PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTE OF VEHICLES 2(102)/2015

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1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTE OF VEHICLES 2(102)/2015 Adrian Chmielewski 1, Stanisław Radkowski 2 PROSUMER ON THE ENERGY MARKET: CASE STUDY 1. Introduction The prospect of running out of fossil fuel resources opens the way for a new perception of functioning of both Polish and European energy markets. The climate package obliges the European union member states to increasing: RES participation in the energy market (27% in view of 2030), improvement of primary fuel processing efficiency (27% in view of 2030), and reducing CO 2 emissions (in prospect of 2030 by 40% in relation to the year 1990) [1]. It should be emphasised that the climate package for 2020, assuming the 20% RES participation in the energy market (for Poland the 15% participation is obligatory), the 20% improvement in energy efficiency, as well as the 20% reduction in CO 2 emissions (in relation to the year 1990), is an incentive for development of distributed generation new technologies [2-4]. In paper [5], the chosen technologies of distributed generation have been described, both cogeneration technologies, which in combination generate electric energy or mechanical energy and heat, as well as renewable energy sources that process the existing energy: of the sun, wind, water into electric energy. In accordance with the directive [3], among the cogeneration technologies the following have been included: gas turbines in the combined cycle with heat recovery; back pressure steam turbines, steam condensing extraction turbines, gas turbines with heat recovery; combustion engines, microturbines, Stirling engines, fuel cells, steam engines as well as the Rankine organic cycle. Among the technologies of the distributed generation producing only electric energy, the following have been included: geothermal systems, photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, small and mini-hydro plants. From the point of view of a person who is interested in the energy prices and actively participates in the energy market (a prosumer) [6], the micro generation and micro cogeneration technologies are particularly important; the value of energy generated by them does not exceed 40 kw [7-21]. 2. Prosumer in the light of the Act on Renewable Energy Sources (20 February 2015) Poland as a member of the European Union, as has already been mentioned, must achieve in the prospect of 2020 the level of 15% participation of renewable energy sources (15% of the generated energy and, at the same time, energy consumed by the end users must be of the RES origin). In order to achieve this aim, Polish authorities have passed a law on renewable energy sources on 20 February 2015 [20], regulating public support (so-called: feed-in tariff) for the chosen technologies of electric energy generation. The law defines [20] the so-called obliged buyer, who has an obligation 1 M.Sc. Eng. Adrian Chmielewski, Research assistant, Institute of Vehicles, Warsaw University of Technology, a.chmielewski@mechatronika.net.pl 2 Prof. M.Sc. Eng. Stanisław Radkowski, PhD., Dean of Faculty Automotives and Heavy Machinery Design, Warsaw University of Technology 23

2 of purchasing the electric energy from the newly-built RES installations, from the energy producer generating it by means of a microinstallation (Microinstallation according to [20] is a renewable energy source installation with a total installed electric power not greater than 40 kw, connected to the power grid with the nominal voltage lower than 110 kv, or with the combined maximum achievable heat power not greater than 120 kw) with capacity of up to 3 kw at a determined fixed unit price only, which in the case of the following types of RES installations equals to, respectively [20]: Hydro energy 0.75 PLN for 1 kwh, land-based wind energy 0.75 PLN for 1 kwh, solar radiation energy 0.75 PLN for 1 kwh. Purchase prices of electric energy from renewable energy sources installations with capacity of up to 3 kw, which have been mentioned above, are binding as long as the total combined capacity of the sources launched does not exceed 300 MW, or until the prices are changed on the basis of the regulation by the body competent to proceed in economic matters [20]. The obliged buyer is committed to purchase the energy generated in the newlycreated renewable energy source with capacity over 3 kw to 10 kw only at a determined fixed unit price, which in the case of the following types of renewable energy sources installations amounts to, respectively [20]: agricultural biogas 0.70 PLN for 1 kwh; biogas obtained from resources originating from landfill sites 0.55 PLN for 1 kwh, biogas obtained from resources originating from wastewater treatment plants 0.45 PLN for 1 kwh, hydro energy 0.65 PLN for 1 kwh, land-based wind energy 0.65 PLN for 1 kwh, solar radiation energy 0.65 PLN for 1 kwh. It should be added that the purchase prices of electric energy from RES installations with capacity of over 3 kw to 10 kw, which have been mentioned above, are binding as long as the total combined capacity of the sources launched does not exceed 500 MW, or until the prices are changed on the basis of the regulation by the body competent to proceed in economic matters [20]. Settlement of the balance between the energy sold to the grid and the energy coming from it is done every 6 months on the basis of the contract on electric energy sale, and of the meter reading. The body responsible for the availability of the RES energy in the domestic power system is Operator Rozliczeń Energii Odnawialnej S.A. (the state agent - the OREO, the Renewable Energy Settlement Operator) Energy sale by the prosumer to the distribution network in the light of the RES Act of 20 February 2015 The prosumer can sell the excess of the energy generated in the micro installation to the low-voltage distribution network at the guaranteed price, depending on the micro installation type, which have been discussed in Chapter 2. The micro installations most popular among prosumers are on grid installations with photovoltaic cells. The manner of settling the balance between the prosumer and the energy distributor is particularly important, this is the so-called Net metering (Fig. 1). 24

