Membrane Structure and Function. Chapter 7
|
|
- Ashlyn Wilcox
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Membrane Structure and Function Chapter 7
2 Overview: Life at the Edge The plasma membrane selectively permeable
3 Phospholipids most abundant lipids in plasma membrane amphipathic = hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions Polar head Hydrocarbon tails Cell membranes
4 Phospholipid
5 Membrane Models: Scientific Inquiry Hydrophilic head WATER Hydrophobic tail WATER
6 1935Davson and Danielli - bilayer model 1972 Singer and Nicolson - fluid mosaic model membrane mosaic of proteins dispersed within bilayer Current model: mosaicism
7 TECHNIQUE Extracellular layer RESULTS Knife Proteins Inside of extracellular layer Plasma membrane Cytoplasmic layer Inside of cytoplasmic layer
8 Freeze-fracture splits membrane along middle of bilayer (lipid layer is weak) proteins
9 Proteins embedded in bilayer Phospholipid bilayer Hydrophobic regions of protein Hydrophilic regions of protein
10 The Fluidity of Membranes Phospholipids in membrane move laterally within bilayer rarely flip flop Lipids, proteins, may move laterally Lateral movement ( 10 7 times per second) Flip-flop ( once per month) (a) Movement of phospholipids
11 RESULTS Membrane proteins Mouse cell Human cell Hybrid cell Mixed proteins after 1 hour
12 Membrane fluidity affected by: 1. Type of phospholipid Fluid Viscous Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails with kinks Saturated hydrocarbon tails
13 2. Temperature cool gel Tightly packed tails warm fluid
14 3. Cholesterol Stabilizes membrane fluidity with changing temperature FYI Cholesterol can compose ½ of the membrane Bacterial cell membranes do not contain cholesterol Plant cells do not contain much
15 Cholesterol (c) Cholesterol within the animal cell membrane
16 Membrane Proteins and Their Functions Mosaic of proteins embedded in lipid bilayer Proteins determine most of membrane s functions
17 Membrane Proteins Peripheral proteins bound to of membrane
18 Integral proteins penetrate hydrophobic region Transmembrane proteins N- terminus C-terminus
19 1. Receptor proteins for signal transduction ex. Insulin receptor
20 2. Channel proteins for passage of molecules hydrophilic core Hydrophilic core Ex. Aquaporins
21 3. Transport proteins Ex. Glucose transporter shuttles glucose across membrane
22 Signaling molecule Enzymes Receptor ATP Signal transduction (a) Transport (b) Enzymatic activity (c) Signal transduction
23 Glycoprotein (d) Cell-cell recognition (e) Intercellular joining (f) Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)
24 4. Cell-cell recognition Glycoproteins Carbohydrates attached to proteins mucin
25 5. Intercellular joining proteins Ex. gap junctions allow passage of ions and small molecules from cell to cell
26 6. Extracellular matrix proteins 7. Membrane enzymes
27 Six major functions of membrane proteins: Transport Enzymatic activity Signal transduction Cell-cell recognition Intercellular joining Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)
28 Selective permeability Plasma membrane regulates cell molecular traffic
29 Permeability of Lipid Bilayer Hydrophobic molecules dissolve in bilayer and pass through membrane rapidly O2, CO2, NO, steroids, nanoparticles O2 CO2 Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
30 Nanoparticles can cross cell membranes! U-M scientists used a manmade nanoparticle less than 5 nm. They are small enough to cross cell membranes. One nanometer equals one-billionth of a meter, which means it would take 100,000 nanometers lined up side-by-side to equal the diameter of a human hair. Folate molecules on the nanoparticle bind to receptors on cancer tumor cell membranes and the cell immediately internalizes it, because it thinks it's getting folate, which it needs to grow. Folate is a vitamin But while it's bringing folate across the cell membrane, the cell also draws in the methotrexate, a poison that will kill it.
