LED Emission Spectra
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- Hugh Richardson
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1 LED Emission Spectra In this lab you will learn how to use a spectrometer in order to analyze the light emitted by a variety of sources. In particular you will complete the following tasks: a. Examine the spectrum emitted by an incandescent lamp. b. Determine the wavelengths emitted by a hydrogen lamp. c. Determine the range of wavelengths emitted by four LEDs. d. Determine the cutoff wavelength of two optical filters. (page 1)
2 Classical physics describes light as a wave that can propagate through vacuum as well as through matter. In vacuum light propagates with speed c = m/s ssociated with every light wave is an oscillating electric and magnetic field vector E and E is perpendicular on and both vectors are perpendicular to the propagation direction of the wave. The electromagnetic (EM) wave shown in the figure is periodic in space i.e. it consists of a repeating pattern (sinusoidal). The smallest distance for which the wave patters repeats is called the wavelength λ. If we observe the EM wave at a particular point along the x-axis the electric and magnetic fields E and oscillate rapidly in time with a frequency f, defined as the number of oscillations per second (unit: Hz). The wavelength and the frequency of an EM wave are connected via the equation: λ f = c (page 2)
3 E M w a v e s h a v (page 3) Electromagnetic waves have an enormous range of wavelengths and frequencies. This is illustrated in the figure. Depending on the wavelength EM waves encompass radio waves of all types (M, FM, TV, radar), infra-red (IR) light, visible light, ultraviolet (UV) light, x-rays, and gamma-rays. Please note that visible light is only a very narrow section of the entire EM-wave spectrum with wavelengths from 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm ( red).
4 For experiment will use the spectrometer D E C shown in the figure. This instrument uses a diffraction grating to separate the various wavelengths of light. We will study this optical component in the next experiment. The light to by analyzed by the spectrometer enters through a slit at point The user observes the various wavelengths through eyepiece. reflector C is used to illuminate the instrument's internal wavelength scale. The spectrometer is mounted on post D and is supported by tripod E. The spectrometer wavelength scale reads in nanometers 9 1nm = 10 m (page 4)
5 Incandescent light source V1. Continuous emission spectrum of an incandescent lamp. Use the setup shown in the figure. The spectrum is continuous as shown in the figure below and extends from the violet to the red Record the shortest wavelength λ Record the longest wavelength λ violet red Spectrometer Observer s eye (page 5)
6 Hydrogen lamp λ V2. almer lines of Hydrogen Use the setup shown in the figure to the right. The spectrum contains four discrete lines (see figure above) Record the wavelengths of these lines as well as their color Spectrometer Observer s eye (page 6)
7 LED base LED Spectrometer Observer s eye V3. Emission spectrum of the Red LED Use the setup shown in the figure to the left. pply a voltage V below V to the LED max so that it emits light. The spectrum is a contimuous band in the red. Record the shortest and longest emission wavelengths λ ( R ) and λ( R) ( Y) min min max V4. Emission spectrum of the Yellow LED Repeat the same procedure for the yellow LED Record the shortest and longest emission wavelengths λ and V5. Emission spectrum of the Green LED λ ( Y) max Repeat the same procedure for the green LED. Record the shortest ( ) λ( ) and longest emission wavelengths λ G and G V6. Emission spectrum of the lue LED Repeat the same procedure for the blue LED. Record the shortest min ( ) ( ) and longest emission wavelengths λ and λ (page 7) min max max
8 Incandescent light source Filter Spectrometer Observer s eye V7. Cutoff wavelength for the red low passs filter Insert the red filter (#29) between the inncandescent lamp and the entrance slit of the spectrometer as shown in the figure. Notice that only the red part of the spectrum is transmitted. Determine the cutoff wavelength λ of the red filter V8. Cutoff wavelength for the orange low passs filter Insert the orange filter (#15) between the inncandescent lamp and the entrance slit of the spectrometer as shown in the figure. Notice that only the red and yellow of the spectrum is transmitted. Determine the cutoff wavelength λ of the orange filter (page 8)
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