Ch Air, Weather, and Climate. Outline
|
|
- Georgiana Moore
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Ch Air, Weather, and Climate 1 Outline The Atmosphere and Climate Convection Currents Greenhouse Effect Weather Winds Frontal Systems Cyclonic Storms Climate El Nino Climate Change Kyoto Protocol 2 Saturday, 18 June
2 The Atmosphere and Climate Weather - daily temperature and moisture conditions in a place Climate - a description of the long-term weather pattern in a particular area 3 4 Saturday, 18 June
3 Troposphere The Atmosphere and Climate Ranges in depth from 18 km over the equator to 8 km over the poles. - All weather occurs here. - Convection currents redistribute heat and moisture around the globe. - Air temperature drops rapidly with increasing altitude. Tropopause - transition boundary that limits mixing between the troposphere and upper zones 5 Stratosphere The Atmosphere and Climate From tropopause up to about 50 km - Has almost no water vapor, but 1000X more ozone than the troposphere - Ozone absorbs ultraviolet light, which warms upper part of stratosphere. - Ozone protects all life on Earth since UV radiation damages living tissues. - Ozone being depleted 6 Saturday, 18 June
4 Mesosphere The Atmosphere and Climate Middle Layer Thermosphere Begins at 80 km - Ionized gases and high temperatures Lower thermosphere has ions which are struck by high energy radiation. Aurora borealis (northern lights) 7 8 Saturday, 18 June
5 Energy and the Greenhouse Effect Of the solar energy that reaches the outer atmosphere: About one-quarter is reflected by clouds and the atmosphere. Another quarter is absorbed by carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone and a few other gases. About half reaches the earth s surface. 9 Energy Balance 10 Saturday, 18 June
6 Energy and the Greenhouse Effect Surfaces that reflect energy have a high albedo (reflectivity). Fresh clean snow 80-85% Surfaces that absorb energy have low albedo. Dark soil 3% Net average of earth 30% Absorbed energy evaporates water and runs photosynthesis. Absorbed energy released as heat. 11 Energy and the Greenhouse Effect Most solar energy reaching the Earth is near infrared (short wavelength). Energy reemitted by the earth is mainly far infrared radiation (long wavelength, heat) - Longer wavelengths are absorbed in the lower atmosphere, trapping heat close to the earth s surface. Greenhouse Effect Atmosphere transmits sunlight while trapping heat. 12 Saturday, 18 June
7 Greenhouse Effect Gases in the atmosphere, especially carbon dioxide and water vapor, are the substances that retain heat. Burning fossil fuels releases extra carbon dioxide. Deforestation destroys carbon sinks. Positive feedback loop - poles covered with ice reflect solar radiation back into space. Now that ice is melting, open water is absorbing more heat, which in turn is melting more ice, leading to more warming. 13 Convection and Atmospheric Pressure Much of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is used to evaporate water. Energy stored in water vapor as latent heat. When water vapor condenses, heat energy is released. Heat and water move from warmer areas near the equator towards cooler areas at poles. Heat redistribution prevents extreme temperature fluctuation. 14 Saturday, 18 June
8 Circulation Patterns 15 Convection Currents Releasing latent heat causes air to rise, cool, and lose more water vapor as precipitation. Warm air close to equator vs. cold air at poles also produces pressure differences that cause weather. Air near surface warms and becomes less dense than the air above it; rises above cool air creating vertical convection currents. - Low pressure - air is rising - High pressure - air is sinking Pressure differences cause winds. 16 Saturday, 18 June
9 Convection Currents 17 Weather Happens Weather - physical conditions in the atmosphere (humidity, temperature, air pressure, wind and precipitation) over short time scales Rain - Air cools as it rises, and water condenses as air cools. - Cooling occurs because pressure decreases as air rises. - Condensation nuclei (tiny particles) must also be present to have precipitation. 18 Saturday, 18 June
10 Coriolis Effect As air warms at the equator, rises, and moves northward, it sinks and rises in several intermediate bands, forming circulation cells. Surface flows do not move straight north and south, but are deflected due to Coriolis effect. The curving pattern results from the fact that the earth rotates in an eastward direction as winds move above it. Winds and currents move clockwise in Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. 19 Coriolis Effect Major zones of subsidence occur at about 30 o North and South latitude. Where dry, subsiding air falls on continents, it creates subtropical deserts. On a regional scale, the Coriolis effect produces cyclonic winds, which spiral clockwise out of an area of high pressure in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise into an area of low pressure. You can see these on weather maps. 20 Saturday, 18 June
11 Jet streams - hurricane force winds at the top of the trophosphere which follow an undulating path Jet Streams 21 Ocean Currents Warm and cold ocean currents strongly influence climate conditions on land. As surface water moves, deep water wells up to replace it. - Ocean circulation also driven by differences in water density due to temperature and saltiness of water Gyres - huge cycling currents carrying water north and south Currents can shift abruptly. 22 Saturday, 18 June