31
32 Hydrophilic (polar) molecules do not cross easily sugar, water, ions
33 Passive transport = no energy used molecules move randomly A. Diffusion Molecules diffuse down their concentration gradient from high to lower concentration until equilibrium
34 What molecules can diffuse across the cell membrane? Answer: O2, CO2, urea Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium Net diffusion (b) Diffusion of two solutes Net diffusion Equilibrium
35 B. Osmosis is diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane Water diffuses across membrane from region of higher water concentration to the region of lower water concentration until equilbrium
36 Lower concentration of sugar) Higher Concentration of sugar Same concentration of sugar H 2 O Selectively permeable membrane Osmosis
37 Water Balance of Cells Without Walls Tonicity =ability of solution to cause cell to gain or lose water Isotonic solution: Solute concentration same as in cell no net water movement across membrane Hypertonic solution: Solute concentration greater than inside cell cell loses water Hypotonic solution: Solute concentration is less than inside cell cell gains water
38 Solution type? Isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic? Hypotonic solution Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O (a) Animal cell Lysed Normal Shriveled
39 How do cells deal with changing external water concentrations? Osmoregulation= control of water balance Ex. Paramecium video pond water is to the protista contractile vacuole
40 Filling vacuole 50 µm (a) A contractile vacuole fills with fluid that enters from a system of canals radiating throughout the cytoplasm. Contracting vacuole (b) When full, the vacuole and canals contract, expelling fluid from the cell.
41 Water Balance in plants (cell wall) Isotonic solution no net movement of water into cell flaccid (limp)
42 Hypotonic solution cell (vacuole) swells cell wall opposes uptake turgid (firm)
43 Hypertonic lose water; membrane pulls away from wall plasmolysis (lethal)
44 Hypotonic solution H 2 O Isotonic solution H 2 O H 2 O Hypertonic solution H 2 O (b) Plant cell Turgid (normal) Flaccid Plasmolyzed
45 C. Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport aided by proteins Channel proteins Carrier proteins What molecules use facilitated diffusion to cross membrane? Answer: glucose, sodium ions, chloride ions, water
46 EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Channel protein (a) A channel protein Solute CYTOPLASM Carrier protein Solute (b) A carrier protein
47 Active transport Energy (ATP) required to move solutes against their gradients (from lower to higher conc.!) Pumps are membrane proteins Ex. sodium-potassium pump (an enzyme) FYI: All animals Nobel prize 1997 (Jens Skou) Uses 1/3 of cells total energy production Provides driving force for other cell processes (secondary transport, volume, gradients)
48 Examine the figure: EXTRACELLULAR FLUID [Na + ] high [K + ] low Na+ high outside cell K+ low Na + Na + Na+ low inside cell K+ high CYTOPLASM Na + [Na + ] low [K + ] high According to diffusion? 1 Cytoplasmic Na + binds to the sodium-potassium pump.
49 1. Cytoplasmic Na+ binds to pump
50 2. ADP phosphorylated to ATP What is ATP? Na + Na + Na + ATP P ADP 2 Na + binding stimulates phosphorylation by ATP.
51 3. Na+ out of cell Na Na + + Na Na + + Na Na + + shape change of pump Against conc. grad. P 3 Phosphorylation causes the protein to to change its its shape. Na + is is expelled to to the outside.
52 4. Extracellular K+ binds to pump ATP used P 4 K + binds on the extracellular side and triggers release of the phosphate group. P
53 5 + 6 K+ inside cell Pump animation Step by step Shape change
54 Passive transport Active transport Review the difference passive vs active transport Diffusion Facilitated diffusion ATP NO ATP IS USED WHICH ONE REPRESENTS THE CHANNEL PROTEIN?
55 Why do cells need pumps? a. Maintain membrane potential = voltage difference across membrane Inside of cell more electronegative than out = negative membrane potential
56 + EXTRACELLULAR FLUID ATP + H + H + Proton pump H + + H + CYTOPLASM + H + + H +
57 b. Maintain electrochemical gradients chemical = concentration gradient electrical = membrane potential
58 c. Cotransport Ex. Sucrose transporter sodium driven
59 ATP + + H + H + H + Proton pump H + + H + Sucrose-H + cotransporter + H + Diffusion of H + H + H + Sucrose + + Sucrose
60 Bulk transport Exocytosis To secrete products from cell Vesicles fuse with membrane
61 2. Endocytosis cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from membrane a. Phagocytosis for large particle Vesicle fuses with lysosome to digest particle
62 EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Pseudopodium CYTOPLASM PHAGOCYTOSIS 1 µm Pseudopodium of amoeba Food or other particle Food vacuole Bacterium Food vacuole An amoeba engulfing a bacterium via phagocytosis (TEM)
63 b. Pinocytosis for fluids/small molecules PINOCYTOSIS Plasma membrane 0.5 µm Pinocytosis vesicles forming (arrows) in a cell lining a small blood vessel (TEM) Vesicle
64 c. receptor-mediated endocytosis, ligand binds to receptor vesicle RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS Receptor Coat protein Coated vesicle Ligand Coated pit
Six major functions of membrane proteins: Transport Enzymatic activity
CH 7 Membranes Cellular Membranes Phospholipids are the most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane. Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules, containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. The fluid mosaic
More informationChapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function
Name Period Concept 7.1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins 1. The large molecules of all living things fall into just four main classes. Name them. 2. Explain what is meant when
More informationMembrane Structure and Function
Membrane Structure and Function -plasma membrane acts as a barrier between cells and the surrounding. -plasma membrane is selective permeable -consist of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates -major lipids
More informationBSC 2010 - Exam I Lectures and Text Pages. The Plasma Membrane Structure and Function. Phospholipids. I. Intro to Biology (2-29) II.
