Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn

Transcription

1 Chapter 11 Reading Guide Developmental Psychology Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn A. Developmental Psychology: B. 3 major issues in developmental psych (name and define): a. b. c. C. Prenatal Development and the Newborn a. Zygotes: b. Embryo: c. Fetus: d. Newborns prefer their mothers voice to their fathers immediately after birth. Why? e. Teratogens: f. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: g. Rooting reflex: h. Habituation: Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development A. Maturation: B. By when do you have most of your brain cells? C. Where is brain growth most rapid from ages 3-6? D. What are the last areas of the brain to develop? E. When is the average age of people s earliest memories? - 1 -

2 - 2 - Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development A. Who is the most famous developmental psychologist? B. Cognition: C. According to Piaget, what is the driving force behind our intellectual progression? D. Schemas: E. Assimilate: F. Accommodate: a. Example Piaget s Stages of Cognitive Development A. Sensorimotor Stage: B. Age Range: C. Object permanence: D. Preoperational Stage: E. Age range: F. Conservation: G. Symbolic thinking: H. Egocentrism: I. Theory of mind: J. Concrete Operational Stage: K. Age range: - 2 -

3 - 3 - L. Formal Operational Stage: M. Age range: Vygtosky s Scaffolding Theory of Cognitive Development A. According to Vygotsky, why do children increasingly think in works and use words to solve problems by age 7? B. What is the difference between Piaget s and Vygtosky s emphasis on children s cognitive development? C. Zone of Proximal Development: Infancy and Childhood: Social Development A. Stranger Anxiety: B. Attachment: C. Summarize Harry Harlow s study of attachment on monkeys. D. Besides body contact, what else is important in forming an attachment? E. Critical period: F. Lorenz s imprinting: a. Do human children imprint? G. Describe Mary Ainsworth s types of attachment a. Secure attachment: b. Insecure attachment: H. Temperament: - 3 -

4 I. Erikson s Basic Trust: J. Explain 2 different effects on a child if they are deprived of attachment. K. Self-concept: L. What is the difference between self-concept and self-esteem? M. Parenting Styles N. Authoritarian: O. Permissive: P. Authoritative: Q. According to Baumrind, what kinds of parents do kids who have a high self-esteem tend to have? Gender Development A. Gender: B. What is the difference between sex and gender? C. Which gender tends to be more aggressive? D. Explain the power differences people perceive between genders. E. What did Carol Gilligan find about gender and social connectedness? F. Which gender prefers working with people? G. Gender roles: H. Role: I. What is the expected gender role of men vs. women in the US? - 4 -

5 a. Is that the same in other cultures? J. Gender Identity: K. Social Learning Theory: L. Gender Typing: M. Transgender: Parents, Peers, and Early Experiences A. What is the general conclusion about which is more influential on development nature or nurture? B. How much credit or blame do you think your parents deserve for the person you are today? Why? C. Adolescence: a. Physical Development b. Cognitive Development D. Physical Development (Adulthood): E. Puberty: F. What are the psychological effects on boys who mature early? G. What are the psychological effects on girls who mature early? H. What happens to your neurons in your brain during adolescence? I. What lobe of the brain matures during adolescence? J. Cognitive Development K. During early teens, what is reasoning like? - 5 -

6 - 6 - Kohlberg s Stages of Moral Development Level Focus Example A. What happens to children who learn to delay gratification? Adolescence: Social Development and Emerging Adulthood A. According to Erikson, what is the main crisis during adolescence? B. Identity: C. Social Identity: D. Why is the first year of college such a challenge to many adolescents? Erik Erikson s Psychosocial Stages of Development *Erikson s stages ALWAYS comes up on the AP Test, so make sure you understand these! Issue of Stage Age Range Description of Task Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority - 6 -

7 - 7 - Identity vs. Role Confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Self- Absorption Integrity vs. Despair A. Intimacy: B. In Western cultures, what happens to the child-parent relationship as adolescents form their identity? C. What goes hand in hand with positive parent-teen relationships? D. Emerging Adulthood: Adulthood: Physical, Cognitive, and Social Development Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. A. What are the names and age ranges of the three different types of adulthood? B. Menopause: C. What happens to strength and stamina as you age? D. Why is physical activity important for older adults? E. What happens to senses as you age? F. What happens to your immune system as you age? G. What happens to neural processing as you age? H. Describe how older people remember meaningful information as compared to younger people. I. Cross-sectional studies: J. Longitudinal studies: K. What is terminal decline of mental abilities? L. Is there really a midlife crisis for most people? M. Social Clock: N. Does living together before marriage lead to less divorce? O. Is there a such thing as empty nest syndrome for most couples when they children go off to college? - 7 -