Lab 3: Testing Hypotheses about Mitosis
|
|
- Timothy Hicks
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Lab 3: Testing Hypotheses about Mitosis Why do cells divide? Lab today focuses on cellular division, also known as cellular reproduction. To become more familiar with why cells divide, the types of cell division, and how cell division occurs, please visit this website (you may need to type in the links if they do not work when you click on them) from the University of Florida ( Next, visit the Cells Alive website ( where you have a chance to view simulations for (1) Cell Models, (2) Cell Cycle, and (3) Mitosis. Please take notes on the cycles, noting chromosome arrangement as you watch them. Cellular reproduction begins with cell growth during the G 1 (or "gap" 1) phase, followed by the replication of DNA during the S ("synthesis") phase of the cell cycle. Growth continues during the G 2 ("gap" 2) phase. The cell cycle is completed when the process of mitosis (the M phase) results in two identical "daughter cells". Mitosis is extremely accurate (in a biological sense) and ensures that each of the two daughter cells produced gets a genetically identical set of chromosomes copied from the parent cell. What organisms are best for studying cell division? All somatic cells in living organisms undergo mitosis as a way of replicating and growing. Some parts of plants, like the onion root tip we are using today, are ideal models for observing mitosis. Tips of plant roots and shoots contain regions, called meristems, which undergo rapid and continuous growth. Because rates of cell division are quite high, many meristem cells will be in various stages of mitosis at any given time. In root tips, meristem cells are rapidly undergoing mitosis as the root grows deeper into the soil. Snap shots of root tips allow scientists to measure rates of mitosis and investigate other questions about cell division. Longitudinal section of an onion root tip. (Image from Elzinga et al ) What you will do Today, you will use the compound microscope to observe onion root tip cells and test hypotheses about mitosis. You will apply simple statistical tests to make inferences based on your hypotheses. Additionally, you will continue to refine your skills in using microscopes, making slide preparations, and data analysis. Laboratory Objectives As a result of participating in this laboratory activity, you will: 1. Develop a hypothesis 2. Design and conduct experiments 3. Analyze data using statistics 4. Draw conclusions based on gathered data 5. Use appropriate terminology when discussing mitosis and integrate your knowledge of mitosis into the cell cycle 6. Model the process of mitosis 7. Make stained slides to observe mitosis and see phases of mitosis 1
2 Methods Part 1. Observing and Recording the Various Mitotic Phases in the Onion Root Tip Spend time becoming familiar with what each phase of mitosis looks like in onion root tip cells. 1. Create your own stained slide (methods in Appendix B) 2. Draw what you see in your own stained slide (use Appendix A to help determine what you see). 3. Using the professionally stained slide, sample 5 cells, sketching the (a) location of the chromosomes and (b) the arrangement of the chromosomes in the cell. Include sketches in the Data and Field Notes section. 4. Check your ability to identify stages of mitosis by identifying the stages of the 5 cells sketched above. Part 2. Cell Cycle How long does a cell spend in each phase of mitosis? Determine how long a cell spends in each phase of mitosis (Interphase (which includes G1, S, G2), Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase). Complete this project with your lab group, and clearly write up your investigation in your lab guidebook. Parts 1 3 should be included in the data and field notes section. Part 4 should be in your data analysis and results section. Part 5 should be included in the conclusions section. 1. Develop a hypothesis for the percentage of time a cell spends in each phase of the cell cycle. 2. Make a prediction about your results that is based on your hypothesis. For example, if you were given 100 onion cells, and your alternative hypothesis is assumed to be true, how many of those 100 cells would be found in each of the stages of the cell cycle (that is, interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase)? These are your expected values based on your hypothesis. 3. Develop a method to test your hypothesis using professionally stained slides (these are easier for observing chromosomes). Record your method such that others could replicate your experiment. Collect your data. Construct a table to organize your raw data. Be sure to include appropriate titles and labels. Use the professionally prepared slides of onion root tips to sample the cells using the method you developed. 4. Analyze your results. Conduct a Chi squared statistical test on your collected data (see Appendix C). Organize your results as a pie chart. Don t forget to include a title and other appropriate labels. 5. Draw conclusions. Discuss and interpret what your results mean, including your statistical tests. Be sure to go back to your hypothesis to make a clear link between your hypothesis and your results. 2