12 Seasonal Winds and Monsoons Monsoon - seasonal reversal of wind patterns caused by differential heating and cooling rates of oceans and continents Most prevalent in subtropical and tropical areas. Tilt of Earth s axis changes location where the Sun is most intense over the course of the year. Places where the Sun shines most directly have evaporation and convection currents which bring thunderstorms. Seasonal rains support tropical forests and fill great rivers such as Ganges and Amazon. 23 Summer Monsoons in India 24 Saturday, 18 June
13 Frontal Weather Cold Front - boundary formed when cooler air displaces warmer air Cold air is more dense, thus hugs ground and pushes warm air up. - Warm air cooled adiabatically (without loss or gain of energy), precipitation. Warm Front - boundary formed when warm air displaces cooler air Warm air is less dense and slides over cool air, creating a long wedge-shaped band of clouds and precipitation Saturday, 18 June
14 Cyclonic Storms When rising air is laden with water vapor, latent energy released by condensation intensifies convection currents and draws up more warm air and water vapor. Storm cell will exist as long as temperature differential exists. - Hurricanes (Atlantic) Katrina in 2005 caused greatest natural disaster in North American history. - Typhoons (Western Pacific) - Cyclones (Indian Ocean) 27 Cyclonic Storms Tornadoes - swirling funnel clouds Rotation not generated by Coriolis forces Generated by supercell frontal systems where strong dry cold fronts collide with warm humid air - Greater air temperature differences in the spring, thus more tornadoes Downbursts - disorganized supercells that cause downdrafts and straight line winds 28 Saturday, 18 June
15 Cyclonic Storms 29 Studying Climate Ice cores - collected from glaciers reveal light and dark bands caused by annual snow accumulation on glacier Gas bubbles can be analyzed for atmospheric composition. Ash and sulfur deposits correlate with volcanic eruptions. Vostok ice core gives us a record back 420,000 years. 30 Saturday, 18 June
16 Data show that: Climate Abrupt climatic change has catastrophic effect on living things as organisms are unable to adjust before conditions exceed their tolerance limits. Species may become extinct. There is a close correlation between carbon dioxide concentration and temperature of the atmosphere. 31 Climate What causes climate change? Sunspot cycles Solar magnetic cycles Cycle of shift in angle of moon alters tides and currents. Milankovitch Cycles - periodic shifts in Earth s orbit and tilt which change distribution and intensity of sunlight - Ice cores show drastic changes may have occurred over short periods of time (years to decades). Volcanic eruptions can cool planet suddenly. 32 Saturday, 18 June
17 Milankovitch Cycles 33 El Nino/Southern Oscillation Warm surface water in Pacific Ocean moves back and forth between Indonesia and South America. Most years, the pool is held in western Pacific by steady equatorial trade winds. Surface waters driven westward by trade winds are replaced by upwelling of cold, nutrient rich waters off west coast of South America. Nutrients supply food for fisheries. Every three-five years the Indonesian low collapses and the mass of warm surface water surges back east and we call this an El Nino. 34 Saturday, 18 June
18 El Nino/Southern Oscillation During an El Nino year, the northern jet stream pulls moist air from the Pacific over the U.S. - Intense storms and heavy rains from California to the Midwest - During intervening La Nina years, hot, dry weather is often present. - ENSO events are becoming stronger and more irregular due to global warming. 35 El Nino/Southern Oscillation High sea surface temperatures cause hurricanes to be more violent. Pacific Decadal Oscillation - very large pool of warm water moving back and forth across the North Pacific every 30 years. Affects fishing harvest. 36 Saturday, 18 June
19 37 Global Warming is Happening Most important environmental issue of our time In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released its fourth report. Represents a consensus by more than 90% of all scientists working on climate Gives a probability value of 90% that the warming we are now seeing is caused by humans 38 Saturday, 18 June
20 Global Warming Range of temperature increase predicted to be from 1.1 to 6.4 C (2 to 11.5 F) by 2100 depending on population growth, energy conservation, etc. Best estimate is 1.8 to 4 C (3.2 to 7.8 F) To put that in perspective, there has been a 5 degree C rise since the middle of the last ice age (about 20,000 years ago). 39 Global Warming Most people will experience more extreme weather including droughts, floods, heat waves and hurricanes. These extremes have increased significantly in the last decade. In the worst outcome, we could see millions of human deaths. Sea levels are projected to rise cm (7 to 23 in). If we do nothing, Greenland s ice will melt and raise sea levels 20 ft. 40 Saturday, 18 June
21 Global Warming If Greenland s ice melts, a great deal of land will be flooded including: Most of Florida Some of the Gulf Coast Most of Manhattan Shanghai Hong Kong Tokyo Bush administration praised the report but said it opposes mandatory cuts in greenhouse gas emissions as too costly. 41 Sources of Greenhouse Gases Carbon Dioxide - fossil-fuel burning - Atmospheric levels increasing steadily - Most important cause of warming Methane - ruminants, rice paddies - Absorbs more infrared than CO 2. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC s) - refrigerants - Declined in developed countries, but now produced in developing nations. Nitrous Oxide - burning organic material 42 Saturday, 18 June
