Henry F. Korth Lehigh University. Higher Education

Transcription

1 DATABASE SYSTEM CONCEPTS FIFTH EDITION Abraham Silberschatz Yale University Henry F. Korth Lehigh University S. Sudarshan Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Higher Education Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, Wl New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogota Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto

2 ontents Preface xvii Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Database-System Applications Purpose of Database Systems View of Data Database Languages Relational Databases Database Design Object-Based and Semistructured Databases Data Storage and Querying Transaction Management Data Mining and Analysis Database Architecture Database Users and Administrators 1.13 History of Database Systems Summary 30 Exercises 31 Bibliographical Notes PART I RELATIONAL DATABASES Chapter 2 Relational Model 2.1 Structure of Relational Databases Fundamental Relational-Algebra Operations Additional Relational-Algebra Operations Extended Relational-Algebra Operations Null Values Modification of the Database 2.7 Summary 70 Exercises 71 Bibliographical Notes VII

3 viii Contents Chapter 3 SQL 3.1 Background Data Definition Basic Structure of SQL Queries Set Operations Aggregate Functions Null Values Nested Subqueries Complex Queries Views Modification of the Database Joined Relations** Summary 115 Exercises 116 Bibliographical Notes 120 Chapter 4 Advanced SQL 4.1 SQL Data Types and Schemas 4.2 Integrity Constraints Authorization Embedded SQL Dynamic SQL Functions and Procedural Constructs** Recursive Queries** Advanced SQL Features** 4.9 Summary 158 Exercises 159 Bibliographical Notes Chapter 5 Other Relational Languages 5.1 The Tuple Relational Calculus Summary The Domain Relational Calculus 168 Exercises Query-by-Example 171 Bibliographical Notes 5.4 Datalog PART 2 DATABASE DESIGN Chapter 6 Database Design and the E-R Model 6.1 Overview of the Design Process The Entity-Relationship Model Constraints Entity-Relationship Diagrams Entity-Relationship Design Issues Weak Entity Sets Extended E-R Features Database Design for Banking Enterprise 236 Reduction to Relational Schemas 241 Other Aspects of Database Design 248 The Unified Modeling Language UML** 251 Summary 254 Exercises 256 Bibliographical Notes 261

4 Contents ix Chapter 7 Relational Database Design 7.1 Features of Good Relational Designs Atomic Domains and First Normal Form Decomposition Using Functional Dependencies Functional-Dependency Theory Decomposition Using Functional Dependencies Decomposition Using Multivalued Dependencies More Normal Forms Database-Design Process Modeling Temporal Data Summary 304 Exercises 306 Bibliographical Notes 310 Chapter 8 Application Design and Development 8.1 User Interfaces and Tools Web Interfaces to Databases Web Fundamentals Servlets and JSP Building Large Web Applications Triggers Authorization in SQL Application Security Summary 350 Exercises 352 Bibliographical Notes 357 PART 3 OBJECT-BASED DATABASES AND XML Chapter 9 Object-Based Databases 9.1 Overview Complex Data Types Structured Types and Inheritance in SQL Table Inheritance Array and Multiset Types in SQL Object-Identity and Reference Types in SQL Implementing O-R Features Persistent Programming Languages Object-Oriented versus Object-Relational Summary 388 Exercises 389 Bibliographical Notes 393 Chapter 10 XML 10.1 Motivation Structure of XML Data XML Document Schema Querying and Transformation Application Program Interfaces to XML Storage of XML Data XML Applications Summary 431 Exercises 433 Bibliographical Notes 436

5 Contents PART 4 DATA STORAGE AND QUERYING Chapter 11 Storage and File Structure 11.1 Overview of Physical Storage 11.6 File Organization 464 Media Magnetic Disks RAID Tertiary Storage Storage Access Organization of Records in Files 11.8 Data-Dictionary Storage Summary 474 Exercises 476 Bibliographical Notes Chapter Basic Concepts Ordered Indices B + -Tree Index Files B-Tree Index Files Multiple-Key Access Static Hashing Dynamic Hashing 511 Indexing and Hashing 12.8 Comparison of Ordered Indexing and Hashing Bitmap Indices Index Definition in SQL Summary 524 Exercises 526 Bibliographical Notes 529 Chapter 13 Query Processing 13.1 Overview Measures of Query Cost Selection Operation Sorting Join Operation Other Operations Evaluation of Expressions Summary 563 Exercises 566 Bibliographical Notes 568 Chapter 14 Query Optimization 14.1 Overview Transformation of Relational Expressions Estimating Statistics of Expression Results Choice of Evaluation Plans Materialized Views** Summary 598 Exercises 599 Bibliographical Notes 602