3 Post Lab. Arrange your data, analyses and conclusions using the following headers and respective items under each heading. View the post lab rubric posted on the lab website for information about the evaluation of these items. 1. Raw Data, Field Notes and Observations (3 pts) a. Clearly labeled sketches of your own stained slide b. Clearly labeled sketches of 5 cells (from the professionally stained slide) with the location and arrangement of the chromosomes clearly marked, and the stages of mitosis identified. c. Record your hypothesis, prediction and method (#1 3). d. Construct a table to organize your raw data. Include titles and labels. 2. Data Analysis and Results (3 pts) a. Include all your work (i.e., calculations) for calculating Chi square. b. Organize your data into a pie chart. Include labels and figure legends. 3. Conclusions (3 pts) a. Discuss and interpret what your results mean, including results of your statistical test. 4. Reflection (3 pts) a. What is the purpose of mitosis? b. What might happen if your cells did not undergo mitosis? c. Create a model of mitosis. Include the following in your model: a. Three chromosomes (n=3) and distinguish between them in some fashion (e.g. color) b. Label each phase c. Begin your model with interphase (G1), where chromosomes are unduplicated, and carry the model through telophase and cytokinesis. 3
4 Appendix A. Cells in Mitosis Photographs In prophase, the chromatin has begun to gather together and form into chromosomes. Notice especially nuclear size and density. A cell in interphase has a nuclear membrane, but the one in the prophase cell has broken down. Prophase At metaphase, the chromosomes have begun to congregate in the center of the cell, between the poles, in an area called the equator. The identical chromosomes are being prepared for migration to the opposite sides of the cell toward the poles. Metaphase Anaphase is characterized by the migration of chromosomes toward the poles. Each set of chromosomes that you see in the center of the slide is an exact duplicate of the other. The two cells that will eventually form from this separation are thus duplicates, each with the same amount and quality of DNA. Anaphase During telophase, cytokinesis begins and a new cell wall forms at what was once the equator. In plant cells the cell wall forms in the center of the cell and is built outward until it reaches the periphery. Once the periphery is reached, the cell has completed the period and G 1 begins. Telophase 4
5 Appendix B. Preparing an Onion Root Tip Slide 1. Your instructor will hydrolyze your lab s onion root tips for 4 minutes in a vial of 1 M HCl. 2. Using forceps, transfer a root tip from the vial of HCl to a cup with Carnoy fixative for 4 minutes, then transfer the root tip to a clean slide. 3. With a razor blade, cut off the terminal 2 3 mm. This terminal portion is the part of the root tip with the most active cell division. Use it in step Add a few drops of toluidene blue to the root tip on your slide for 2 minutes. Be very careful with this stain as it is practically indelible on hands and clothes. Toluidene blue stains the chromosomes to form a blue purple color. Wait 2 minutes, then remove excess stain from the slide by blotting around the root tip with a paper towel. Do not touch the root tip. 5. After blotting, add a few drops of water and gently cover the root tip with a cover slip, being careful to avoid trapping air bubbles under the slip. Using the eraser end of a pencil, carefully push down on the coverslip where the tip is to squash the tissue. Make sure you are applying vertical pressure with the pencil eraser and steadily increasing the pressure in a firm, continuous movement. It will take a great deal of pressure to spread the cells into a single layer and to squash the cells, breaking the cell walls. Be very careful not to break the slide! The cells need to be in a single layer.* *If the cells are not sufficiently separated to permit viewing of each, squash the preparation again. 6. View slide and make observations. 5
6 Appendix C. Chi Square Statistic Today, we will be using statistics to test hypotheses, through the Chi Square (χ 2 ) Test Statistic. This test compares actual (observed) and predicted (expected) outcomes of an experiment. For each type of outcome (in our case, the phases in mitosis) in the experiment, there are both observed and expected numbers of occurrences. The Chi square statistic is used in this test:. Statisticians have determined the probability distribution of the Chi square statistic. You will use Table 1 for the Chi square statistic to analyze your results. This table will let you decide if the difference between observed and expected values is small enough to be due to chance (meaning the hypothesis may be true) or is too large to be due to chance (meaning the hypothesis produces a poor prediction of your results and is unlikely to be true). Table 1. Chi Square Probability Table Degrees of freedom Reject the hypothesis if Χ 2 is greater than: Table 2. A simple way to manage the Chi Squared statistic calculations Stage of Observed (O) # Expected (E) # (O E) (O E) 2 (O E) 2 /E Mitosis Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase SUM this column to get Chi Square In Table 2, the observed numbers will come from the data you collect during lab while the expected numbers will be derived from your hypotheses. To determine the degrees of freedom (df) you simply take the number of phases in mitosis (or rows in the table) and subtract 1. In our case, df = 5 1 = 4. Now use Table 1 to look at the row for the appropriate degrees of freedom (in our case, 4) to get a Chi Squared probability value. Compare this number to the value you obtained in Table 2 and determine whether or not the hypothesis you were testing holds true. If the number you calculated is greater than the number you pulled from Table 1, you fail to accept (i.e. reject) the hypothesis you were testing. However, if the value you calculated for Chi Squared is smaller than the number in Table 1, you will not reject the hypothesis you tested. Works Cited Elzinga, C., S. Michaud Lawrence, L. M. Leege, M. K. Heidemann, and D. O. Straney Biological Sciences 110: Laboratory Manual. 