REI.4.a, A.REI.4.b 4-9 Quadratic Systems A.CED.3, A.REI.7, Chapter 5 Polynomials and Polynomial Functions Pace: 17 days + 4 assess 5-1 Polynomial Functions F.IF.1, F.IF.2, F.IF.7.c 5-2 Polynomials, Linear Factors, and Zeros A.SSE.1.a, A.SSE.1.b, A.APR.1, A.APR.3, F.IF.7.c CC- 1 Closure and Polynomials A.APR.1 low 5-3 Solving Polynomial Equations A.SSE.2, A.APR.1, 5-4 Dividing Polynomials A.APR.2, A.APR Theorems About Roots of Polynomial Equations N.CN.7, N.CN.8, A.APR.3

4 CC- 2 Quadratic Polynomials and the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra N.CN.9, A.APR Polynomial Models in the Real World N.Q.1, F.IF.4, F.IF.5 medium 5-9 Transforming Polynomial Functions F.IF.7.c, F.IF.8, F.BF.3 medium CC- 3 Sketching Graphs of Polynomials Using Zeros A.APR.3, F.IF.7.c Chapter 6 Radical Functions and Rational Exponents Pace: 16 days + 4 assess 6-1 Roots and Radical Expressions A.SSE Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions A.SSE Binomial Radical Expressions A.SSE Rational Exponents N.RN.1, N.RN Solving Square Root and Other Radical Equations A.REI Function Operations F.BF.1.b, F.BF.1.c 6-7 Inverse Relations and Functions 6-8 Graphing Radical Functions CC- 4 Family of Radical Functions: Different Forms of Radical Functions F.BF.4, F.BF.4.a, F.BF.4.b, F.BF.4.c F.IF.7.b, F.IF.8 F.IF.9, F.BF.3 Chapter 7 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Pace: 8 days + 2 assess 7-1 Exploring Exponential Models 7-2 Properties of Exponential Functions N.Q.1, A.CE.2, F.IF.1, F.IF.2, F.IF.7.e, F.IF.8, F.IF.8.b, F.LE.2, S.ID.6.a N.Q.1, A.CED.2, F.IF.1, F.IF.2, F.IF.7.e, F.IF.8, F.LE.2, F.LE.5, S.ID.6.a 7-3 Logarithmic Functions as Inverses A.SSE.1.b, F.IF.1, F.IF.2, F.IF.7.e, F.IF.8, F.BF.4.a, F.BF.5 CC- 5 Analyzing Intervals and Choosing Appropriate Models 7-4 Properties of Logarithms F.IF.4, F.IF.6 N.Q.1 Chapter 8 Rational Functions Pace: 12 days + 4 assess 8-1 Inverse Variation N.Q.1, A.CED The Reciprocal Function Family 8-3 Rational Functions and Their Graphs A.CED.2, F.BF.3 A.CED.1, F.IF.7, F.IF.7.d, F.BF.1.b

5 CC- 7 Family of Rational Functions: Different Forms of Rational Functions F.IF.9, F.BF Rational Expressions A.SSE.1.a, A.SSE.1.b, A.SSE.2 CC- 8 Polynomial and Rational Expressions 8-5 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions 8-6 Solving Rational Equations A.SSE.1.b, A.SSE.2 A.APR.6 A.CED.1, A.REI.2, Chapter 9 Sequences and Series Pace: 7 days + 2 assess 9-1 Mathematical Patterns F.IF.3, F.BF.1.a 9-2 Arithmetic Sequences F.BF.1.a, F.BF.2, F.LE Geometric Sequences F.BF.1.a, F.BF.2, F.LE Arithmetic Series Extends F.IF Geometric Series A.SSE.4 Chapter 10 Quadratic Relations and Conic Sections Pace: 10 days + 3 assess 10-1 Exploring Conic Sections 10-2 Parabolas 10-3 Circles G.GPE.1, G.GPE.2 G.GPE.2 G.GPE Ellipses G.GPE Hyperbolas 10-6 Translating Conic Sections G.GPE.3 G.GPE.1, G.GPE.2 Chapter 11 Probability and Statistics Pace: 15 days + 4 assess 11-1 Permutations and Combinations S.ID Probability S.IC Probability of Multiple Evens S.IC.2 medium 11-4 Conditional Probability 11-5 Analyzing Data S.MT.7 medium 11-6 Standard Deviation S.MD Samples and Surveys 11-8 Binomial Distributions 11.9 Normal Distributions S.IC.3, S.IC.4, S.IC.5, S.IC.6

