Desenvolvimento da Microgeração e das Microredes

Transcription

1 27 MAY 21 Campus da FEUP Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto Portugal T F www@inescporto.pt Desenvolvimento da Microgeração e das Microredes João A. Peças Lopes Unidade de Sistemas de Energia INESC Porto Power Systems Unit INESC Porto

2 New Paradigmas The vision 2

3 New Paradigmas The change of paradigm that DG introduced started at the MV level; A more ambitious change Microgeneration directly connected to the LV network is becoming a reality: Next 1 to 2 years: The change that occurred in MV networks may also happen in LV networks: Connection of small modular generation sources; Typically in the range from 5 to 1 kw; Fuel cells, renewable generation (wind turbines and PV systems), micro turbines (natural gas or bio fuels); LV networks are also becoming active; 3

4 Microgeneration technologies: Micro-wind turbines Vertical axis micro-wind turbines 4

5 Microgeneration technologies Solar PV 5

6 Microgeneration technologies: BIPV Other solutions: surfaces coating (Glasses, Roofs, etc.) with thin films. 6

7 MicroGrid: A Flexible Cell of the Electric Power System MG Hierarchical Control: PV MC MGCC, LC, MC Communication infrastructure MC LC Wind Gen LC Microturbine MC LC LC MGCC MC Storage Device LC MC Fuel Cell Microgeneration: Conservação de Changing Energia e the Energias Paradigm Renováveis of the Electric no Sector Power Doméstico System 7

8 The MicroGrid Concept Operation Modes: 1. Normal Interconnected Mode 2. Emergency Mode: Autonomous Operation (islanding) and black start Storage Batteries Flywheel Energy Storage System FESS (short term power storage with frequent charge/discharge cycles) Frequency control during autonomous operation is a demanding task: inertialess system, slow response of controllable MS, limited storage capacity! 8

9 Islanding: Results from Simulations MG Frequency and VSI Active Power Frequency (Hz) VSI Active Power (kw) Time (s) Microgeneration: Conservação de Changing Energia e the Energias Paradigm Renováveis of the Electric no Sector Power Doméstico System 9

10 Islanding: Results from Simulations Controllable Microsources Active Power Active Power (kw) 15 1 SSMT1 & SSMT2 5 SSMT3 SOFC Time (s) Microgeneration: Conservação de Changing Energia e the Energias Paradigm Renováveis of the Electric no Sector Power Doméstico System 1

11 MicroGrid Black Start Fault in the upstream MV network followed by unsuccessful MG islanding PV Microturbine MV LV Wind Gen Storage Device Fuel Cell Microgeneration: Conservação de Changing Energia e the Energias Paradigm Renováveis of the Electric no Sector Power Doméstico System 11

12 MicroGrid Black Start PV Microturbine Wind Gen Storage Device Fuel Cell Microgeneration: Conservação de Changing Energia e the Energias Paradigm Renováveis of the Electric no Sector Power Doméstico System 12

13 MicroGrid Black Start PV Microturbine MV LV Wind Gen Storage Device Fuel Cell Microgeneration: Conservação de Changing Energia e the Energias Paradigm Renováveis of the Electric no Sector Power Doméstico System 13

14 MicroGrid Black Start PV Microturbine Wind Gen Storage Device Fuel Cell Microgeneration: Conservação de Changing Energia e the Energias Paradigm Renováveis of the Electric no Sector Power Doméstico System 14

15 MicroGrid Black Start PV Microturbine Wind Gen Storage Device Fuel Cell Microgeneration: Conservação de Changing Energia e the Energias Paradigm Renováveis of the Electric no Sector Power Doméstico System 15

16 MicroGrid Black Start PV Microturbine Wind Gen Storage Device Fuel Cell Microgeneration: Conservação de Changing Energia e the Energias Paradigm Renováveis of the Electric no Sector Power Doméstico System 16

17 MicroGrid Black Start PV Microturbine Wind Gen Storage Device Fuel Cell Microgeneration: Conservação de Changing Energia e the Energias Paradigm Renováveis of the Electric no Sector Power Doméstico System 17

18 MicroGrid Black Start PV Microturbine Wind Gen Storage Device Fuel Cell Microgeneration: Conservação de Changing Energia e the Energias Paradigm Renováveis of the Electric no Sector Power Doméstico System 18

19 MicroGrid Black Start PV Microturbine Wind Gen Storage Device Fuel Cell Microgeneration: Conservação de Changing Energia e the Energias Paradigm Renováveis of the Electric no Sector Power Doméstico System 19

20 MicroGrid Black Start PV Microturbine Wind Gen Storage Device Fuel Cell Microgeneration: Conservação de Changing Energia e the Energias Paradigm Renováveis of the Electric no Sector Power Doméstico System 2

