Explain & compare the processes in meiosis I & meiosis II. Explain the position and changes of the chromosomes at each stages.
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2 Explain & compare the processes in meiosis I & meiosis II. Explain the position and changes of the chromosomes at each stages. Define chromatid, synapsis, bivalent, tetrad, chiasma, crossing over & centromere State the significance of meiosis Compare meiosis & mitosis
3 a form of nuclear division in which the chromosome number is halved from the diploid number (2n) to the haploid number (n).
4 During gametogenesis MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II
5 SIGNIFICANCE OF MEIOSIS Produce gametes Reduces number of chromosomes by half 2 n n n
6 SIGNIFICANCE OF MEIOSIS Restore the normal diploid number n n 2 n Increase variation
7 TERMS Chromatid - One of the two daughter strands of duplicated chromosomes joined by a single centromere Sister chromatids - Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II Homologous chromosomes - Chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. Sister chromatids Non sister chromatids
8 TERMS Synapsis The pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I. Bivalent - A paired of chromosomes temporarily united Tetrad - A paired set of homologous chromosomes, which composed 4 chromatids / 2 sister chromatids.
9 TERMS Crossing over The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I. Chiasma / chiasmata - The x-shaped, microscopically visible region representing homologous chromatids that have exchanged genetic material through crossing over.
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11 INTERPHASE I MEIOSIS I PROPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I TELOPHASE I Reduction Division Reduce the number of chromosome from diploid number into haploid number.
12 PROPHASE I There are 5 substages in Prophase I: leptotene zygotene pachytene diplotene diakinesis
13 PROPHASE I
14 PROPHASE I Chromosome behavior: Group of 4 chromatids Chromatin condensed into chromosomes that consist of 2 sister chromatids. Tetrad Bivalent Synapsis
15 PROPHASE I Chromosome behavior: Crossing Over occurs The exchange of corresponding segments of DNA molecules by nonsister chromatids. Synapsis
16 PROPHASE I Events in cell: spindle fibers start to form The centrosomes migrate The nucleoli & nuclear envelope disintegrate.
17 METAPHASE I pairs of homologous chromosomes arranged/alligned on the metaphase plate
18 ANAPHASE I Spindle fibers pull homologous chromosomes Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate and move to the opposite poles
19 TELOPHASE I Chromosomes completely move to the polar of cell and number of chromosomes become haploid. Cytokinesis occurs, divide the cell into two haploid cell. Nuclear membrane reformed.
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21 MEIOSIS II INTERPHASE II PROPHASE II METAPHASE II ANAPHASE II TELOPHASE II
22 INTERPHASE II -chromosomes decondense, -nuclear membrane & nucleoli re-form No further DNA replication occurs II
23 PROPHASE II chromosomes shorten, thicken new spindle fibers appear Nuclear envelope disintegrate Centrosomes, move to opposite poles Nucleolus disappear
24 METAPHASE II Sister chromatids arranged on the metaphase plate
25 ANAPHASE II Sister chromatids separate And move to the opposite poles spindle fibers pull the chromatids to opposites poles
26 TELOPHASE II chromosomes uncoiled, lengthen Nuclear envelope re-form (nuclei form) Cytokinesis Cleavage - animal Cell plate - plant
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29 COMPARE MEIOSIS I AND MEIOSIS II
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32 COMPARE AND CONTRAST BETWEEN MEIOSIS AND MITOSIS No. MITOSIS MEIOSIS 1. Two daughter cells are produced (each,diploid) 2. Conserves chromosome number Four daughter cells are produced (each,haploid) Reduces the chromosome number by half 2 n 2 n 2 n n n
33 COMPARE AND CONTRAST BETWEEN MEIOSIS AND MITOSIS No. MITOSIS MEIOSIS 3. no synapsis occur to form bivalent. 4. No chiasma occurs so there is no cross over. Synapsis occurs to form bivalent at the homologous chromosomes during prophase I Some chiasma occurs to form cross over.
34 COMPARE AND CONTRAST BETWEEN MEIOSIS AND MITOSIS No. MITOSIS MEIOSIS 5. The contain of genetic material in daughter cell is identical as parental cells. 6. Cytokinesis occurs once. 7. The daughter cell can undergoes mitosis and meiosis. The contain of genetic material in daughter cell is not identical as the parental cell. Cytokinesis occurs twice. The daughter cell can only undergoes mitosis.
35 MITOSIS PRODUCES 2 IDENTICAL DAUGHTER CELLS BUT MEIOSIS PRODUCES 4 NON-IDENTICAL DAUGHTER CELLS
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37 .QUESTIONS. If 6 chromosomes are observe in a cell at anaphase II of meiosis, workout how many chromosomes the cell would have contained at metaphase I?
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