12 th Edition. Plymouth, MI: Hayden McNeil Pub. 6
Biology 3A Laboratory MITOSIS Asexual Reproduction
Biology 3A Laboratory MITOSIS Asexual Reproduction OBJECTIVE To study the cell cycle and understand how, when and why cells divide. To study and identify the major stages of cell division. To relate the
More informationThe Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens
The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Rooting for Mitosis Overview Students will fix, stain, and make slides of onion root tips. These slides will be examined for the presence
More informationCell Cycle in Onion Root Tip Cells (IB)
Cell Cycle in Onion Root Tip Cells (IB) A quick overview of cell division The genetic information of plants, animals and other eukaryotic organisms resides in several (or many) individual DNA molecules,
More informationLaboratory Observing the Cell Cycle of Onion Root Tip Cells
Laboratory Observing the Cell Cycle of Onion Root Tip Cells Background: Because of their rapid growth, the cells of the root tips of plants undergo rapid cell division. Ornamental onion root tips cells
More informationMitosis in Onion Root Tip Cells
Mitosis in Onion Root Tip Cells A quick overview of cell division The genetic information of plants, animals and other eukaryotic organisms resides in several (or many) individual DNA molecules, or chromosomes.
More informationThe illustrations below reflect other scientists results in identifying and counting the stages of the onion root tip and the whitefish blastula.
Abstract: The purpose of this laboratory experiment was to identify in what stage of mitosis viewed cells were in. The stages of mitosis include prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Although the
More informationLABORATORY 2 THE CELL CYCLE AND THE STAGES OF MITOSIS LEARNING OBJECTIVES AFTER COMPLETING THIS LABORATORY, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
LABORATORY 2 THE CELL CYCLE AND THE STAGES OF MITOSIS LEARNING OBJECTIVES AFTER COMPLETING THIS LABORATORY, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: 1. Describe the cell cycle. 2. Identify stages of mitosis from prepared
More informationWhere is Mitosis Most Common in the Onion Root?
Where is Mitosis Most Common in the Onion Root? Faith Loyd Biology Miss Carpenter February 20, 2013 Problem, Hypothesis, and Prediction The problem in this lab is: To analyze data to see whether mitosis
More informationLAB 09 Cell Division
LAB 09 Cell Division Introduction: One of the characteristics of living things is the ability to replicate and pass on genetic information to the next generation. Cell division in individual bacteria and
More informationChapter 3. Cell Division. Laboratory Activities Activity 3.1: Mock Mitosis Activity 3.2: Mitosis in Onion Cells Activity 3.
Chapter 3 Cell Division Laboratory Activities Activity 3.1: Mock Mitosis Activity 3.2: Mitosis in Onion Cells Activity 3.3: Mock Meiosis Goals Following this exercise students should be able to Recognize
More informationMITOSIS IN ONION ROOT TIP CELLS: AN INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT MICROSCOPY
MITOSIS IN ONION ROOT TIP CELLS: AN INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT MICROSCOPY Adapted from Foundations of Biology I; Lab 6 Introduction to Microscopy Dr. John Robertson, Westminster College Biology Department,
More informationTime For Mitosis. Materials. Procedure. Name
Time For Mitosis Name Do all phases of mitosis require the same amount of time for completion? This question can be answered by counting the number of onion root tip cells in the four phases of mitosis
More informationCell Division Simulation: Bacteria Activity One
Cell Division Simulation: Bacteria Activity One Introduction All living things are made of cells. Some living things, like plants and animals, are made of millions of cells. But some living things are
More informationLAB 8 EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
LAB 8 EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS Los Angeles Mission College Biology 3 Name: Date: INTRODUCTION BINARY FISSION: Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) reproduce asexually by binary fission. Bacterial
More informationCell Division CELL DIVISION. Mitosis. Designation of Number of Chromosomes. Homologous Chromosomes. Meiosis
Cell Division CELL DIVISION Anatomy and Physiology Text and Laboratory Workbook, Stephen G. Davenport, Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved, no part of this publication can be used for any commercial purpose.