22 Carbon Dioxide Concentrations on Mauna Loa 43 Sources of Greenhouse Gases U.S. has less than 5% of world s population but produces 28% of carbon dioxide. China, with 1.3 billion people, is second. Japan and Europe produce half as much carbon dioxide per person as the U.S. 44 Saturday, 18 June
23 45 Evidence of Climate Change is Overwhelming As best as can be determined, the world is now warmer than it has been at any point in the last two millennia, and, if current trends continue, by the end of the century it will likely be hotter than at any point in the last two million years. American Geophysical Union 46 Saturday, 18 June
24 Evidence of Climate Change is Overwhelming Ave. global temperature climbed 0.6 C (1 F) in last century. 19 of 20 warmest years in the past 150 yrs have occurred since Hottest year since temperature records were begun was 2005; 2007 is expected to surpass it. Poles are warming fastest (4 C, 7 F over past 50 years). Permafrost is melting in Alaska and Canada and houses, pipelines and trees are being toppled. 47 Evidence of Climate Change is Overwhelming Arctic Sea ice is half as thick as it was 30 years ago, and the ocean area covered by ice has decreased by 1 million sq. km. in 30 yr. Polar bears are dying. Antarctic ice shelves are disappearing. Penguins declined 50% in last 50 yrs. Glaciers are melting all over the world. Sea level has risen 6 to 8 inches in last century. 48 Saturday, 18 June
25 Evidence of Climate Change is Overwhelming Oceans have been absorbing some of the extra CO 2 but that is acidifying the ocean and damaging coral. Growing seasons are lengthening in Northern hemisphere. Some animals are breeding earlier or extending their range. Others are disappearing. Droughts are more frequent and widespread and storms more severe. 49 Global Warming will be Expensive At present, reducing greenhouse gas emissions would cost 1% of world GDP according to Stern report. (IPCC report says less than that.) If we delay, it could cost as much as 20% of world GDP. Energy production will need to be 80% decarbonized by 2050 to stabilize climate. Ethical issue Poor will suffer the most; at least 200 million people will become refugees of flood and drought. 50 Saturday, 18 June
26 Steps For Combating Climate Change Emissions trading markets already exist Technology sharing Reducing deforestation Helping poorer countries adapt to climate change Tropical areas will not change as much as middle and high latitudes. If both Greenland and Antarctica melt, 1/3 of Earth s population will be displaced. - South Pacific island nation of Tuvalu already abandoned due to climate change 51 Combating Climate Change Insurance companies have $2 trillion in insured properties along U.S. coastlines at risk from flooding or severe storms. Infectious diseases will increase as insects that spread them are able to move to places where they could not live before. West Nile, malaria, and dengue fever have appeared in North America. Melting of permafrost may release stores of methane hydrate. Uncertainty about whether that would increase warming or cooling. 52 Saturday, 18 June
27 Predicted Warming for International Climate Negotiations Kyoto Protocol (1997) 160 nations agreed to roll back carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions about 5% below 1990 levels by Sets different limits for different countries, depending on prior output Developing countries exempted 126 countries have ratified the Protocol. U.S. took a leading role in the 1990s, but Bush declined to honor U.S. commitments. 54 Saturday, 18 June
28 Kyoto Protocol Bush claimed reducing carbon emissions would be too costly for the U.S. But in 2007, the CEOs of the 10 largest business conglomerates in the U.S. called for legislation to reduce greenhouse gases. A single national standard would be better for business than a patchwork of state and local rules. Companies engaged in international business will have to modify their products anyway to compete abroad. 55 Controlling Greenhouse Emissions Reducing carbon dioxide levels Renewable energy sources - Double average fuel economy - Switch to efficient lighting and appliances - Wind turbines - Biofuels Capture and store carbon dioxide - Planting vegetation - Injection into wells 56 Saturday, 18 June
29 Progress Made United Kingdom has rolled back its CO 2 emissions to 1990 levels and is aiming for a 60% reduction by Germany has reduced CO 2 by 10%. Denmark gets 20% of its electricity from windmills, and plans to increase that to 50%. China reduced its emissions 20% between 1997 and (At its present rate, U.S. will be 25% above 1990 emissions in 5 years. No progress.) 57 Carbon Management Capturing and storing carbon dioxide Build trees in which calcium hydroxide solution would absorb carbon dioxide Plant forests Fertilize the oceans with iron to permit phytoplankton growth, which would take up carbon dioxide Inject carbon dioxide underground or in ocean 58 Saturday, 18 June
30 Synthetic Trees that Capture Carbon Dioxide 59 Saturday, 18 June
Chapter Overview. Seasons. Earth s Seasons. Distribution of Solar Energy. Solar Energy on Earth. CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction
Chapter Overview CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction The atmosphere and the ocean are one independent system. Earth has seasons because of the tilt on its axis. There are three major wind belts in each hemisphere.