BSC 2010 - Exam I Lectures and Text Pages I. Intro to Biology (2-29) II. Chemistry of Life Chemistry review (30-46) Water (47-57) Carbon (58-67) Macromolecules (68-91) III. Cells and Membranes Cell structure
More informationChapter 8. Movement across the Cell Membrane. AP Biology
Chapter 8. Movement across the Cell Membrane More than just a barrier Expanding our view of cell membrane beyond just a phospholipid bilayer barrier phospholipids plus Fluid Mosaic Model In 1972, S.J.
More informationCh. 8 - The Cell Membrane
Ch. 8 - The Cell Membrane 2007-2008 Phospholipids Phosphate head hydrophilic Fatty acid tails hydrophobic Arranged as a bilayer Phosphate attracted to water Fatty acid repelled by water Aaaah, one of those
More informationOsmosis, Diffusion and Cell Transport
Osmosis, Diffusion and Cell Transport Types of Transport There are 3 types of transport in cells: 1. Passive Transport: does not use the cell s energy in bringing materials in & out of the cell 2. Active
More informationCHAPTER 5.1 5.2: Plasma Membrane Structure
CHAPTER 5.1 5.2: Plasma Membrane Structure 1. Describe the structure of a phospholipid molecule. Be sure to describe their behavior in relationship to water. 2. What happens when a collection of phospholipids
More informationCELL MEMBRANES, TRANSPORT, and COMMUNICATION. Teacher Packet
AP * BIOLOGY CELL MEMBRANES, TRANSPORT, and COMMUNICATION Teacher Packet AP* is a trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board. The College Entrance Examination Board was not involved in the production
More information1.1.2. thebiotutor. AS Biology OCR. Unit F211: Cells, Exchange & Transport. Module 1.2 Cell Membranes. Notes & Questions.
thebiotutor AS Biology OCR Unit F211: Cells, Exchange & Transport Module 1.2 Cell Membranes Notes & Questions Andy Todd 1 Outline the roles of membranes within cells and at the surface of cells. The main
More information7. A selectively permeable membrane only allows certain molecules to pass through.
CHAPTER 2 GETTING IN & OUT OF CELLS PASSIVE TRANSPORT Cell membranes help organisms maintain homeostasis by controlling what substances may enter or leave cells. Some substances can cross the cell membrane
More information4. Biology of the Cell
4. Biology of the Cell Our primary focus in this chapter will be the plasma membrane and movement of materials across the plasma membrane. You should already be familiar with the basic structures and roles
More informationCell Biology - Part 2 Membranes
Cell Biology - Part 2 Membranes The organization of cells is made possible by membranes. Membranes isolate, partition, and compartmentalize cells. 1 Membranes isolate the inside of the cell from the outside
More informationCell Membrane & Tonicity Worksheet
NAME ANSWER KEY DATE PERIOD Cell Membrane & Tonicity Worksheet Composition of the Cell Membrane & Functions The cell membrane is also called the PLASMA membrane and is made of a phospholipid BI-LAYER.
More informationCell Membrane Coloring Worksheet
Cell Membrane Coloring Worksheet Composition of the Cell Membrane & Functions The cell membrane is also called the plasma membrane and is made of a phospholipid bilayer. The phospholipids have a hydrophilic
More informationBiological cell membranes
Unit 14: Cell biology. 14 2 Biological cell membranes The cell surface membrane surrounds the cell and acts as a barrier between the cell s contents and the environment. The cell membrane has multiple
More informationModes of Membrane Transport
Modes of Membrane Transport Transmembrane Transport movement of small substances through a cellular membrane (plasma, ER, mitochondrial..) ions, fatty acids, H 2 O, monosaccharides, steroids, amino acids
More informationFIGURE 2.18. A. The phosphate end of the molecule is polar (charged) and hydrophilic (attracted to water).