More information1. Identify each phase of mitosis on the onion root tip and the whitefish blastula. 3. Explain differences in mitosis between plant and animal cells.
Mitosis Objectives Having completed the lab on mitosis, you should be able to: 1. Identify each phase of mitosis on the onion root tip and the whitefish blastula. 2. Describe the events during each phase
More informationList, describe, diagram, and identify the stages of meiosis.
Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles In this topic we will examine a second type of cell division used by eukaryotic cells: meiosis. In addition, we will see how the 2 types of eukaryotic cell division, mitosis
More informationAddition by Division TEACHER NOTES SCIENCE NSPIRED
Science Objectives Students will identify the changes that occur in cells during each phase of the cell cycle. Students will correlate these changes to the duration of time cells spend in each phase. While
More informationMeiosis is a special form of cell division.
Page 1 of 6 KEY CONCEPT Meiosis is a special form of cell division. BEFORE, you learned Mitosis produces two genetically identical cells In sexual reproduction, offspring inherit traits from both parents
More informationThe Cell Cycle: A series of modeling activities
The Cell Cycle: A series of modeling activities Cancer Education Project University of Rochester Premise: Students learn best when exposed to a variety of activities Overview 1. Information Gathering:
More informationBiology Behind the Crime Scene Week 4: Lab #4 Genetics Exercise (Meiosis) and RFLP Analysis of DNA
Page 1 of 5 Biology Behind the Crime Scene Week 4: Lab #4 Genetics Exercise (Meiosis) and RFLP Analysis of DNA Genetics Exercise: Understanding how meiosis affects genetic inheritance and DNA patterns
More information1. Why is mitosis alone insufficient for the life cycle of sexually reproducing eukaryotes?
Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles 1. Why is mitosis alone insufficient for the life cycle of sexually reproducing eukaryotes? 2. Define: gamete zygote meiosis homologous chromosomes diploid haploid
More informationCell Growth and Reproduction Module B, Anchor 1
Cell Growth and Reproduction Module B, Anchor 1 Key Concepts: - The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA. In addition, a larger cell is less efficient in moving nutrients
More informationCHAPTER 9 CELLULAR REPRODUCTION P. 243-257
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR REPRODUCTION P. 243-257 SECTION 9-1 CELLULAR GROWTH Page 244 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why is it beneficial for cells to remain small? MAIN IDEA Cells grow until they reach their size limit,
More information1. When new cells are formed through the process of mitosis, the number of chromosomes in the new cells
Cell Growth and Reproduction 1. When new cells are formed through the process of mitosis, the number of chromosomes in the new cells A. is half of that of the parent cell. B. remains the same as in the
More informationCell Division Mitosis and the Cell Cycle
Cell Division Mitosis and the Cell Cycle A Chromosome and Sister Chromatids Key Points About Chromosome Structure A chromosome consists of DNA that is wrapped around proteins (histones) and condensed Each
More informationAppendix C DNA Replication & Mitosis
K.Muma Bio 6 Appendix C DNA Replication & Mitosis Study Objectives: Appendix C: DNA replication and Mitosis 1. Describe the structure of DNA and where it is found. 2. Explain complimentary base pairing:
More informationThe cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis
The cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis Learning objective This learning material is about the life cycle of a cell and the series of stages by which genetic materials are duplicated and partitioned to produce
More informationCell Biology Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Cell Biology Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Observation of cells and organelles In this lab you will be looking at an example of a Prokaryotic cell (Bacillus cereus) and a some examples of Eukaryotic
More informationChapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Name Period Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know. Define: gene locus gamete male gamete female
More informationChapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Name Period Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know.
More informationBiology. STANDARD II: Objective 3. Osmosis Inquiry Labs
Biology STANDARD II: Objective 3 Osmosis Inquiry Labs Background Knowledge: Students should have used a microscope before and be familiar with the parts. They should also know how to make a wet mount slide.