More informationName Period 4 th Six Weeks Notes 2015 Weather
Name Period 4 th Six Weeks Notes 2015 Weather Radiation Convection Currents Winds Jet Streams Energy from the Sun reaches Earth as electromagnetic waves This energy fuels all life on Earth including the
More informationFACTS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE
FACTS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE 1. What is climate change? Climate change is a long-term shift in the climate of a specific location, region or planet. The shift is measured by changes in features associated
More informationJessica Blunden, Ph.D., Scientist, ERT Inc., Climate Monitoring Branch, NOAA s National Climatic Data Center
Kathryn Sullivan, Ph.D, Acting Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and NOAA Administrator Thomas R. Karl, L.H.D., Director,, and Chair of the Subcommittee on Global Change Research Jessica
More informationHurricanes. Characteristics of a Hurricane
Hurricanes Readings: A&B Ch. 12 Topics 1. Characteristics 2. Location 3. Structure 4. Development a. Tropical Disturbance b. Tropical Depression c. Tropical Storm d. Hurricane e. Influences f. Path g.
More informationHow Do Oceans Affect Weather and Climate?
How Do Oceans Affect Weather and Climate? In Learning Set 2, you explored how water heats up more slowly than land and also cools off more slowly than land. Weather is caused by events in the atmosphere.
More informationFundamentals of Climate Change (PCC 587): Water Vapor
Fundamentals of Climate Change (PCC 587): Water Vapor DARGAN M. W. FRIERSON UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, DEPARTMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES DAY 2: 9/30/13 Water Water is a remarkable molecule Water vapor
More informationOrbital-Scale Climate Change
Orbital-Scale Climate Change Climate Needed for Ice Age Warm winter and non-frozen oceans so lots of evaporation and snowfall Cool summer so that ice does not melt Ice Age Model When ice growing ocean
More informationThe atmosphere has a number of gases, often in tiny amounts, which trap the heat given out by the Earth.
The Earth is wrapped in a blanket of air called the atmosphere, which is made up of several layers of gases. The sun is much hotter than the Earth and it gives off rays of heat (radiation) that travel
More informationGeorgia Performance Standards Framework for Natural Disasters 6 th Grade
The following instructional plan is part of a GaDOE collection of Unit Frameworks, Performance Tasks, examples of Student Work, and Teacher Commentary. Many more GaDOE approved instructional plans are
More informationCalifornia Standards Grades 9 12 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping
California Standards Grades 912 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping Earth Sciences Earth s Place in the Universe 1. Astronomy and planetary exploration reveal the solar system s structure,
More informationStorms Short Study Guide
Name: Class: Date: Storms Short Study Guide Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A(n) thunderstorm forms because of unequal heating
More informationclimate science A SHORT GUIDE TO This is a short summary of a detailed discussion of climate change science.
A SHORT GUIDE TO climate science This is a short summary of a detailed discussion of climate change science. For more information and to view the full report, visit royalsociety.org/policy/climate-change
More informationClimate Change Mini-Simulation: Background Guide
Climate Change Mini-Simulation: Background Guide United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to creating
More informationThe Oceans Role in Climate
The Oceans Role in Climate Martin H. Visbeck A Numerical Portrait of the Oceans The oceans of the world cover nearly seventy percent of its surface. The largest is the Pacific, which contains fifty percent
More information6 th Grade Science Assessment: Weather & Water Select the best answer on the answer sheet. Please do not make any marks on this test.
Select the be answer on the answer sheet. Please do not make any marks on this te. 1. Weather is be defined as the A. changes that occur in cloud formations from day to day. B. amount of rain or snow that
More informationClimate Change on the Prairie:
Climate Change on the Prairie: A Basic Guide to Climate Change in the High Plains Region - UPDATE Global Climate Change Why does the climate change? The Earth s climate has changed throughout history and
More informationSeasonal & Daily Temperatures. Seasons & Sun's Distance. Solstice & Equinox. Seasons & Solar Intensity
Seasonal & Daily Temperatures Seasons & Sun's Distance The role of Earth's tilt, revolution, & rotation in causing spatial, seasonal, & daily temperature variations Please read Chapter 3 in Ahrens Figure
More informationClimate Control and Ozone Depletion. Chapter 19
Climate Control and Ozone Depletion Chapter 19 Global Warming and Global Cooling Are Not New Over the past 4.5 billion years the climate has been altered by Volcanic emissions Changes in solar input Movement
More informationChapter 3: Climate and Climate Change Answers
Chapter 3: Climate and Climate Change Answers Section A: Climate 1. (a) Explain what each of the following means: (4 x 1 mark) (i) climate the average weather of an area over a 25 30 year period (ii) maritime
More informationGeography affects climate.
KEY CONCEPT Climate is a long-term weather pattern. BEFORE, you learned The Sun s energy heats Earth s surface unevenly The atmosphere s temperature changes with altitude Oceans affect wind flow NOW, you
More information2. The map below shows high-pressure and low-pressure weather systems in the United States.