PLASMA MEMBRANE 1. The plasma membrane is the outermost part of a cell. 2. The main component of the plasma membrane is phospholipids. FIGURE 2.18 A. The phosphate end of the molecule is polar (charged)
More informationAP Biology-Chapter #6 & 7 Review
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST- USE ANSWER DOCUMENT AP Biology-Chapter #6 & 7 Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. All of the following are
More informationUnit 2: Cells, Membranes and Signaling CELL MEMBRANE. Chapter 5 Hillis Textbook
Unit 2: Cells, Membranes and Signaling CELL MEMBRANE Chapter 5 Hillis Textbook HOW DOES THE LAB RELATE TO THE NEXT CHAPTER? SURFACE AREA: the entire outer covering of a cell that enables materials pass.
More informationSection 7-3 Cell Boundaries
Note: For the past several years, I ve been puzzling how to integrate new discoveries on the nature of water movement through cell membranes into Chapter 7. The Section below is a draft of my first efforts
More informationMembrane Structure and Function
Membrane Structure and Function Part A Multiple Choice 1. The fluid mosaic model describes membranes as having A. a set of protein channels separated by phospholipids. B. a bilayer of phospholipids in
More informationThe Lipid Bilayer Is a Two-Dimensional Fluid
The Lipid Bilayer Is a Two-Dimensional Fluid The aqueous environment inside and outside a cell prevents membrane lipids from escaping from bilayer, but nothing stops these molecules from moving about and
More informationCells and Their Housekeeping Functions Cell Membrane & Membrane Potential
Cells and Their Housekeeping Functions Cell Membrane & Membrane Potential Shu-Ping Lin, Ph.D. Institute of Biomedical Engineering E-mail: splin@dragon.nchu.edu.tw Website: http://web.nchu.edu.tw/pweb/users/splin/
More informationMembrane Transport. Extracellular Concentration of X
Use the following graph to answer questions 1 and 2. Rate of diffusion of X into the cell 1. Which of the following processes is represented by the above graph? c. Active transport 2. Molecule X is most
More informationPART I: Neurons and the Nerve Impulse
PART I: Neurons and the Nerve Impulse Identify each of the labeled structures of the neuron below. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Identify each of the labeled structures of the neuron below. A. dendrites B. nucleus
More informationAnatomy and Physiology Placement Exam 2 Practice with Answers at End!
Anatomy and Physiology Placement Exam 2 Practice with Answers at End! General Chemical Principles 1. bonds are characterized by the sharing of electrons between the participating atoms. a. hydrogen b.
More informationHomeostasis and Transport Module A Anchor 4
Homeostasis and Transport Module A Anchor 4 Key Concepts: - Buffers play an important role in maintaining homeostasis in organisms. - To maintain homeostasis, unicellular organisms grow, respond to the
More informationMammalian Physiology. Cellular Membranes Membrane Transport UNLV. PHYSIOLOGY, Chapter 1 Berne, Levy, Koeppen, Stanton UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA LAS VEGAS
Mammalian Physiology Cellular Membranes Membrane Transport UNLV 1 UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA LAS VEGAS PHYSIOLOGY, Chapter 1 Berne, Levy, Koeppen, Stanton Objectives Describe the structure of the cell membrane
More informationMEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
CHAPTER 8 MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OUTLINE I. Membrane models have evolved to fit new data: science as a process II. III. IV. A membrane is a fluid mosaic of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates A.
More informationCell Transport and Plasma Membrane Structure
Cell Transport and Plasma Membrane Structure POGIL Guided Inquiry Learning Targets Explain the importance of the plasma membrane. Compare and contrast different types of passive transport. Explain how
More informationTransmembrane proteins span the bilayer. α-helix transmembrane domain. Multiple transmembrane helices in one polypeptide
Transmembrane proteins span the bilayer α-helix transmembrane domain Hydrophobic R groups of a.a. interact with fatty acid chains Multiple transmembrane helices in one polypeptide Polar a.a. Hydrophilic
More informationDate: Student Name: Teacher Name: Jared George. Score: 1) A cell with 1% solute concentration is placed in a beaker with a 5% solute concentration.