More informationLook for these related items from Learning Resources :
Look for these related items from Learning Resources : LER 1901 Cross Section Plant Cell LER 1902 Cross Section Heart Model LER 1903 Cross Section Brain Model LER 2437 Cross Section Earth Model For a dealer
More informationCellular Reproduction
9 Cellular Reproduction section 1 Cellular Growth Before You Read Think about the life cycle of a human. On the lines below, write some of the stages that occur in the life cycle of a human. In this section,
More informationThe Effects of Caffeine of Mitosis Rates. Justin Filbert Berwick Area Senior High School 9 th Grade
The Effects of Caffeine of Mitosis Rates Justin Filbert Berwick Area Senior High School 9 th Grade Research: Caffeine Sources The top 5 Soft Drinks for the year 2013: 1. Coca-Cola (2.83 mg/fl oz) 2. Diet
More informationCHROMOSOME STRUCTURE CHROMOSOME NUMBERS
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE 1. During nuclear division, the DNA (as chromatin) in a Eukaryotic cell's nucleus is coiled into very tight compact structures called chromosomes. These are rod-shaped structures made
More informationChapter 12: The Cell Cycle
Name Period Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Overview: 1. What are the three key roles of cell division? State each role, and give an example. Key Role Example 2. What is meant by the cell cycle? Concept 12.1
More informationOBJECTIVES PROCEDURE. Lab 2- Bio 160. Name:
Lab 2- Bio 160 Name: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells OBJECTIVES To explore cell structure and morphology in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. To gain more experience using the microscope. To obtain a better
More informationUse of the Microscope and Cytology
Use of the Microscope and Cytology Introduction: A true study of anatomy not only considers the large, visible structures of an organism, but also the small structures that provide the organism its form
More information5. The cells of a multicellular organism, other than gametes and the germ cells from which it develops, are known as
1. True or false? The chi square statistical test is used to determine how well the observed genetic data agree with the expectations derived from a hypothesis. True 2. True or false? Chromosomes in prokaryotic
More informationProkaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Lab 2- Bio 201 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Name: OBJECTIVES To explore cell structure and morphology in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. To gain more experience using the microscope, and in particular,
More informationFrom DNA to Protein
Nucleus Control center of the cell contains the genetic library encoded in the sequences of nucleotides in molecules of DNA code for the amino acid sequences of all proteins determines which specific proteins
More informationThe Somatic Cell Cycle
The Somatic Cell Cycle Maternal chromosome Diploid Zygote Diploid Zygote Paternal chromosome MITOSIS MITOSIS Maternal chromosome Diploid organism Diploid organism Paternal chromosome Int terpha ase The
More information4.2 Meiosis. Meiosis is a reduction division. Assessment statements. The process of meiosis
4.2 Meiosis Assessment statements State that meiosis is a reduction division of a diploid nucleus to form haploid nuclei. Define homologous chromosomes. Outline the process of meiosis, including pairing
More informationwww.njctl.org PSI Biology Mitosis & Meiosis
Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis Classwork 1. Identify two differences between meiosis and mitosis. 2. Provide an example of a type of cell in the human body that would undergo mitosis. 3. Does cell division
More informationCHAPTER 10 CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION
CHAPTER 10 CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION Cell division is an inherent property of living organisms. It is a process in which cells reproduce their own kind. The growth, differentiation, reproduction and
More informationLecture 7 Mitosis & Meiosis
Lecture 7 Mitosis & Meiosis Cell Division Essential for body growth and tissue repair Interphase G 1 phase Primary cell growth phase S phase DNA replication G 2 phase Microtubule synthesis Mitosis Nuclear
More informationBioSci 2200 General Genetics Problem Set 1 Answer Key Introduction and Mitosis/ Meiosis
BioSci 2200 General Genetics Problem Set 1 Answer Key Introduction and Mitosis/ Meiosis Introduction - Fields of Genetics To answer the following question, review the three traditional subdivisions of
More informationSexual Reproduction. The specialized cells that are required for sexual reproduction are known as. And come from the process of: GAMETES
Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction We know all about asexual reproduction 1. Only one parent required. 2. Offspring are identical to parents. 3. The cells that produce the offspring are not usually
More informationChapter 12: The Cell Cycle
Name Period Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Overview: 1. What are the three key roles of cell division? State each role, and give an example. Key Role Reproduction Growth and development Tissue removal Example
More informationCellular Membranes I. BACKGROUND MATERIAL
Cellular Membranes Objectives: 1. To explore the nature of cellular membranes by investigating environmental conditions which stress them. 2. To learn methods for measuring the extent of stress on the
More informationCELL DIVISION. STAGES OF MITOTIC DIVISION (Diag. C1)
1 CELL DIVISION Cell division is the process by which cells replicate in order to replace cell loss, repair tissue damage and reproduce the organism. Two types of cell division are encountered in the Eukaryotic
More informationOsmosis Demonstration Lab
Osmosis Demonstration Lab Objectives The student will: 1) Observe the effects of different concentrations of salt solutions on potato cores. 2) Infer the relationship between weight loss and rate of osmosis.