1. Which weather instrument has most improved the accuracy of weather forecasts over the past 40 years? 1) thermometer 3) weather satellite 2) sling psychrometer 4) weather balloon 6. Wind velocity is
More informationThe Balance of Power in the Earth-Sun System
NASA Facts National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov The Balance of Power in the Earth-Sun System The Sun is the major source of energy for Earth s oceans, atmosphere, land, and biosphere.
More informationThe Atmosphere and Winds
Oceanography 10, T. James Noyes, El Camino College 8A-1 The Atmosphere and Winds We need to learn about the atmosphere, because the ocean and atmosphere are tightly interconnected with one another: you
More informationThe Earth System. The geosphere is the solid Earth that includes the continental and oceanic crust as well as the various layers of Earth s interior.
The Earth System The atmosphere is the gaseous envelope that surrounds Earth. It consists of a mixture of gases composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. The atmosphere and
More information8.5 Comparing Canadian Climates (Lab)
These 3 climate graphs and tables of data show average temperatures and precipitation for each month in Victoria, Winnipeg and Whitehorse: Figure 1.1 Month J F M A M J J A S O N D Year Precipitation 139
More informationEarth Sciences -- Grades 9, 10, 11, and 12. California State Science Content Standards. Mobile Climate Science Labs
Earth Sciences -- Grades 9, 10, 11, and 12 California State Science Content Standards Covered in: Hands-on science labs, demonstrations, & activities. Investigation and Experimentation. Lesson Plans. Presented
More informationThe Science and Ethics of Global warming. Global warming has become one of the central political and scientific issues of
The Science and Ethics of Global warming Global warming has become one of the central political and scientific issues of our time. It holds a fascination for scientists because of the tremendous complexity
More informationFor public information only; not an official document. March 2013
For public information only; not an official document March 2013 1) There is a strong scientific consensus that the global climate is changing and that human activity contributes significantly. This consensus
More informationCHAPTER 5 Lectures 10 & 11 Air Temperature and Air Temperature Cycles
CHAPTER 5 Lectures 10 & 11 Air Temperature and Air Temperature Cycles I. Air Temperature: Five important factors influence air temperature: A. Insolation B. Latitude C. Surface types D. Coastal vs. interior
More informationReview 1. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Review 1 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. When hydrogen nuclei fuse into helium nuclei a. the nuclei die. c. particles collide. b. energy
More informationClimate Lingo Bingo. Climate Discovery: Climate Future. http://.eo.ucar.edu. Teacher s Guide. National Science Content Standards Addressed:
Climate Discovery: Climate Future Climate Lingo Bingo Teacher s Guide http://.eo.ucar.edu Subject Focus: Earth Science Environmental Science Political Science and Social Studies Materials & Preparations:
More informationData Sets of Climate Science
The 5 Most Important Data Sets of Climate Science Photo: S. Rahmstorf This presentation was prepared on the occasion of the Arctic Expedition for Climate Action, July 2008. Author: Stefan Rahmstorf, Professor
More informationWEATHER AND CLIMATE practice test
WEATHER AND CLIMATE practice test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What role does runoff play in the water cycle? a. It is the process in
More informationGEOLOGY 10 Extended Notes #6 The Atmosphere (LT Chapter 11)
GEOLOGY 10 Extended Notes #6 The Atmosphere (LT Chapter 11) Weather vs. climate? Composition of Air Major Gases Mostly N and O (Fig. 11.2 on p. 283). Additives Water vapor the source of clouds and precipitation
More informationATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE. The vertical distribution of temperature, pressure,
ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE. The vertical distribution of temperature, pressure, density, and composition of the atmosphere constitutes atmospheric structure. These quantities also vary with season and location
More informationSolar Flux and Flux Density. Lecture 3: Global Energy Cycle. Solar Energy Incident On the Earth. Solar Flux Density Reaching Earth
Lecture 3: Global Energy Cycle Solar Flux and Flux Density Planetary energy balance Greenhouse Effect Vertical energy balance Latitudinal energy balance Seasonal and diurnal cycles Solar Luminosity (L)
More informationSTUDY GUIDE: Earth Sun Moon
The Universe is thought to consist of trillions of galaxies. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, has billions of stars. One of those stars is our Sun. Our solar system consists of the Sun at the center, and all
More informationESCI 107/109 The Atmosphere Lesson 2 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation
ESCI 107/109 The Atmosphere Lesson 2 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation Reading: Meteorology Today, Chapters 2 and 3 EARTH-SUN GEOMETRY The Earth has an elliptical orbit around the sun The average Earth-Sun
More informationFor public information only; not an official document. November 2013
For public information only; not an official document November 2013 1) There is a strong scientific consensus that the global climate is changing and that human activity contributes significantly to this
More informationFrequently Asked Questions
From the report accepted by Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change but not approved in detail Frequently Asked Questions FAQ Citation: These Frequently Asked Questions have been
More informationClouds and the Energy Cycle
August 1999 NF-207 The Earth Science Enterprise Series These articles discuss Earth's many dynamic processes and their interactions Clouds and the Energy Cycle he study of clouds, where they occur, and
More informationGlobal Warming. Charles F. Keller
Global Warming Charles F. Keller Smokestacks at an industrial plant. Introduction Global warming is in the news. While scientists agree that temperatures are rising, they disagree as to the causes and