Biology Keystone (PA Core) Quiz Homeostasis and Transport - (BIO.A.4.1.1 ) Plasma Membrane, (BIO.A.4.1.2 ) Transport Mechanisms, (BIO.A.4.1.3 ) Transport Facilitation Student Name: Teacher Name: Jared
More informationCELL MEMBRANE & CELL TRANSPORT (PASSIVE and ACTIVE) Webquest
Name: Period: CELL MEMBRANE & CELL TRANSPORT (PASSIVE and ACTIVE) Webquest PART I: CELL MEMBRANES WEBSITE #1: http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=ap1101 1. What is the BASIC UNIT of LIFE?
More informationIons cannot cross membranes. Ions move through pores
Ions cannot cross membranes Membranes are lipid bilayers Nonpolar tails Polar head Fig 3-1 Because of the charged nature of ions, they cannot cross a lipid bilayer. The ion and its cloud of polarized water
More informationBIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES: FUNCTIONS, STRUCTURES & TRANSPORT
BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES: FUNCTIONS, STRUCTURES & TRANSPORT UNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY BMLS II / B Pharm II / BDS II VJ Temple
More informationIB104 - Lecture 9 - Membranes
There have been many magnificent boats built to try to reach 50 knots. This was the creation of an Australian team that held the record for more than a decade, from 1993 till 2005, at 46.5 knots with their
More informationMembrane Structure, Transport, and Cell Junctions
Membrane Structure, Transport, and Cell Junctions 5 A model for the structure of aquaporin. This protein, found in the plasma membrane of many cell types, such as red blood cells and plant cells, forms
More informationCell Membrane Structure (and How to Get Through One)
Cell Membrane Structure (and How to Get Through One) A cell s membrane is a wall of sorts that defines the boundaries of a cell. The membrane provides protection and structure for the cell and acts as
More informationCell membranes and transport. Learning Objective:
Cell membranes and transport Content Fluid mosaic model of membrane structure Movement of substances into and out of cells Learning Objective: a. Describe and explain the fluid mosaic model of membrane
More informationHuman Anatomy & Physiology I with Dr. Hubley. Practice Exam 1
Human Anatomy & Physiology I with Dr. Hubley Practice Exam 1 1. Which definition is the best definition of the term gross anatomy? a. The study of cells. b. The study of tissues. c. The study of structures
More informationTodays Outline. Metabolism. Why do cells need energy? How do cells acquire energy? Metabolism. Concepts & Processes. The cells capacity to:
and Work Metabolic Pathways Enzymes Features Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity Membrane Transport Diffusion Osmosis Passive Transport Active Transport Bulk Transport Todays Outline -Releasing Pathways
More informationKeystone Review Practice Test Module A Cells and Cell Processes. 1. Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Keystone Review Practice Test Module A Cells and Cell Processes 1. Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. Ability to store hereditary information b. Use of organelles to control
More informationCell Structure and Function
Bio 100 - Cells 1 Cell Structure and Function Tenets of Cell Theory 1. All living things are made up of one or more cells 2. Cells are the basic living units within organisms, and the chemical reactions
More informationChapter 36: Resource Acquisition & Transport in Vascular Plants
Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition & Transport in Vascular Plants 1. Overview of Transport in Plants 2. Transport of Water & Minerals 3. Transport of Sugars 1. Overview of Transport in Plants H 2 O CO 2
More informationBiological Membranes. Impermeable lipid bilayer membrane. Protein Channels and Pores
Biological Membranes Impermeable lipid bilayer membrane Protein Channels and Pores 1 Biological Membranes Are Barriers for Ions and Large Polar Molecules The Cell. A Molecular Approach. G.M. Cooper, R.E.
More informationChapter 3. Cellular Structure and Function Worksheets. 39 www.ck12.org
Chapter 3 Cellular Structure and Function Worksheets (Opening image copyright by Sebastian Kaulitzki, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.) Lesson 3.1: Introduction to Cells Lesson 3.2: Cell
More informationAmong a cell s most important activities are its interactions
6 Membranes Concept Outline 6.1 Biological membranes are fluid layers of lipid. The Phospholipid Bilayer. Cells are encased by membranes composed of a bilayer of phospholipid. The Lipid Bilayer Is Fluid.