More informationCOMPARING PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS
COMPARING PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS OBJECTIVES: Distinguish between plant and animals cells by their structures Demonstrate the benefit of stains Acquire ability to prepare wet mounts SAFETY: Methylene blue
More informationPre-Lab Questions. 1. What is cell theory? 2. What do all cells contain? 3. What is a prokaryote? 4. What is a eukaryote? 5. What is an organelle?
Name: TOC# Background Ever since the first microscope was used, biologists have been interested in studying the cellular organization of all living things. After hundred s of years of observations by many
More informationSexual Reproduction. and Meiosis. Sexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Describe the stages of meiosis and how sex cells are produced. Explain why meiosis is needed for sexual reproduction. Name the cells that are involved in fertilization.
More informationHigh School Science Lesson Plan: Biology
High School Science Lesson Plan: Biology Introduction Each lesson in the Adolescent Literacy Toolkit is designed to support students through the reading/learning process by providing instruction before,
More informationFigure 1. Basic structure of the leaf, with a close up of the leaf surface showing Stomata and Guard cells.
BIOL100 Laboratory Assignment 3: Analysis of Stomata Name: Stomata (singular=stoma) are the respiratory control structures in plants (see Figure 1 below). They are essentially small holes in the surface
More informationWorkshop: Cellular Reproduction via Mitosis & Meiosis
Workshop: Cellular Reproduction via Mitosis & Meiosis Introduction In this workshop you will examine how cells divide, including how they partition their genetic material (DNA) between the two resulting
More informationEXTRACTION OF DNA FROM CALF THYMUS CELLS Revised 2/1/96 Introduction
Revised 2/1/96 Introduction Cells may be classified into two primary types depending on whether they have a discrete nucleus (eukaryotic) or do not (prokaryotic). Prokaryotes include bacteria, such as
More informationMaterials and Methods. Ribonuclease.--Removal of ribonucleic acid from meristematic onion cells did not show any qualitative differences
B~U~ Noz~s 129 Alterations in Nuclear Ribonucleic Acid Metabolism Induced by l~inetin.* BY RUTH GUNMAN. From the Department of Genetics, University of California, Be, kezey.~ Kinetin, a substance recently
More informationLecture 11 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Lecture 11 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis In this lecture Cell division Chromosomes The cell cycle Mitosis PPMAT Apoptosis What is cell division? Cells divide in order to reproduce themselves The cell cycle
More informationGuided Notes: Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction
Guided Notes: Cellular Reproduction When do cells divide? Cells grow and function normally until they become too. Cell size is because increases faster than This means that there is not enough area on
More informationLecture 2: Mitosis and meiosis
Lecture 2: Mitosis and meiosis 1. Chromosomes 2. Diploid life cycle 3. Cell cycle 4. Mitosis 5. Meiosis 6. Parallel behavior of genes and chromosomes Basic morphology of chromosomes telomere short arm
More informationIf and when cancer cells stop dividing, they do so at random points, not at the normal checkpoints in the cell cycle.
Cancer cells have escaped from cell cycle controls Cancer cells divide excessively and invade other tissues because they are free of the body s control mechanisms. Cancer cells do not stop dividing when
More informationStudents will identify these animal cell structures: Students should properly answer the pre-activity cell membrane, nucleus. questions.
WHAT DO PLANT & ANIMAL CELLS LOOK LIKE? Grade Levels: 10-12 Time Frame: 2 periods Big Idea: Students will compare various plant epithelial cells (onion and elodea) with human epithelial cells (cheek lining
More informationName Class Date Laboratory Investigation 4B Chapter 4: Cell Structure
Name Class Date Laboratory Investigation 4B Chapter 4: Cell Structure The Microscope: A Tool of the Scientist You may refer to pages 66-67, 72-73 in your textbook for a general discussion of microscopes.