3 Fig. 1. Diagram of the balance settlement between the prosumer and the distribution network operator, in accordance with the Net metering rules Net metering assumes settlement with the distribution network operator based on the difference between the energy purchased from the low-voltage power grid, and the excess energy produced in the micro installation. The energy transferred to the grid by the prosumer ca be described by the following equation [6]: t M Net PConsump ( t) PPV ( t) dt (1) 2 t 1 where: P Consump consumer demand for power (so-called consumer profile), P PV power produced by the micro installation. From the analysis of the relationship (1) three possible cases can be identified [6]: 1. P Consump = P PV M net =0 the meter indicates 0 (the amount of purchased energy and energy sold to the grid is the same), 2. P Consump > P PV M net >0 the meter indicates only the difference in energy consumption which the prosumer has to cover paying for the energy used from the grid (the average purchase price of energy from the grid, for the G11 tariff amounts to 0.56 PLN/kWh [22]). 3. P Consump < P PV M net <0 the meter indicates the negative value in the given reference period. The example of such a situation is effectiveness-enhancing activity, and energy saving tactics implemented by the prosumer. In such a case, the energy buyer pays the prosumer the amount of money resulting from the balance settlement. For the year 2015 it amounts to PLN/kWh [23], from 1 January 2016 [20], however, on the basis of the feed-in tariff the prosumer can receive 0.75 PLN/kWh when the installation s capacity equals to 3kW (it regards the prosumers who are among the newly-built microinstallations owners, the accumulated capacity of which will not exceed 500 MW). The remaining group will receive 100% of the average price on the competitive market from the previous quarter of the year Prediction of the micro installation profitability The prosumer, knowing the micro installation price, and its technical parameters (efficiency, capacity, durability), can choose the type of micro installation and estimate the amount of a yearly production of electric energy using, for example: information available on the European website devoted to photovoltaic matters (so-called European photovoltaic calculator) [24]. 25

4 The authors, by way of illustration, selected the micro installation (the SiMR Faculty building, the installation efficiency 18.1%, capacity - 1kW), for such input data, the information can be obtained about a yearly energy production by this micro installation - Figure 2. Fig. 2. Monthly energy output from fixed-angle PV system an exemplary location, the SiMR Faculty building, PV installation of 1 kw [24] Figure 2 shows that the highest monthly values of the electric energy generated from the PV micro installation are obtained in the summer months (the highest exposure to sunlight) Implicit conclusions for the prosumer resulting from the RES Act of 20 February 2015 The Act regards the newly-built RES installations. The guaranteed price mentioned in the Act applies to those micro installations only, which have been entirely financed from future prosumer s private resources. Feed in tariff is not combined with the 26

5 "Prosumer" programme run by the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management (Narodowy Fundusz Ochrony Środowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej). In the case when the prosumer installation exceeds the capacity of 10 kw, then the price for selling the energy to the grid will probably amount to 100% of the competitive market price from the previous quarter, which will be made public by the Energy Regulatory Office President every quarter (currently, it is announced once a year). The regulations will enter into force on 1 January The decision regarding the new purchase price will be issued by the Minister of Economy in the Regulation. By the end of 2015 the selling price of electric energy amounts to 80% of the competitive market price. Currently (I quarter of 2015) the energy price on the competitive market amounts to PLN/MWh which means that energy can be sold to the grid at PLN/MWh. It should be emphasized, that the price discussed is a gross price, and the income tax should be deducted from the revenues. The Act defines the obligation to purchase the electric energy produced from Renewable Energy Sources (1 paragraph, point 1 and 3) from the first day of energy introduction (approved by the certificate of origin, which is issued for the period of 15 years, but no longer than till 31 December 2035, defining among others, the location of the micro installation, its type, capacity, and other specific properties) to the distribution network. The settlement (the Net metering rule) between the producer (prosumer) and the obliged buyer is based on the electric energy sale contract (under Article 5 paragraph 1 and 2 point 1 of the Energy Law Act [25]. In the case of a fixed price of energy, which is sold to the grid, storing energy is not economically justified for the prosumer. The profitability of the investment in the energy storage by the prosumer will take place no sooner than when the variable prices for the energy produced in the micro installation will apply (the issue of the reversed incentive schemes). It will be necessary, in such case, to develop in Poland the energy Smart Grid aggregators [26] (managers who can, in a short period of time, influence the immediate energy consumption change at their prosumer clients). References: [1] EUCO 169/14 - conclusions October [2] Directive 2009/28/EC of the council of 23 April 2009, on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. [3] Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency, amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC. [4] Directive 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 2003/54/EC. [5] Chmielewski A., Gumiński R., Radkowski S., Szulim P.: Aspekty wsparcia i rozwoju mikrokogeneracji rozproszonej na terenie Polski (Aspects of support and development of distributed microcogeneration in Poland), Rynek Energii, 2014, nr 5 (114), pp [6] Kacejko P., Pijarski P., Gałązka K.: Prosument - przyjaciel, wróg czy tylko hobbysta? (Prosumer a friend, an enemy, or an enthusiast?), Rynek Energii, nr 5(114),