More informationATM S 111, Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast
ATM S 111, Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast DARGAN M. W. FRIERSON DEPARTMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES DAY 1: OCTOBER 1, 2015 Outline How exactly the Sun heats the Earth How strong? Important concept
More informationThe Earth s Atmosphere
THE SUN-EARTH SYSTEM III The Earth s Atmosphere Composition and Distribution of the Atmosphere The composition of the atmosphere and the way its gases interact with electromagnetic radiation determine
More informationEnergy Pathways in Earth s Atmosphere
BRSP - 10 Page 1 Solar radiation reaching Earth s atmosphere includes a wide spectrum of wavelengths. In addition to visible light there is radiation of higher energy and shorter wavelength called ultraviolet
More informationWhat Causes Climate? Use Target Reading Skills
Climate and Climate Change Name Date Class Climate and Climate Change Guided Reading and Study What Causes Climate? This section describes factors that determine climate, or the average weather conditions
More informationAtmospheric Dynamics of Venus and Earth. Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics UCLA 2 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Atmospheric Dynamics of Venus and Earth G. Schubert 1 and C. Covey 2 1 Department of Earth and Space Sciences Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics UCLA 2 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
More informationMCQ - ENERGY and CLIMATE
1 MCQ - ENERGY and CLIMATE 1. The volume of a given mass of water at a temperature of T 1 is V 1. The volume increases to V 2 at temperature T 2. The coefficient of volume expansion of water may be calculated
More informationChapter 6: Cloud Development and Forms
Chapter 6: Cloud Development and Forms (from The Blue Planet ) Why Clouds Form Static Stability Cloud Types Why Clouds Form? Clouds form when air rises and becomes saturated in response to adiabatic cooling.
More informationCharacteristics of the. thermosphere
Characteristics of the Atmosphere. If you were lost in the desert, you could survive for a few days without food and water. But you wouldn't last more than five minutes without the ' Objectives Describe
More informationMultiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Test 2 f14 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Carbon cycles through the Earth system. During photosynthesis, carbon is a. released from wood
More informationSection 1 The Earth System
Section 1 The Earth System Key Concept Earth is a complex system made up of many smaller systems through which matter and energy are continuously cycled. What You Will Learn Energy and matter flow through
More informationThe Polar Climate Zones
The Polar Climate Zones How cold is it in the polar climate? Polar areas are the coldest of all the major climate zones The Sun is hardly ever high enough in the sky to cause the plentiful ice to melt,
More informationObserved Cloud Cover Trends and Global Climate Change. Joel Norris Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Observed Cloud Cover Trends and Global Climate Change Joel Norris Scripps Institution of Oceanography Increasing Global Temperature from www.giss.nasa.gov Increasing Greenhouse Gases from ess.geology.ufl.edu
More informationExploring Florida: Teaching Resources for Science 1 of 6
Exploring Florida: Teaching Resources for Science 1 of 6 Tropical Cyclones This document describes tropical cyclones and the dangers they pose to coastal populations. It is intended to help teachers improve
More informationLecture 4: Pressure and Wind
Lecture 4: Pressure and Wind Pressure, Measurement, Distribution Forces Affect Wind Geostrophic Balance Winds in Upper Atmosphere Near-Surface Winds Hydrostatic Balance (why the sky isn t falling!) Thermal
More informationCARBON THROUGH THE SEASONS
DESCRIPTION In this lesson plan, students learn about the carbon cycle and understand how concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the Earth s atmosphere vary as the seasons change. Students also learn
More informationClimate changes. MED-HYCOS CRP IRD BP 5045 AGROPOLIS 34032 - Montpellier marc.morell@mpl.ird.fr. by Marc Morell
MED-HYCOS CRP IRD BP 5045 AGROPOLIS 34032 - Montpellier marc.morell@mpl.ird.fr Climate changes by Marc Morell after "A Summary for Deciders" (2000, IGCC) and "Climates of the world" (1992, Bruno Voituriez
More informationUnit 2 : Atmosphere. Sections:
Unit 2 : Atmosphere Overview The atmosphere is a critical system that helps to regulate Earth's climate and distribute heat around the globe. In this unit, discover the fundamental processes that cause
More informationChesapeake Bay Governor School for Marine and Environmental Science
Choose the best answer and write on the answer sheet provided. 1. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an effect of global warming? (a) Loss of fertile delta regions for agriculture (b) Change
More informationAnalyze Weather in Cold Regions and Mountainous Terrain
Analyze Weather in Cold Regions and Mountainous Terrain Terminal Learning Objective Action: Analyze weather of cold regions and mountainous terrain Condition: Given a training mission that involves a specified
More informationAnticyclones, depressions, hot & drought, cold & snow
AS/A2-Level Geography Anticyclones, depressions, hot & drought, cold & snow Learning Objectives: To describe and explain the weather associated with high and low pressure systems and their links to extreme
More informationClimate Change Long Term Trends and their Implications for Emergency Management August 2011
Climate Change Long Term Trends and their Implications for Emergency Management August 2011 Overview A significant amount of existing research indicates that the world s climate is changing. Emergency
More informationClimate Models: Uncertainties due to Clouds. Joel Norris Assistant Professor of Climate and Atmospheric Sciences Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Climate Models: Uncertainties due to Clouds Joel Norris Assistant Professor of Climate and Atmospheric Sciences Scripps Institution of Oceanography Global mean radiative forcing of the climate system for
More informationAnyone Else Notice That Its Been Windy Lately?