6 Chapter T Trigonometry Pace: 12 days + 2 assess T- 1 Right Triangles and Trigonometric Functions T- 2 Special Angles F.TF.8 T- 3 The Unit Circle F.TF.1, F.TF.2 T- 4 Degrees and Radian Measure T- 5 Graphs of Sine, Cosine, and Tangent F.TF.5 T- 6 Basic Identities F.TF.8 Mathematical Practice Standards 1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. 2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. 4. Model with mathematics. 5. Use appropriate tools strategically. 6. Attend to precision. 7. Look for and make use of structure. 8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

7 Instructional Materials (Core): Prentice Hall Algebra II Foundations, 2011 Algebra II Alaska Mathematics Standards Standards for Mathematical Content Where to find in PH Algebra Number and Quantity The Complex Number System N.CN Perform arithmetic operations with complex numbers. N.CN.1 N.CN.2 N.CN.7 N.CN.8 N.CN.9 Know there is a complex number i such that i 2 = 1, and every complex number has the form a + bi with a and b real. Use the relation i 2 = 1 and the commutative, associative, and distributive properties to add, subtract, and multiply complex numbers. Solve quadratic equations with real coefficients that have complex solutions. (+) Extend polynomial identities to the complex numbers. For example, rewrite x as (x + 2i)(x 2i). (+) Know the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra; show that it is true for quadratic polynomials , 5-5, , , CC- 2 Algebra Seeing Structure in Expressions A.SSE Interpret the structure of expressions. A.SSE.1.a A.SSE.1.b A.SSE.2 Interpret parts of an expression, such as terms, factors, and coefficients. Interpret complicated expressions by viewing one or more of their parts as a single entity. For example, interpret P(1 + r) n as the product of P and a factor not depending on P. Use the structure of an expression to identify ways to rewrite it. For example, see x 4 y 4 as (x 2 ) 2 (y 2 ) 2, thus recognizing it as a difference of squares that can be factored as (x 2 y 2 )(x 2 + y 2 ). 1-3, 4-4, 5-2, , 4-4, 5-2, 7-3, 8-4, CC , 5-3, 6-1, 6-2, 6-3, 8-4, CC- 6 Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems. A.SSE.4 Derive the formula for the sum of a finite geometric series (when the common ratio is not 1), and use the formula to solve problems. For example, calculate mortgage payments. 9-5, Concept Byte, p. 594

8 Arithmetic with Polynomials and Rational Expressions A.APR Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials. A.APR.1 Understand that polynomials form a system analogous to the integers, namely, they are closed under the operations of addition, subtraction, and multiplication; add, subtract, and multiply polynomials. 5-2, 5-3, CC- 1 Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomial. A.APR.2 A.APR.3 Know and apply the Remainder Theorem: For a polynomial p(x) and a number a, the remainder on division by x a is p(a), so p(a) = 0 if and only if (x a) is a factor of p(x). Identify zeros of polynomials when suitable factorizations are available, and use the zeros to construct a rough graph of the function defined by the polynomial , 5-5, 5-6, CC- 3, Concept Byte, pp. 256, 318, Use polynomial identities to solve problems. A.APR.4 Prove polynomial identities and use them to describe numerical relationships. For example, the polynomial identity (x 2 + y 2 ) 2 = (x 2 y 2 ) 2 + (2xy) 2 can be used to generate Pythagorean triples. CC- 2 A.APR.5 (+) Know and apply the Binomial Theorem for the expansion of (x + y) n in powers of x and y for a positive integer n, where x and y are any numbers, with coefficients determined for example by Pascal s Triangle. 5-7 Rewrite rational expressions. A.APR.6 A.APR.7 Rewrite simple rational expressions in different forms; write a(x)/b(x) in the form q(x) + r(x)/b(x), where a(x), b(x), q(x), and r(x) are polynomials with the degree of r(x) less than the degree of b(x), using inspection, long division, or, for the more complicated examples, a computer algebra system. (+) Understand that rational expressions form a system analogous to the rational numbers, closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division by a nonzero rational expression; add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational expressions. 5-4, , 8-5, 8-6, CC- 8 Creating Equations A.CED Create equations that describe numbers or relationships. A.CED.1 A.CED.2 Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear and quadratic functions, and simple rational and exponential functions. Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales. 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 4-1, 4-5, 8-6, Concept Byte, p , 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-8, 3-1, 4-2, 7-1, 7-2, 8-1, 8-2