More informationTotal body water ~(60% of body mass): Intracellular fluid ~2/3 or ~65% Extracellular fluid ~1/3 or ~35% fluid. Interstitial.
http://www.bristol.ac.uk/phys-pharm/teaching/staffteaching/sergeykasparov.htmlpharm/teaching/staffteaching/sergeykasparov.html Physiology of the Cell Membrane Membrane proteins and their roles (channels,
More informationConnexions module: m46021 1. The Cell Membrane. OpenStax College. Abstract. By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Connexions module: m46021 1 The Cell Membrane OpenStax College This work is produced by The Connexions Project and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,
More informationCells & Cell Organelles
Cells & Cell Organelles The Building Blocks of Life H Biology Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote - no organelles Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells plant cells Cell size comparison Animal cell
More informationAbsorption of Drugs. Transport of a drug from the GI tract
Absorption of Drugs Absorption is the transfer of a drug from its site of administration to the bloodstream. The rate and efficiency of absorption depend on the route of administration. For IV delivery,
More informationTransport in Plants Notes AP Biology Mrs. Laux 3 levels of transport occur in plants: 1. Uptake of water and solutes by individual cells
3 levels of transport occur in plants: 1. Uptake of water and solutes by individual cells -for photosynthesis and respiration -ex: absorption of H 2 O /minerals by root hairs 2. Short distance cell-to-cell
More informationPlasma Membrane hydrophilic polar heads
The Parts of the Cell 3 main parts in ALL cells: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material this is about the parts of a generic eukaryotic cell Plasma Membrane -is a fluid mosaic model membrane is fluid
More informationCellular Structure and Function
Chapter Test A CHAPTER 7 Cellular Structure and Function Part A: Multiple Choice In the space at the left, write the letter of the term or phrase that best answers each question. 1. Which defines a cell?
More informationCarbohydrates, proteins and lipids
Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids Chapter 3 MACROMOLECULES Macromolecules: polymers with molecular weights >1,000 Functional groups THE FOUR MACROMOLECULES IN LIFE Molecules in living organisms: proteins,
More informationBIOL 305L Laboratory Two
Please print Full name clearly: Introduction BIOL 305L Laboratory Two Osmosis, because it is different in plants! Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into
More informationDiffusion, Osmosis, and Membrane Transport
Diffusion, Osmosis, and Membrane Transport Introduction... 2 Diffusion and osmosis as related to cellular processes... 2 The hotter the medium, the faster the molecules diffuse... 2 TASK 1: TEMPERATURE
More informationMultiple Choice Questions
Chapter 5 THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following can be made into crystal? (a) A Bacterium (b) An Amoeba (c) A Virus (d) A Sperm 2. A cell will swell up if (a)
More information(Woods) Chem-131 Lec-19 09-4 Lipids 1. Lipids:
(Woods) Chem-131 Lec-19 09-4 Lipids 1 Lipids Classifying Lipids Triacylglycerols (triglycerides): a storage form of energy not required for immediate use. Phospholipids, p sphingolipids, p and cholesterol
More informationElectron Transport Generates a Proton Gradient Across the Membrane
Electron Transport Generates a Proton Gradient Across the Membrane Each of respiratory enzyme complexes couples the energy released by electron transfer across it to an uptake of protons from water in
More informationPRESTWICK ACADEMY NATIONAL 5 BIOLOGY CELL BIOLOGY SUMMARY
Name PRESTWICK ACADEMY NATIONAL 5 BIOLOGY CELL BIOLOGY SUMMARY Cell Structure Identify animal, plant, fungal and bacterial cell ultrastructure and know the structures functions. Plant cell Animal cell
More informationBiology I. Chapter 7
Biology I Chapter 7 Interest Grabber NOTEBOOK #1 Are All Cells Alike? All living things are made up of cells. Some organisms are composed of only one cell. Other organisms are made up of many cells. 1.
More informationCell and Membrane Practice. A. chromosome B. gene C. mitochondrion D. vacuole
Name: ate: 1. Which structure is outside the nucleus of a cell and contains N?. chromosome. gene. mitochondrion. vacuole 2. potato core was placed in a beaker of water as shown in the figure below. Which
More informationLesson Aim To explain the human body at a microscopic level, including the structure and function of cells, tissues and membranes.