National Weather Service Aberdeen, South Dakota January 2014 Inside this issue: Has it Been Windy Lately or What? 2013 Year in Review 2013 Year in Review (cont.) 1 2 3 Has it Been Windy Lately or What?
More informationTemperature affects water in the air.
KEY CONCEPT Most clouds form as air rises and cools. BEFORE, you learned Water vapor circulates from Earth to the atmosphere Warm air is less dense than cool air and tends to rise NOW, you will learn How
More informationFact Sheet Series for Key Stages 2 & 3
Atmosphere, Climate & Environment Information Programme, Manchester Metropolitan University Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD Tel: 0161 247 1590 Fax: 0161 247 6332 E-Mail: @mmu.ac.uk Internet: http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/
More informationCHAPTER 3 Heat and energy in the atmosphere
CHAPTER 3 Heat and energy in the atmosphere In Chapter 2 we examined the nature of energy and its interactions with Earth. Here we concentrate initially on the way in which energy interacts with the atmosphere
More informationSouthern AER Atmospheric Education Resource
Southern AER Atmospheric Education Resource Vol. 9 No. 5 Spring 2003 Editor: Lauren Bell In this issue: g Climate Creations exploring mother nature s remote control for weather and Climate. g Crazy Climate
More informationClimate Change: A Local Focus on a Global Issue Newfoundland and Labrador Curriculum Links 2010-2011
Climate Change: A Local Focus on a Global Issue Newfoundland and Labrador Curriculum Links 2010-2011 HEALTH Kindergarten: Grade 1: Grade 2: Know that litter can spoil the environment. Grade 3: Grade 4:
More informationWHEREAS environmental stewardship is one of the City of Santa Monica s core
City Council Meeting October 11 2011 Santa Monica California RESOLUTION NUMBER jotp 2 1 CCS City Council Series A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF SANTA MONICA IN SUPPORT OF REDUCING GREENHOUSE
More informationFOURTH GRADE WEATHER
FOURTH GRADE WEATHER 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES WATER CYCLE OVERVIEW OF FOURTH GRADE WATER WEEK 1. PRE: Comparing different reservoirs of water. LAB: Experimenting with surface tension and capillary
More informationwarmıng impacts by degree world
warmıng impacts world by degree Based on the National Research Council report, Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia (2011) 2 1 Emissions of carbon
More informationWorksheet A Environmental Problems
Worksheet A Environmental Problems Vocabulary Can you talk about Environmental issues in English? With a partner, try to explain the terms in the diagram below. Why are the words divided into two groups
More informationChapter 3 Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Section 1: Community Ecology Section 2: Terrestrial Biomes Section 3: Aquatic Ecosystems Click on a lesson name to select. 3.1 Community Ecology Communities A biological
More informationBiomes An Overview of Ecology Biomes Freshwater Biomes
Biomes An Overview of Ecology Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments. Ecology can be divided into four increasingly comprehensive levels: Organismal
More informationCGC1D1: Interactions in the Physical Environment Factors that Affect Climate
Name: Date: Day/Period: CGC1D1: Interactions in the Physical Environment Factors that Affect Climate Chapter 12 in the Making Connections textbook deals with Climate Connections. Use pages 127-144 to fill
More informationCHAPTER 2 Energy and Earth
CHAPTER 2 Energy and Earth This chapter is concerned with the nature of energy and how it interacts with Earth. At this stage we are looking at energy in an abstract form though relate it to how it affect
More informationTHE CURIOUS CASE OF THE PLIOCENE CLIMATE. Chris Brierley, Alexey Fedorov and Zhonghui Lui
THE CURIOUS CASE OF THE PLIOCENE CLIMATE Chris Brierley, Alexey Fedorov and Zhonghui Lui Outline Introduce the warm early Pliocene Recent Discoveries in the Tropics Reconstructing the early Pliocene SSTs
More informationMyths and Realities about Wind, Water, and Sun (WWS) Versus Current Fuels Mark Z. Jacobson September 26, 2012
MythsandRealitiesaboutWind,Water,andSun(WWS)VersusCurrentFuels MarkZ.Jacobson September26,2012 Severalmythshavedevelopedaroundwind,water,andsolar(WWS)energyresources.Just afewoftheseareaddressedhere. 1)
More informationWhen people think of climate change, they usually think of the atmosphere first. They think of the kind of things they hear about in the weather
3 Climate change so far When people think of climate change, they usually think of the atmosphere first. They think of the kind of things they hear about in the weather forecast: air temperature, rainfall,
More informationMs Chairman and distinguished guests,
Ms Chairman and distinguished guests, On behalf of the Ministry of the Environment, I am honored to open this conference that brings together scientists, policymakers and civil society from the Barents
More informationThe Earth's Atmosphere. Layers of the Earth's Atmosphere
The Earth's Atmosphere The atmosphere surrounds Earth and protects us by blocking out dangerous rays from the sun. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that becomes thinner until it gradually reaches space.