9 A.CED.3 A.CED.4 Represent constraints by equations or inequalities, and by systems of equations and/or inequalities, and interpret solutions as viable or non- viable options in a modeling context. For example, represent inequalities describing nutritional and cost constraints on combinations of different foods. Rearrange formulas to light a quantity of interest, using the same reasoning as in solving equations. For example, rearrange Ohm s law V = IR to light resistance R. 3-1, 3-4, 4-9, Concept Byte, pp. 163, Reasoning with Equations and Inequalities A.REI Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning. A.REI.2 Solve simple rational and radical equations in one variable, and give examples showing how extraneous solutions may arise. 6-5, 8-6 Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically. Explain why the x- coordinates of the points where the graphs of the equations y = f(x) and y = g(x) intersect are the solutions of the equation f(x) = g(x); find the solutions approximately, e.g., using technology to graph the functions, make tables of values, or find successive approximations. Include cases where f(x) and/or g(x) are linear, polynomial, rational, absolute value, exponential, and logarithmic functions. 3-1, 4-2, 4-9, 5-3, 7-5, 8-6, CC- 5 Rewrite rational expressions. A.APR.6 A.APR.7 Rewrite simple rational expressions in different forms; write a(x)/b(x) in the form q(x) + r(x)/b(x), where a(x), b(x), q(x), and r(x) are polynomials with the degree of r(x) less than the degree of b(x), using inspection, long division, or, for the more complicated examples, a computer algebra system. (+) Understand that rational expressions form a system analogous to the rational numbers, closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division by a nonzero rational expression; add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational expressions. 5-4, , 8-5, 8-6, CC- 8 Creating Equations A.CED Create equations that describe numbers or relationships. A.CED.1 A.CED.2 A.CED.3 Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear and quadratic functions, and simple rational and exponential functions. Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales. Represent constraints by equations or inequalities, and by systems of equations and/or inequalities, and interpret solutions as viable or non- viable options in a modeling context. For example, represent inequalities describing nutritional and cost constraints on combinations of different foods. 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 4-1, 4-5, 8-6, Concept Byte, p , 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-8, 3-1, 4-2, 7-1, 7-2, 8-1, , 3-4, 4-9, Concept Byte, pp. 163, 484

10 A.CED.4 Rearrange formulas to light a quantity of interest, using the same reasoning as in solving equations. For example, rearrange Ohm s law V = IR to light resistance R. 1-4 Reasoning with Equations and Inequalities A.REI Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning. A.REI.2 Solve simple rational and radical equations in one variable, and give examples showing how extraneous solutions may arise. 6-5, 8-6 Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically. Explain why the x- coordinates of the points where the graphs of the equations y = f(x) and y = g(x) intersect are the solutions of the equation f(x) = g(x); find the solutions approximately, e.g., using technology to graph the functions, make tables of values, or find successive approximations. Include cases where f(x) and/or g(x) are linear, polynomial, rational, absolute value, exponential, and logarithmic functions. 3-1, 4-2, 4-9, 5-3, 7-5, 8-6, CC- 5 Rewrite rational expressions. A.APR.6 A.APR.7 Rewrite simple rational expressions in different forms; write a(x)/b(x) in the form q(x) + r(x)/b(x), where a(x), b(x), q(x), and r(x) are polynomials with the degree of r(x) less than the degree of b(x), using inspection, long division, or, for the more complicated examples, a computer algebra system. (+) Understand that rational expressions form a system analogous to the rational numbers, closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division by a nonzero rational expression; add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational expressions. 5-4, , 8-5, 8-6, CC- 8 Creating Equations A.CED Create equations that describe numbers or relationships. A.CED.1 A.CED.2 A.CED.3 A.CED.4 Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear and quadratic functions, and simple rational and exponential functions. Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales. Represent constraints by equations or inequalities, and by systems of equations and/or inequalities, and interpret solutions as viable or non- viable options in a modeling context. For example, represent inequalities describing nutritional and cost constraints on combinations of different foods. Rearrange formulas to light a quantity of interest, using the same reasoning as in solving equations. For example, rearrange Ohm s law V = IR to light resistance R. 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 4-1, 4-5, 8-6, Concept Byte, p , 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-8, 3-1, 4-2, 7-1, 7-2, 8-1, , 3-4, 4-9, Concept Byte, pp. 163, Reasoning with Equations and Inequalities A.REI