6 [7] Dąbrowski J., Hutnik E., Włóka A., Zieliński M.: Analiza wykorzystania instalacji fotowoltaicznej typu on-grid do produkcji energii elektrycznej w budynku mieszkalnym (Analysis of the use of an on grid photovoltaic system for production of electric energy in a residential building), Rynek Energii, No. 1, Vol. 110, [8] Chmielewski A., Lubikowski K., Radkowski S.: Badania temperaturowe i analiza współpracy układu mikrokogeneracyjnego z silnikiem gazowym (Temperaturefocused tests and cooperation analysis of microcogeneration system and gas engine), Rynek Energii, Nr 3 Vol. 118, pp , [In Polish] [9] Chmielewski A., Lubikowski K., Radkowski S.: Simulation of energy storage work and analysis of cooperation between micro combined heat and power (μchp) systems and energy storage, Rynek Energii, No 2, pp , [10] Chmielewski A., Gumiński R., Radkowski S., Szulim P.: Experimental research and application possibilities of microcogeneration system with Stirling engine, Journal of Power Technologies (Polish Energy Mix), [11] Allan G., Eromenko I., Gilmartin M., Kockar I., McGregor P. The economics of distributed energy generation: A literature review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2015; 42: [12] Maghanki M. M., Ghobadian B., Najafi G., Galogah R. J. Micro combined heat and power (MCHP) technologies and applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2013; 28: [13] Streimikiene D., Baležentis T. Multi criteria assessment of small scale CHP technologies in buildings. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2013; 26: [14] García Maroto I., García Maraver A., Muñoz Leiva F., Zamorano M. Consumer knowledge, information sources used and predisposition towards the adoption of wood pellets in domestic heating systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2015; 43: [15] European Smart Grids Technology Platform, European Commission Directorate General for Research, [16] Fang X., Misra S, Xue G., Yang D. Smart Grid The New and Improved Power Grid:A Survey, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 2012; 14 (4): [17] Soshinskaya M., Crijns Graus W. H. J., Guerrero J. M., Vasquez J. C. Microgrids: Experiences, barriers and success factors. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2014; 40: [18] Rigo Mariani R., Sareni B., Roboam X., Turpin C. Optimal power dispatching strategies in smart microgrids with storage. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2014; 40: [19] Markovic D. S., D. Zivkovic, Branovic I., Popovic R., Cvetkovic D. Smart power grid and cloud computing. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2013; 24: [20] The RES Act of 20 February [In Polish] [21] The Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland, item 984, Warsaw, 27 August [22] Zakład Energetyczny (Energy Operator) {accessed } 28

7 [23] Urząd Regulacji Energetyki Energy Regulatory Office - Information (nr 15/2014) on the average electrical energy selling price on the competitive market in [24] Website - {accessed } [25] The Act of 10 April 1997 The Energy Law, 12 February [26] Matusiak B.E., Pamuła A. Koncepcje modeli biznesowych z wykorzystaniem rozproszonych źródeł energii (Concepts of business models using distributed renewable energy sources). Rynek Energii, nr 1, Summary In this part of the paper, the chosen issues of the civil prosumership in Poland have been shown, in the context of the Act on the Renewable Energy Sources [20]. The selected advantages have been presented and discussed, with a prosumer with a photovoltaic installation taken as an exemplary case. The chosen objectives have been discussed, which are of substantial importance for investment in microinstallation in Poland after 1 January Also, the possibilities of selling the electric energy to the distribution network in accordance with the Net Metering rule. Key words: prosumer, energy sale, guaranteed price PROSUMENT NA RYNKU ENERGII: STUDIUM PRZYPADKU Streszczenie W niniejszej części pracy przedstawiono wybrane zagadnienia rozwoju prosumenctwa obywatelskiego na terenie Polski w kontekście ustawy o Odnawialnych źródłach energii [20]. Zaprezentowano i omówiono wybrane korzyści na przykładzie prosumenta z instalacją fotowoltaiczną. Omówiono także wybrane przesłanki, które mają istotne znaczenie przy inwestycji w mikroinstalację na terenie Polski po 1 stycznia 2016 roku. Przedstawiono również możliwości sprzedaży energii elektrycznej do sieci dystrybucyjnej według zasady Net Meteringu. Keywords: prosument, magazynowanie energii, energia 29