More informationInvestigating cells. Cells are the basic units of living things (this means that all living things are made up of one or more cells).
SG Biology Summary notes Investigating cells Sub-topic a: Investigating living cells Cells are the basic units of living things (this means that all living things are made up of one or more cells). Cells
More informationDiffusion and Osmosis
Diffusion and Osmosis OBJECTIVES: 1. To explore how different molecules move by diffusion and osmosis through semi-permeable membranes. 2. To understand how different concentration gradients affect the
More informationBio EOC Topics for Cell Reproduction: Bio EOC Questions for Cell Reproduction:
Bio EOC Topics for Cell Reproduction: Asexual vs. sexual reproduction Mitosis steps, diagrams, purpose o Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis Meiosis steps, diagrams, purpose
More informationUsing a Microscope to See Different Types of Cells
Using a Microscope to See Different Types of Cells copyright 2003 by Dr. Vivianne Nachmias, University of Pennsylvania All organisms are made up of cells - a cell is the simplest collection of matter that
More informationHow Well Do You Know Your Cells?
How Well Do You Know Your Cells? Complete each sentence below with words from the box. One word will not be used. cells cell membrane cell walls chloroplasts cytoplasm Hooke Leeuwenhoek mitochondria nucleus
More informationObjective: On a team of no more than (2). Build to illustrate a 3D model of a PLANT or ANIMAL cell. 10 pts.
THE CELL model: Activity 4.1 Science / Biology Objective: On a team of no more than (2). Build to illustrate a 3D model of a PLANT or ANIMAL cell. - Your models should clearly demonstrate the following
More informationChemical reaction (slow): Enzyme-catalyzed reaction (much faster):
1 Enzymes Introduction Enzymes are Biological Catalysts Recall that a catalyst is an agent which speeds up a chemical reaction without actually being consumed or changed by the reaction. Enzymes are proteins
More informationComparing Plant and Animal Cells
1.2 Comparing Plant and Animal Cells Here is a summary of what you will learn in this section: Plant and animal cell structures are called organelles. Plant and animal cells perform some similar functions,
More informationEnzyme Activity Measuring the Effect of Enzyme Concentration
6 Measuring the Effect of Enzyme Concentration Enzymes are proteins that serve as biological catalysts in a wide variety of life sustaining chemical reactions that take place in cells. As catalysts, enzymes
More informationModule 3: Strawberry DNA Extraction
Module 3: Strawberry DNA Extraction Teacher/Leader Target Audience: 7-12 Life Science, Biology, Ag Science Overview: In this lab, students will extract DNA from a strawberry using everyday materials and
More informationAP: LAB 8: THE CHI-SQUARE TEST. Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics
Ms. Foglia Date AP: LAB 8: THE CHI-SQUARE TEST Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics Why do we study random chance and probability at the beginning of a unit on genetics? Genetics is the study of inheritance,
More informationCCR Biology - Chapter 5 Practice Test - Summer 2012
Name: Class: Date: CCR Biology - Chapter 5 Practice Test - Summer 2012 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. If a cell cannot move enough material
More informationMendelian Genetics in Drosophila
Mendelian Genetics in Drosophila Lab objectives: 1) To familiarize you with an important research model organism,! Drosophila melanogaster. 2) Introduce you to normal "wild type" and various mutant phenotypes.
More informationRAINBOW ELECTROPHORESIS 1 An Introduction to Gel Electrophoresis
RAINBOW ELECTROPHORESIS 1 An Introduction to Gel Electrophoresis INTRODUCTION This laboratory will demonstrate the basics of electrophoresis and the theory behind the separation of molecules on an agarose
More informationLAB : THE CHI-SQUARE TEST. Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics
Period Date LAB : THE CHI-SQUARE TEST Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics Why do we study random chance and probability at the beginning of a unit on genetics? Genetics is the study of inheritance,
More informationTeacher s Guide. Mitosis. Grades 5-9 MTTV
Teacher s Guide Mitosis Grades 5-9 MTTV CREDITS Program Production Sunburst Visual Media Teacher s Guide Terry Gates Print Material Design Cecile Foshee 2004 Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global
More informationCare and Use of the Compound Microscope
Revised Fall 2011 Care and Use of the Compound Microscope Objectives After completing this lab students should be able to 1. properly clean and carry a compound and dissecting microscope. 2. focus a specimen
More informationCELERY LAB - Structure and Function of a Plant
CELERY LAB - Structure and Function of a Plant READ ALL INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE BEGINNING! YOU MAY WORK WITH A PARTNER ON THIS ACTIVITY, BUT YOU MUST COMPLETE YOUR OWN LAB SHEET! Plants are incredible organisms!
