Junior Cert Physics Definitions
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1 Junior Cert Physics Definitions
2 Volume - space an object occupies Mass - amount of matter in a substance Density = mass / volume Energy - ability to do work Force - anything that causes a change in velocity Pressure = force / area
3 Lever - rigid body free to turn about a fixed point called a fulcrum Moment - turning effect of a force, = force x distance Momentum - mass x velocity Law of Lever - when a lever is balanced the sum of the moments on the L.H.S. = sum of the moments on the R.H.S. Centre of Gravity - point at which all the bodies weight appears to act Weight = mass x gravity
4 Hooke s Law extension of an elastic material is directly proportional to the applied force producing the extension Newton s law If no force acts on a body then a body in motion will continue at a constant speed in a straight line Displacement - shortest distance between two points, straight line Speed = distance / time Velocity - speed in a given direction i.e 50m/s north acceleration = change in velocity / time
5 Law of conservation of energy - energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another Friction - is a force between any two materials in contact with each other which opposes their motion Work = force x distance Pressure in a liquid depends on depth and density
6 Temperature is a measure of the hotness of a body Heat is a form of energy that moves from hotter to colder bodies Heat travels by Conduction through a solid, no movement of the substance Convection through liquids and gases, movement of particles Radiation ( can travel through vacuum ), by means of waves Latent heat - is the heat needed to change the state of a substance without changing the temperature i.e ice melting, boiling water
7 Increased pressure - increases boiling point A body will float in a liquid if it is less dense Power is the amount of work done per second
8 Potential difference - difference in charge so that current will flow Current is the flow of charge (electrons) Amp. No. electrons per second Ohm s Law - at a constant temperature Voltage = Current x resistance ( V = I x R ) ESB unit - kilowatt hour kilowatts x hours Fuse a thin piece of wire with a low melting point that breaks the circuit if the current is too high
9 Resistor controls the amount of current in a circuit Ohms The EMF of a battery the pull of the electrons in a circuit- electromotive force A body becomes positively charged if it looses electrons and negatively charged if it gains electrons. Insulator is a substance that holds charge A conductor is a material that allows charge to flow through it.
10 Direct current (D.C) the flow of charge in one direction only (battery) Alternating current (A.C) current that changes direction (mains) A diode device that allows current to flow in one direction only Light emitting diode (LED) gives out light when current flows through it
11 Light dependent resistor (LDR) a variable resistor whose resistance changes with the amount of light that falls on it. Switch device to complete / break a circuit Insulator does not allow heat / electricity to flow through them
12 Echo Reflected sound from a solid object Ultra sound sound of very high pitch, not heard by humans Refraction - bending of light as it passes from one transparent medium to another
13 Luminous body creates its own light, Sun Non-luminous body Reflects light
14 Energy forms Kinetic - any moving object Potential - due to position / condition stretched elastic / spring Sound - vibrating objects drum Radiant - light and heat sun Chemical - between the bonds of elements Nuclear - in the nucleus of an atom Internal - potential and kinetic energy of molecules Electric - object that needs to be plugged in radio / tv
15 Dispersion - breaking up of white light into seven colours ( spectrum ) Opisometer - measures short curved lines Power = I x V = I 2 x R
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