LESSON 1. CELLS & TISSUES Lesson Aim To explain the human body at a microscopic level, including the structure and function of cells, tissues and membranes. THE CELL All living matter is composed of functional
More informationReview of the Cell and Its Organelles
Biology Learning Centre Review of the Cell and Its Organelles Tips for most effective learning of this material: Memorize the names and structures over several days. This will help you retain what you
More information2007 7.013 Problem Set 1 KEY
2007 7.013 Problem Set 1 KEY Due before 5 PM on FRIDAY, February 16, 2007. Turn answers in to the box outside of 68-120. PLEASE WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON THIS PRINTOUT. 1. Where in a eukaryotic cell do you
More informationChapter 2: Cell Structure and Function pg. 70-107
UNIT 1: Biochemistry Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Function pg. 70-107 Organelles are internal structures that carry out specialized functions, interacting and complementing each other. Animal and plant
More information1. When applying the process of science, which of these is tested? a. an observation b. a result c. a hypothesis d. a question e.
BCOR 11 Exam 1, 2004 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. When applying the process of science, which of these is tested? a. an observation
More informationMicroscopes. Eukaryotes Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having: DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
CH 6 The Cell Microscopy Scientists use microscopes to visualize cells too small to see with the naked eye. In a light microscope (LM), visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass
More informationStudent name ID # 2. (4 pts) What is the terminal electron acceptor in respiration? In photosynthesis? O2, NADP+
1. Membrane transport. A. (4 pts) What ion couples primary and secondary active transport in animal cells? What ion serves the same function in plant cells? Na+, H+ 2. (4 pts) What is the terminal electron
More informationChapter 4: A Tour of the Cell. 1. Cell Basics. Limits to Cell Size. 1. Cell Basics. 2. Prokaryotic Cells. 3. Eukaryotic Cells
Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell 1. Cell Basics 2. Prokaryotic Cells 3. Eukaryotic Cells 1. Cell Basics Limits to Cell Size There are 2 main reasons why cells are so small: If cells get too large: 1) there
More informationLab 4: Osmosis and Diffusion
Lab 4: Osmosis and Diffusion The plasma membrane enclosing every cell is the boundary that separates the cell from its external environment. It is not an impermeable barrier, but like all biological membranes,
More informationCarbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
Concept 1 - Thinking Practice 1. If the following molecules were to undergo a dehydration synthesis reaction, what molecules would result? Circle the parts of each amino acid that will interact and draw
More informationLipids. Classifying Lipids
(Woods) Chem-131 Lec-19 09-4 Lipids 1 Lipids Triacylglycerols (triglycerides): a storage form of energy not required for immediate use. Phospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol (together with proteins)
More informationBACKGROUND (continued)
BACKGROUND (continued) A cell must exchange materials with its surroundings, a process controlled by the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are selectively permeable, regulating the cell s molecular traffic:
More informationLecture 8. Protein Trafficking/Targeting. Protein targeting is necessary for proteins that are destined to work outside the cytoplasm.
Protein Trafficking/Targeting (8.1) Lecture 8 Protein Trafficking/Targeting Protein targeting is necessary for proteins that are destined to work outside the cytoplasm. Protein targeting is more complex
More informationChapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Name Period Concept 5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers 1. The large molecules of all living things fall into just four main classes. Name them. 2. Circle the three classes that are called
More informationTHE HISTORY OF CELL BIOLOGY
SECTION 4-1 REVIEW THE HISTORY OF CELL BIOLOGY Define the following terms. 1. cell 2. cell theory Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. One early piece of evidence supporting the cell theory was the
More informationCell Unit Practice Test #1
ell Unit Practice Test #1 Name: ate: 1. Which organelle is primarily concerned with the conversion of potential energy of organic compounds into suitable form for immediate use by the cell?. mitochondria.
