Year 7 Geography Revision

Transcription

1 Year 7 Geography Revision Types of Geography HUMAN GEOGRAPHY is the study of how people live and interact with the world around us e.g. where we live and why, transport, jobs. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY is the study of the natural world and natural processes e.g. deserts, tropical rainforests, mountains. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOGRAPHY - is the study of how people affect the natural world e.g. pollution, deforestation, global warming. MAPS Continents and Oceans

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3 Settlement a place where people live, it can be as small as a hamlet or as big as a city. What makes a good site for a settlement? WATER there should be a river, lake or spring nearby to provide water for fishing, drinking and cleaning. But not too close so it can flood. BUILDING MATERIALS - there should be a forest or rocky outcrops nearby to provide material for building homes. DEFENSE the settlement needs to built where they are not easily attacked e.g. on a hill so they can see their enemies coming. FLAT LAND- is good as it is easy to build on and it also makes transport easier e.g. building roads. FERTILE SOIL is needed so that crops can be grown to feed the population. FUEL there should be a source of fuel nearby e.g. wood from a forest. SETTELMENT HIERARCHY -This is when settlements are arranged in order. Settlement hierarchies are usually based on either the size of the settlement or the number of services/functions in each settlement.

4 Settlement Hierarchy OS MAPS 4 figure grid references read the numbers across the bottom first then up the side (along the corridor and up the stairs) e.g. Hope Station figure grid references read across the bottom and estimate how many tenths across, then read up the side and estimate how many tenths up. E.g. Hope Station Symbols use the key to read the map symbols Relief shows the shape and height of the land. Can be shown with contour lines or spot heights. The closer together the contours the steeper the land.

5 Yr 7 Extreme Environments Revision 1. EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS are places with extremes e.g. mountains, tropical rainforests, deserts. 2. LOCATION OF EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS: Desert Tropical rainforest 3. Location of the World s main mountain ranges: Rockies in North America Alps in Europe Himalayas in Asia Andes in South America 4. Climate graph of the desert: Atlas in North Africa Line graph shows temperature in degrees. Bar graph shows precipitation (rainfall) in mm.

6 5. Desert plant and animal adaptations: CACTUS: Long tap roots to help reach down to underground water. Shallow roots to soak up rain water quickly. Thick stem to store up to 8000 litres of water Spiky leaves to reduce water loss. CAMEL Long eyelashes to protect eyes from sand storms Large stomach to store litres of water Thick pads on feet to stop them burning in the hot sand. Humps to store fat to feed on when there is little food. Leathery tongue and mouth so it can eat spiky plants. 6. Tropical Rainforests Emergents tall trees up to 40m high to reach sunlight. Canopy thick layer of trees (30m) to reach sunlight. Drip tips pointed leaves so heavy rain drips off Thick waxy leaves so they do not rot in the wet rain. Buttress roots large surface roots to steady tall trees. Shallow roots to soak up rain and nutrients quickly. Liana vine that grow around tree trunks to reach sunlight. 7. Causes of Deforestation 1. Cattle ranching thousands of hectares of forest are destroyed and grass is planted. Cattle (cows) are kept on the land to produce beef. 2. Mining iron ore, gold and copper are mined in the forest. Trees have to be cut down and roads built to transport the minerals out of the forest. 3. New settlers poor people from the cities are given land in the rainforest. They try to farm the land but end up causing a lot of damage. 4. Logging trees are cut down to produce wood for furniture. For every 1 tree that is felled 30 others are pulled down too. 5. H.E.P. (hydroelectric power) huge dams are built and land is flooded. This provides cheap and renewable electricity for the country. 8. Effects of Deforestation Less rain due to fewer clouds - More soil erosion as trees are gone Loss of wildlife habitats e.g. orang-utan - Local tribes forced off their land More CO² in atmosphere leading to global warming