11 Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning. A.REI.2 Solve simple rational and radical equations in one variable, and give examples showing how extraneous solutions may arise. 6-5, 8-6 Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically. Explain why the x- coordinates of the points where the graphs of the equations y = f(x) and y = g(x) intersect are the solutions of the equation f(x) = g(x); find the solutions approximately, e.g., using technology to graph the functions, make tables of values, or find successive approximations. Include cases where f(x) and/or g(x) are linear, polynomial, rational, absolute value, exponential, and logarithmic functions. Functions 3-1, 4-2, 4-9, 5-3, 7-5, 8-6, CC- 5 Interpreting Functions F.IF Interpret functions that arise in applications in terms of the context F.IF.4 F.IF.5 F.IF.6 For a function that models a relationship between two quantities, interpret key features of graphs and tables in terms of the quantities, and sketch graphs showing key features given a verbal description of the relationship. Key features include: intercepts; intervals where the function is increasing, decreasing, positive, or negative; relative maximums and minimums; symmetries; end behavior; and periodicity. Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes. For example, if the function h(n) gives the number of person-hours it takes to assemble n engines in a factory, then the positive integers would be an appropriate domain for the function. Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph. 2-5, 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 5-8, 13-1, 13-4, 13-5, CC- 13, Concept Byte, p. 459, 4-3, , CC- 13, Concept Byte, p. 215, Analyze functions using different representations. F.IF.7.b F.IF.7.c F.IF.7.e F.IF.8 Graph square root, cube root, and piecewise- defined functions, including step functions and absolute value functions. Graph polynomial functions, identifying zeros when suitable factorizations are available, and showing end behavior. Graph exponential and logarithmic functions, showing intercepts and end behavior, and trigonometric functions, showing period, midline, and amplitude. Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain different properties of the function. 2-6, 2-7, 6-8, Concept Byte, p , 5-2, 5-9, CC , 7-2, 7-3, 13-4, 13-5, 13-6, 13-7, 13-8, Concept Byte, p , 4-2, 5-9, 6-8, 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, Concept Byte, p. 477

12 F.IF.9 Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions). For example, given a graph of one quadratic function and an algebraic expression for another, say which has the larger maximum. CC- 4, CC- 6 Building Functions F.BF Build a function that models a relationship between two quantities. F.BF.1.b Combine standard function types using arithmetic operations. For example, build a function that models the temperature of a cooling body by adding a constant function to a decaying exponential, and relate these functions to the model. 6-6, 8-3 Build new functions from existing functions. F.BF.3 F.BF.4.a Identify the effect on the graph of replacing f(x) by f(x) + k, k f(x), f(kx), and f(x + k) for specific values of k (both positive and negative); find the value of k given the graphs. Experiment with cases and illustrate an explanation of the effects on the graph using technology. Include recognizing even and odd functions from their graphs and algebraic expressions for them. Solve an equation of the form f(x) = c for a simple function f that has an inverse and write an expression for the inverse. For example, f(x) =2x 3 or f(x) = (x+1)/(x-1) for x , 2-7, 4-1, 5-9, 8-2, CC- 4, CC , 7-3 Linear and Exponential Models F.LE Construct and compare linear and exponential models and solve problems. F.LE.4 For exponential models, express as a logarithm the solution to ab ct = d where a, c, and d are numbers and the base b is 2, 10, or e; evaluate the logarithm using technology. 7-5, 7-6, Concept Byte, p. 459 Trigonometric Functions F.TF Extend the domain of trigonometric functions using the unit circle. F.TF.1 F.TF.2 Understand radian measure of an angle as the length of the arc on the unit circle subtended by the angle. Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle , 13-4, 13-5, 13-6 Model periodic phenomena with trigonometric functions. F.TF.5 Choose trigonometric functions to model periodic phenomena with specified amplitude, frequency, and midline. 13-4, 13-5, 13-6, 13-7 Prove and apply trigonometric identities. F.TF.8 Prove the Pythagorean identity sin 2 (θ) + cos 2 (θ) = 1 and use it to calculate trigonometric ratios. 14-1

13 Statistics and Probability All standards in this section have a close relation to modeling Interpreting Categorical and Quantitative Data S.ID Summarize, represent, and interpret data on two categorical and quantitative variables. S.ID.4 Use the mean and standard deviation of a data set to fit it to a normal distribution and to estimate population percentages. Recognize that there are data sets for which such a procedure is not appropriate. Use calculators, spreadsheets, and tables to estimate areas under the normal curve. CC- 10 Making Inferences and Justifying Conclusions S.IC Understand and evaluate random processes underlying statistical experiments. S.IC.1 S.IC.2 Understand statistics as a process for making inferences to be made about population parameters based on a random sample from that population. Decide if a specified model is consistent with results from a given data- generating process, e.g., using simulation. For example, a model says a spinning coin falls heads up with probability 0.5. Would a result of 5 tails in a row cause you to question the model? 11-7 CC- 10, CC- 12 Make inferences and justify conclusions from sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies. S.IC.3 S.IC.4 S.IC.5 Recognize the purposes of and differences among sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies; explain how randomization relates to each. Use data from a sample survey to estimate a population mean or proportion; develop a margin of error through the use of simulation models for random sampling. Use data from a randomized experiment to compare two treatments; use simulations to decide if differences between parameters are significant , CC- 10, CC- 11 Concept Byte, p. 724 CC- 12 S.IC.6 Evaluate reports based on data. 11-5, 11-6, 11-7 Using Probability to Make Decisions S.MD Use probability to evaluate outcomes of decisions. S.MD.6 S.MD.7 Recognize the purposes of and differences among sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies; explain how randomization relates to each. Recognize the purposes of and differences among sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies; explain how randomization relates to each. CC- 9 CC- 9