More informationCell Transport across the cell membrane. Kathy Jardine and Brian Evans. July 17, 2014
Cell Transport across the cell membrane Kathy Jardine and Brian Evans July 17, 2014 INFORMATION ABOUT THE LESSON Grade Level and Subject Area 10 (9-11): Biology Time Frame 4-45 min class periods Objectives:
More informationRAD 223. Radiography physiology. Lecture Notes. First lecture: Cell and Tissue
RAD 223 Radiography physiology Lecture Notes First lecture: Cell and Tissue Physiology: the word physiology derived from a Greek word for study of nature. It is the study of how the body and its part work
More informationLecture 4 Cell Membranes & Organelles
Lecture 4 Cell Membranes & Organelles Structure of Animal Cells The Phospholipid Structure Phospholipid structure Encases all living cells Its basic structure is represented by the fluidmosaic model Phospholipid
More informationDeveloping a CLIL Learning Unit. Claudia Terzi Liceo Torricelli Faenza claudia.terzi@alice.it
Developing a CLIL Learning Unit Claudia Terzi Liceo Torricelli Faenza claudia.terzi@alice.it CLIL: Content and Language Integrated Learning Content first: curricular content leads language learning A subject
More informationWater movement in the xylem Water moves from roots to leaves through the xylem. But how? Hypotheses: 1. Capillary action - water will move upward in
Transport in Plants Two Transport Processes Occur in Plants 1. Carbohydrates carried from leaves (or storage organs) to where they are needed (from sources to sinks) 2. Water transported from roots to
More informationInvestigating cells. Cells are the basic units of living things (this means that all living things are made up of one or more cells).
SG Biology Summary notes Investigating cells Sub-topic a: Investigating living cells Cells are the basic units of living things (this means that all living things are made up of one or more cells). Cells
More informationQuick Hit Activity Using UIL Science Contests For Formative and Summative Assessments of Pre-AP and AP Biology Students
Quick Hit Activity Using UIL Science Contests For Formative and Summative Assessments of Pre-AP and AP Biology Students Activity Title: Quick Hit Goal of Activity: To perform formative and summative assessments
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY, CELL BIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS Vol. II - Cell Morphology and Organization - Michelle Gehringer
CELL MORPHOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa Keywords: Cell structure, cell membrane. endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, lysosomes,
More informationOrdered Structures of Lipids - Bilayers form spontaneously over large areas
Membranes What are the purposes of membranes? Physical barriers/compartmentalization Gatekeepers exclusion of toxic molecules Energy and signal transduction Aid in cell locomotion Cell-cell interactions
More informationFig. 1. Background. Name: Class: Date:
Background Bubbles make a great stand in for cell membranes. They re fluid, flexible, and can self-repair. Bubbles and cell membranes are alike because their parts are so similar. If you could zoom down
More informationEukaryotes. www.njctl.org PSI Biology Eukaryotes & Gene Expression
Eukaryotes The Eukaryotic Cell Classwork 1. Identify two characteristics that are shared by all cells. 2. Suppose you are investigating a cell that contains a nucleus. Would you categorize this cell as
More informationActions of Hormones on Target Cells Page 1. Actions of Hormones on Target Cells Page 2. Goals/ What You Need to Know Goals What You Need to Know
Actions of Hormones on Target Cells Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) Page 1. Actions of Hormones on Target Cells Hormones
More informationHow are substances transported within cells and across cell membranes?
EXERCISE 5 Name How are substances transported within cells and across cell membranes? Objectives After completing this exercise, you should be able to: Describe the kinetic theory of matter and explain
More informationApril 18, 2008 Dr. Alan H. Stephenson Pharmacological and Physiological Science
Renal Mechanisms for Regulating Urine Concentration April 18, 2008 Dr. Alan H. Stephenson Pharmacological and Physiological Science Amount Filtered Reabsorption is selective Examples of substances that
More informationCell Structure and Function
CHAPTER 3 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Vocabulary Practice cell theory vacuole concentration gradient cytoplasm lysosome osmosis organelle centriole isotonic prokaryotic cell cell wall hypertonic eukaryotic
More informationCell Membranes Part 1: Review of Membrane Structure and Changes with Aging By Dan Carter, ND
Introduction Does cell membrane physiology degrade over time? Can the physiologic function of cell membranes be improved? If cell membrane functionality can be improved, is there clinical benefit to patients?
More informationCarbon-organic Compounds
Elements in Cells The living substance of cells is made up of cytoplasm and the structures within it. About 96% of cytoplasm and its included structures are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
More informationIon Channels. Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com)
Ion Channels Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) ** There are a number of ion channels introducted in this topic which you
More informationQuestions on The Nervous System and Gas Exchange
Name: Questions on The Nervous System and Gas Exchange Directions: The following questions are taken from previous IB Final Papers on Topics 6.4 (Gas Exchange) and 6.5 (Nerves, hormones and homeostasis).
More informationHormones & Chemical Signaling
Hormones & Chemical Signaling Part 2 modulation of signal pathways and hormone classification & function How are these pathways controlled? Receptors are proteins! Subject to Specificity of binding Competition
More information