21 Results from Simulations Long Term Dynamics An Overview of the Service Restoration Procedure Frequency (Hz) Active Power (kw) Active Power (kw) MG main storage SSMT 1 6 SSMT 2 SSMT load connection WG connection PVs connection Motor load start up Time (s) Microgeneration: Conservação de Changing Energia e the Energias Paradigm Renováveis of the Electric no Sector Power Doméstico System 21

22 Evaluation of the benefits of microgeneration in the portuguese system Defining Scenarios Scenarios for Load 24h Daily diagrams for Summer/Spring and Winter/Autumn time Scenarios for Generation (considering 1%, 2% and 3% of microgeneration penetration) 24h Daily diagrams for Summer/Spring and Winter/Autumn time, considering different microgeneration technologies: Micro-Wind generation Micro-PV generation Micro-CHP generation Micro-Hydro generation Penetration level (%)= μgeneration installed capacity *1/peak load 22

23 Load Scenarios Example: Aggregated curve considering a mix of residential and commercial consumers 1 Load Percentage Hours Typical Aggregated Daily Load Diagram for Portugal (% of peak value) 23

24 Generation Scenarios Main Assumptions No DG is considered to be connected directly to the MV and HV level The LV networks connected to the MV level are all considered to be microgrids It is considered that 6% of the MV networks connected to the HV level are Urban and 4% are Rural type The inclusion of microgeneration is simulated by reducing the load at all load nodes according to the percentage of the peak load 24

25 Generation Scenarios Generation Percentages for each Scenario per Technology Network Generation Percentage per Technology Technology CHP 42,% HV Hydro 16,% PV 26,% Wind 16,% CHP RMV Hydro 4,% PV 2,% Wind 4,% CHP 7,% UMV Hydro PV 3,% Wind CHP RLV Hydro 4,% PV 2,% Wind 4,% CHP 7,% ULV Hydro PV 3,% Wind 25

26 Generation Scenarios Summer/Spring Wind PV Percentage Percentage Hours Hours CHP Hydro 1 25 Percentage Percentage Hours Hours 26

27 Generation Scenarios Winter/Autumn Wind PV 5 35 Percentage Percentage Hours Hours CHP Hydro Percentage Percentage Hours Hours 27

28 Results 1% Microgeneration Penetration 35 Energy Losses (GWh) Without µg With µg HV UMV RMV ULV RLV Total Losses vs. µg Penetration Loss Reduction (GWh) % 2% 3% µg Penetration 28

29 Results 1% Microgeneration Penetration Energy Loss Reduction (%) Energy Loss per Network Type (without µg) (GWh) Energy Loss per Network Type (with µg) (GWh) Diferential HV 5, UMV 7, RMV 4, ULV 11, RLV 7, Total 8, Loss Rate (%) 7, 6,4,6 CO 2 (ton) Considering: 37 tonco 2 /GWh (ERSE reference value).5 /kwh (average energy cost) 12,9 M avoided costs in losses 29

30 Microgeneration Installed Capacity and Total Energy Generation Energy (GWh) % 2% 1% Installed Capacity (MW) Largely dependent on the mix of microsources 3

31 Daily Load Diagram 1% Microgeneration Penetration Without ug With ug ug Winter Scenario Without ug With ug ug Summer Scenario Load (MW) Load (MW) Hours Maximum μg contribution: 337 MW μg contribution at peak load: 248 MW Hours Maximum μg contribution: 24 MW μg contribution at peak load: 86 MW Avoided energy generation : 1272 GWh (in year 25) 31

32 Conclusions - Benefits Large technical, economic and environmental benefits can be achieved by using microgeneration: Considerable amount of loss network reduction; Better voltage profiles; Reliability improvements; Increased economic performance of the distribution activity investment deferral network reinforcement costs; avoided costs in network losses. Avoided CO2 emissions Specific and fair new remuneration schemes must be identified Beneficiaries: Microgenerators, consumers, DSOs, society 32

33 Conclusions - Benefits Microgeneration and the SmartGrid concept 33

34 Conclusions - Benefits Society benefits (less tangible benefits related to energy policy): increased security of power systems, diversification of primary energy sources, reduction on energy external dependence), potential economic benefits (new economic activities, innovation). How to share these benefits? The microgenerator should recover its cost and should take a part of these benefits 34

35 Conclusions Road map for Portugal Technical standards must be revised defining new connection rules and identifying the adequate protection schemes; Adoption of fast and expedite licensing procedures Fair remuneration scheme for μg; Adjustments of the regulatory framework (new incentive schemes) Identification and adoption of adequate metering schemes (smart metering); Promote applied research activities to produce industrial prototypes for further industrialization Promote demonstration sites (public buildings, schools, ecological communities) 35