Earth s Many Cycles. Chapter 18. Great Idea: All matter above and beneath Earth s surface moves in cycles.

Transcription

1 Earth s Many Cycles Chapter 18 Great Idea: All matter above and beneath Earth s surface moves in cycles. 1

2 Chapter Outline Cycles Small and Large The Hydrologic Cycle The Atmospheric Cycle The Rock Cycle 2

3 Cycles Small and Large 3

4 Recycling Where did the aluminum can go? Atoms last virtually forever Different forms Lava flow bonded to oxygen Solid rock Soil Aluminum metal Recycling saves energy 4

5 The Nature of Earth s Cycle Earth materials move in cycles A change in one cycle affects the others Atoms constantly moving and recycling Reservoirs Hydrologic cycle Atmospheric cycle Rock cycle Heat Hot cold Sources Sun Geothermal processes 5

6 iclicker Question What are the Earth s two primary sources of heat energy? A solar energy and friction B the Sun and geothermal processes C atmospheric friction and forest fires 6

7 iclicker Question Many of Earth s cycles are driven by: A Earth s rotation B tilt of the Earth s axis C the tendency of heat to spread out 7

8 The Hydrologic Cycle 8

9 Reservoirs of Water Amount of water on earth is fixed Major repositories Ice caps Glaciers Unseen reservoirs Groundwater aquifers 9

10 Movements of Water Between Reservoirs Hydrologic cycle Short-term transfer of water between ocean and land 10

11 The path of groundwater 11

12 Ocean Currents Redistribute heat across planet 12

13 Chemical Cycles in the Oceans Chemicals in constant motion Saltiness Constant over several hundred million years Primarily determined by Na + and Cl - ions Residence time Chemical cycle 13

14 Ice Ages Ice Age Water locked in glaciers Glaciers advance from poles Current ice age Interglacial period Earth s total water is fixed Ice caps, glaciers grow Sea level drops 14

15 Milankovitch Cycles Milankovitch Serbian civil engineer Relationship between earth and sun are affected by variations in earth s rotation and orbit Precession Change in angle of axis of rotation 15

16 iclicker Question The combination of processes by which water moves from repository to repository above, below, and on the Earth s surface is called the: A aqueous cycle B drought/drench ratio C hydrologic cycle D repository balance 16

17 iclicker Question What percent of the Earth s water is readily available for human use? A less than 1 B 5 C 67 D more than 98 17

18 iclicker Question What percent of the Earth s fresh water is stored as groundwater? A less than 1 B 5 C 67 D more than 98 18

19 iclicker Question The ocean is getting saltier. A True B False 19

20 iclicker Question What process removes atoms from the ocean? A photosynthesis B digestion by fishes and animals C chemical reactions 20

21 iclicker Question During an ice age, sea levels: A drop B rise C remain constant 21

22 The Atmospheric Cycle 22

23 Atmosphere Composition Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Argon, Water Vapor, CO 2, Methane, other Atmospheric Pressure pressure exerted by atmosphere Warming Sun - solar constant is not really constant greenhouse effect warming due to the transparency of a substance to radiation at visible wavelengths and opacity to infrared radiation 23

24 The Greenhouse Effect Solar energy is the energy source for the atmosphere In the greenhouse effect, some of this energy is trapped by infrared absorbing gases in the atmosphere, raising the Earth s surface temperature above what it would be if there was no 24 greenhouse effect

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28 Industrial chemicals released into the atmosphere have damaged the ozone layer in the stratosphere 28

29 The Earth s atmosphere has changed substantially over time The Earth s atmosphere differs from those of the other terrestrial planets in its chemical composition, circulation pattern, and temperature profile The Earth s atmosphere changed from being mostly water vapor to being rich in carbon dioxide A strong greenhouse effect kept the Earth warm enough for water to remain liquid and to permit the evolution of life 29

30 Structure of the Atmosphere 30

31 Air Masses: Reservoirs of the Atmosphere Air mass Uniform temperature and moisture Weather State of the atmosphere Climate Long-term average of weather 31

32 Weather Five variables define state of atmosphere Temperature Ground level Air pressure Decreases with altitude Jet stream Humidity Atmospheric water content Cloudiness Concentration of water droplets Prevailing winds Consequence of atmospheric convection 32

33 The General Circulation of the Atmosphere Circulation powered by Sun Air heated and rises Cools and sinks Prevailing winds Caused by earth s rotation 33

34 Common Storms and Weather Patterns Severe weather Tropical storms Hurricanes typhoons Tornadoes Weather cycle El Nino 34

35 Climate Little change over short periods Influences on climate Large bodies of water Ocean currents Mountain ranges Earth s climate Movement of tectonic plates 35

36 Understanding Climate Long-term climate Oceans Mountains Sunlight Amount radiated back to space Prediction Global circulation models 36

37 iclicker Question The weather patterns in much of the Northern Hemisphere move, in general, from: A north to south B south to north C east to west D west to east 37

38 iclicker Question Earth s atmospheric cycle is not strongly influenced by other global cycles. A True B False 38

39 iclicker Question In what part of the atmosphere does weather occur? A hydrosphere B stratosphere C ionosphere D troposphere E all of the above 39

40 iclicker Question The greenhouse effect occurs largely because A a gas is transparent to visible light and opaque to infrared radiation. B a gas is transparent to infrared radiation and opaque to ultraviolet radiation. C ozone is transparent to ultraviolet radiation and opaque to infrared radiation. D methane is transparent to infrared radiation and opaque to visible light. E the sun emits more infrared radiation than ultraviolet radiation. 40

41 The Rock Cycle 41

42 Rock Cycle Overview 42

43 Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Solidify from hot liquid Types Extrusive Solidify at surface Intrusive Solidify below surface 43

44 Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rock From grains of weathered rock Formation Compaction Cementation Examples Sandstone Shale Limestone 44

45 Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic rock Pressure and heat Not enough heat to melt Examples Slate Schists Gneisses Quartzite 45

46 The Story of Marble Marble Metamorphic rock Process of formation Begin as limestone Subjected to heat and pressure Erosion exposes rocks 46

47 Surface Building Processes Faulting formation of a crack caused by relative movement of rock on either side of a fracture different types - normal, reverse, thrust 47

48 Mountains elevated parts of the Earth s crust that rise abruptly above the surrounding surface Causes folding, faulting, volcanic activity 48

49 Folds bends in layered bedrock Anticline /\ Syncline \/ 49

50 Volcanoes hill or mountain formed by the extrusion of lava or rock fragments from magma below Different types shield, cinder cone, composite (composite shown) 50

51 Earthquakes Defined as quaking, shaking, vibrating, or upheaval of the ground Earthquake causes elastic rebound theory Intensity measure Richter Magnitude not linear scale 51

52 iclicker Question When the Earth formed there were no rocks. A True B False 52

53 iclicker Question The first type of rock to appear on Earth was: A igneous B sedimentary C metamorphic 53

54 iclicker Question Which type of rock is made of grains of material worn off previous rocks? A igneous B sedimentary C metamorphic 54

55 iclicker Question Rocks that are buried deep within the Earth and then subjected to intense pressure and heat turn into: A igneous rocks B sedimentary rocks C metamorphic rocks 55

56 iclicker Question The Earth s cycles operate on very different time scales and therefore have little influence on each other. A True B False 56

57 iclicker Question Rocks formed from layers of fine material that have been compressed under water are called A igneous rocks B sedimentary rocks C metamorphic rocks D fault rocks E scarp rocks 57

58 iclicker Question Which of Earth s cycles is most interesting to you? A atmospheric B hydrologic C rock 58