More informationAP* Environmental Science: Atmosphere and Air Pollution Answer Section
AP* Environmental Science: Atmosphere and Air Pollution Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: B Stratospheric ozone, found roughly 11-16 miles above sea level keeps about 95% of the sun s harmful UV radiation
More informationClimate Change. Evidence & Causes. An overview from the Royal Society and the US National Academy of Sciences
Climate Change Evidence & Causes An overview from the Royal Society and the US National Academy of Sciences n summary Foreword CLIMATE CHANGE IS ONE OF THE DEFINING ISSUES OF OUR TIME. It is now more certain
More informationREADING COMPREHENSION I SIR ISAAC NEWTON
READING COMPREHENSION I SIR ISAAC NEWTON Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) was an English scientist who made great contributions to physics, optics, maths and astronomy. He is known for his Three Laws of Motion
More informationWater, Phase Changes, Clouds
TUESDAY: air & water & clouds Water, Phase Changes, Clouds How can freezing make something warmer? 'warm air can hold more water' why? How do clouds form? The (extraordinary) properties of Water Physical
More informationStation #1 Interpreting Infographs
Energy Resources Stations Activity Page # 1 Station #1 Interpreting Infographs 1. Identify and explain each of the energy sources (5) illustrated in the infograph. 2. What do the white and black circles
More information6.E.2.2 Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Name: Date: 1. The road shown below was suddenly broken by a natural event. 3. The convergence of two continental plates would produce Which natural event most likely caused the crack in the road? island
More informationTeachingEnglish Lesson plans. Climate change. Worksheet A - Climate change the evidence Match the questions to the answers about climate change.
Climate change Worksheet A - Climate change the evidence Match the questions to the answers about climate change. 1. What is climate change? 2. What is the greenhouse effect? 3. What is the evidence of
More informationChanging Clouds in a Changing Climate: Anthropogenic Influences
Changing Clouds in a Changing Climate: Anthropogenic Influences Joel Norris Assistant Professor of Climate and Atmospheric Sciences Scripps Institution of Oceanography Global mean radiative forcing of
More informationWe already went through a (small, benign) climate change in The Netherlands
We already went through a (small, benign) climate change in The Netherlands 15-16 October 1987, gusts till 220 km/h, great damage 2004, almost 1400 tornado s December (!!) 2001, Faxai, 879 mbar 27 December
More informationCLIMATE, WATER & LIVING PATTERNS THINGS
CLIMATE, WATER & LIVING PATTERNS NAME THE SIX MAJOR CLIMATE REGIONS DESCRIBE EACH CLIMATE REGION TELL THE FIVE FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE EXPLAIN HOW THOSE FACTORS AFFECT CLIMATE DESCRIBE HOW CLIMATES
More informationdegrees Fahrenheit. Scientists believe it's human activity that's driving the temperatures up, a process
Global Warming For 2.5 million years, the earth's climate has fluctuated, cycling from ice ages to warmer periods. But in the last century, the planet's temperature has risen unusually fast, about 1.2
More informationRELEASED. Spring 2013 North Carolina Measures of Student Learning: NC s Common Exams Earth/Environmental Science
Released Form Spring 2013 North arolina Measures of Student Learning: N s ommon Exams Earth/Environmental Science RELESE Public Schools of North arolina State oard of Education epartment of Public Instruction
More informationPartnerships Implementing Engineering Education Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester Public Schools
Partnerships Implementing Engineering Education Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester Public Schools Supported by: National Science Foundation Weather: 4.H.3 Weather and Classical Instruments Grade
More informationFOR SUBSCRIBERS ONLY! - TRIAL PASSWORD USERS MAY NOT REPRODUCE AND DISTRIBUTE PRINTABLE MATERIALS OFF THE SOLPASS WEBSITE!
FOR SUBSCRIBERS ONLY! - TRIAL PASSWORD USERS MAY NOT REPRODUCE AND DISTRIBUTE PRINTABLE MATERIALS OFF THE SOLPASS WEBSITE! 1 NAME DATE GRADE 5 SCIENCE SOL REVIEW WEATHER LABEL the 3 stages of the water
More informationThe Ice Age By: Sue Peterson
www.k5learning.com Objective sight words (pulses, intermittent, isotopes, chronicle, methane, tectonic plates, volcanism, configurations, land-locked, erratic); concepts (geological evidence and specific
More information5 th Grade Science Vocabulary Words
5 th Grade Science Vocabulary Words abiotic factor A nonliving part of an ecosystem. acceleration Change in velocity with respect to time. action The force one object applies to a second, as in Newton
More information