6 Contents xi PART 5 TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT Chapter 15 Transactions 15.1 Transaction Concept Transaction State Implementation of Atomicity and Durability Concurrent Executions Serializability Recoverability Implementation of Isolation Testing for Serializability Summary 630 Exercises 632 Bibliographical Notes 633 Chapter 16 Concurrency Control 16.1 Lock-Based Protocols Timestamp-Based Protocols 16.3 Validation-Based Protocols 16.4 Multiple Granularity Multiversion Schemes Deadlock Handling Insert and Delete Operations Weak Levels of Consistency Concurrency in Index Structures** Summary 673 Exercises 676 Bibliographical Notes Chapter 17 Recovery System 17.1 Failure Classification Storage Structure Recovery and Atomicity Log-Based Recovery Recovery with Concurrent Transactions Buffer Management Failure with Loss of Nonvolatile Storage Advanced Recovery Techniques** 17.9 Remote Backup Systems Summary 713 Exercises 716 Bibliographical Notes PART 6 DATA MINING AND INFORMATION RETRIEVAL Chapter 18 Data Analysis and Mining 18.1 Decision-Support Systems Summary Data Analysis and OLAP 725 Exercises Data Warehousing 736 Bibliographical Notes 18.4 Data Mining

7 xii Contents Chapter 19 Information Retrieval 19.1 Overview Web Search Engines Relevance Ranking Using Terms Information Retrieval and Structured 19.3 Relevance Using Hyperlinks 763 Data Synonyms, Homonyms and 19.9 Directories 773 Ontologies Summary Indexing of Documents 769 Exercises Measuring Retrieval Effectiveness 770 Bibliographical Notes 779 PART 7 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Chapter 20 Database-System Architectures 20.1 Centralized and Client-Server 20.5 Network Types 801 Architectures Summary Server System Architectures 786 Exercises Parallel Systems 790 Bibliographical Notes Distributed Systems 797 Chapter 21 Parallel Databases 21.1 Introduction I/O Parallelism Interquery Parallelism Intraquery Parallelism Intraoperation Parallelism Interoperation Parallelism Design of Parallel Systems Summary 827 Exercises 829 Bibliographical Notes 831 Chapter 22 Distributed Databases 22.1 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Databases Distributed Data Storage Distributed Transactions Commit Protocols Concurrency Control in Distributed Databases Availability Distributed Query Processing 22.8 Heterogeneous Distributed Databases Directory Systems Summary 870 Exercises 873 Bibliographical Notes

8 Contents xiii PART 8 OTHER TOPICS Chapter 23 Advanced Application Development 23.1 Performance Tuning Summary Performance Benchmarks 891 Exercises Standardization 895 Bibliographical Notes 23.4 Application Migration Chapter 24 Advanced Data Types and New Applications 24.1 Motivation Mobility and Personal Databases Time in Databases Summary Spatial and Geographic Data Exercises Multimedia Databases 919 Bibliographical Notes 931 Chapter 25 Advanced Transaction Processing 25.1 Transaction-Processing Monitors Transactional Workflows E-Commerce Main-Memory Databases Real-Time Transaction Systems Long-Duration Transactions Transaction Management in Multidatabases Summary 959 Exercises 962 Bibliographical Notes 964 PART 9 CASE STUDIES Chapter 26 PostgreSQL 26.1 Introduction User Interfaces SQL Variations and Extensions Transaction Management in PostgreSQL Storage and Indexing Query Processing and Optimization System Architecture 994 Bibliographical Notes 995

9 xiv Contents Chapter 27 Oracle 27.1 Database Design and Querying Tools SQL Variations and Extensions Storage and Indexing Query Processing and Optimization Concurrency Control and Recovery System Architecture Replication, Distribution, and External Data Database Administration Tools Data Mining 1025 Bibliographical Notes 1026 Chapter 28 IBM DB2 Universal Database 28.1 Overview Database-Design Tools SQL Variations and Extensions Storage and Indexing Multidimensionsal Clustering Query Processing and Optimization Materialized Query Tables Autonomic Features in DB Chapter 29 Microsoft SQL Server 28.9 Tools and Utilitites Concurrency Control and Recovery System Architecture Replication, Distribution and External Data Business Intelligence Features 1054 Bibliographical Notes Management, Design, and Querying 29.8 Distributed Heterogeneous Query Tools SQL Variations and Extensions 1062 Processing Replication Storage and Indexing Server Programming in.net Query Processing and,, XML Support in SQL Server Optimization SQL Server Service Broker Concurrency and Recovery Data Warehouse and Business 29.6 System Architecture Data Access 1080 Intelligence 1096 Bibliographical Notes 1100 PART 10 APPENDICES Appendix A A.I Basic Concepts Al A.2 Data-Structure Diagrams A2 A.3 The DBTG CODASYL Model A7 A.4 DBTG Data-Retrieval Facility A13 A.5 DBTG Update Facility A20 Network Model (contents online) A.6 DBTG Set-Processing Facility A22 A.7 Mapping of Networks to Files A27 A.8 Summary A31 Exercises A32 Bibliographical Notes A35

10 Contents xv Appendix B Hierarchical Model (contents online) B.I Basic Concepts Bl B.6 Mapping of Hierarchies to Files B22 B.2 Tree-Structure Diagrams B2 B.7 The IMS Database System B24 B.3 Data-Retrieval Facility B13 B.8 Summary B25 B.4 Update Facility B18 Exercises B26 B.5 Virtual Records B21 Bibliographical Notes B29 Appendix C online) Advanced Relational Database Design (contents C.I Multivalued Dependencies Cl C.4 Summary CIO C.2 Join Dependencies C5 Exercises CIO C.3 Domain-Key Normal Form C8. Bibliographical Notes Cll Bibliography 1101 Index 1129