More informationImpressions of a Stoma
Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Impressions of a Stoma Overview Students use two different methods to view stomata on the underside of leaves. Introduction Plants exchange the
More informationHuman Chromosomes lab 5
Human Chromosomes lab 5 Objectives Upon completion of this activity, you should be able to: describe the structure of human chromosomes with reference to size, centromere position, and presence or absence
More informationGRADE 7: Life science 1. UNIT 7L.1 7 hours. Specialised cells. Resources. About this unit. Previous learning. Key vocabulary and technical terms
GRADE 7: Life science 1 Specialised cells UNIT 7L.1 7 hours About this unit This unit is the first of six units on life science for Grade 7. This unit is designed to guide your planning and teaching of
More informationAS Biology Unit 2 Key Terms and Definitions. Make sure you use these terms when answering exam questions!
AS Biology Unit 2 Key Terms and Definitions Make sure you use these terms when answering exam questions! Chapter 7 Variation 7.1 Random Sampling Sampling a population to eliminate bias e.g. grid square
More informationGenetic material of all living organisms. Biology - 100
Genetic material of all living organisms. Biology - 100 This antibiotic is made from a fungus that was first discovered growing on an orange and it became the first antibiotic to treat infection. Biology
More informationPartner: Jack 17 November 2011. Determination of the Molar Mass of Volatile Liquids
Partner: Jack 17 November 2011 Determination of the Molar Mass of Volatile Liquids Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the molar mass of three volatile liquids. The liquid is vaporized
More informationSexual Reproduction and Meiosis
12 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Concept Outline 12.1 Meiosis produces haploid cells from diploid cells. Discovery of Reduction Division. Sexual reproduction does not increase chromosome number because
More informationAnimal & Plant Cell Slides
Animal & Plant Cell Slides Category: Biology Type: Class Experiment, 60 min class Materials: 2 Glass Slides 2 Cover Slips 1 Bottle of methylene blue (optional) 1 Plastic tray 1 Bottle of iodine 1 Plastic
More informationCell Division and Mitosis DNA. Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis. 2. Meiosis occurs in the reproductive organs, producing four haploid sex cells.
ell Division and Mitosis 1. he life cycle of a cell has two parts growth and development, and cell division. 2. In mitosis, the nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei. Mitosis occurs in four continuous
More informationthe plant & animal cell
6.1 Basic unit of life Biology Biology Structure & functions of 06 the plant & animal cell In 1665, Robert Hooke observed a section of a cork using a microscope prepared by him. He discovered a structure
More informationLAB 24 Transpiration
Name: AP Biology Lab 24 LAB 24 Transpiration Objectives: To understand how water moves from roots to leaves in terms of the physical/chemical properties of water and the forces provided by differences
More informationBiology: Osmosis and Diffusion Lab using Potato Cores Class: 3B Mr. Boyer Name: Simon Han
Abstract: Biology: Osmosis and Diffusion Lab using Potato Cores Class: 3B Mr. Boyer Name: Simon Han In this experiment, we learnt about Osmosis and Diffusion through potato cores in different concentration
More informationLab 4: Osmosis and Diffusion
Lab 4: Osmosis and Diffusion The plasma membrane enclosing every cell is the boundary that separates the cell from its external environment. It is not an impermeable barrier, but like all biological membranes,
More informationOne-Way ANOVA using SPSS 11.0. SPSS ANOVA procedures found in the Compare Means analyses. Specifically, we demonstrate
1 One-Way ANOVA using SPSS 11.0 This section covers steps for testing the difference between three or more group means using the SPSS ANOVA procedures found in the Compare Means analyses. Specifically,
More informationPaper Chromatography: Separation and Identification of Five Metal Cations
Paper Chromatography: Separation and Identification of Five Metal Cations Objectives Known and unknown solutions of the metal ions Ag +, Fe 3+, Co 2+, Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ will be analyzed using paper chromatography.
More information