HA Introduction to Genetics Practice Exam
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1 HA Introduction to Genetics Practice Exam True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. Genetics is the branch of biology that involves the study of how different traits are transmitted from one generation to the next. 2. Mendel discovered predictable patterns in the inheritance of traits. 3. Plants in Mendel s P generation were all heterozygous. 4. Mendel based his principles on his observations of pea plants. 5. The scientific study of heredity is called genetics. 6. In Mendel s experiments with the flower color of pea plants, only the parental generation produced white flowers. 7. A dominant allele masks the effect of a recessive allele. 8. Mendel concluded that the patterns of inheritance are determined entirely by the environment. 9. The law of independent assortment was proposed by Mendel to explain his observations of inheritance patterns. 10. Genes on chromosomes are the units of inheritance. 11. The allele for a recessive trait is usually represented by a capital letter. 12. A Mendelian factor is equivalent to an allele. 13. Current scientific knowledge supports Mendel s principles. 14. Heterozygous individuals have two of the same alleles for a particular gene. 15. In heterozygous individuals, only the recessive allele achieves expression. 16. A Punnett square represents the phenotype of an organism. 17. Probability is the likelihood that a certain event will occur. 18. A probability of 1/4 is equal to a probability of 75 percent. 19. The physical appearance of an individual organism, as determined by the genes it has inherited from its parents, is called its genotype. 20. The dominant allele for tallness in pea plants is represented by the letter t. 21. Individuals must exhibit a trait in order for it to appear in their offspring. 22. In codominance, two alleles are expressed at the same time. 23. All genes have only two alleles. 24. A dihybrid cross involves two pairs of contrasting traits. 25. Crosses involving a study of one gene are called monohybrid crosses. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 26. The scientific study of heredity is called
2 a. meiosis. c. genetics. b. crossing-over. d. pollination. 27. Mendel obtained his P generation by allowing the plants to a. self-pollinate. c. assort independently. b. cross-pollinate. d. segregate. 28. What is the probability that the offspring of a homozygous dominant individual and a homozygous recessive individual will exhibit the dominant phenotype? a c b. 0.5 d True-breeding pea plants always a. are pollinated by hand. b. produce offspring with either form of a trait. c. produce offspring with only one form of a trait. d. are heterozygous. 30. The first filial (F 1 ) generation is the result of a. cross-pollination among parents and the next generation. b. crosses between individuals of the parental generation. c. crosses between the offspring of a parental cross. d. self-fertilization between parental stock. 31. F 2 : F 1 :: a. P : F 1 c. F 1 : P b. F 1 : F 2 d. dominant trait : recessive trait 32. The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called a. genetics. c. development. b. heredity. d. maturation. 33. A genetic trait that appears in every generation of offspring is called a. dominant. c. recessive. b. phenotypic. d. superior. 34. Mendel s finding that the inheritance of one trait had no effect on the inheritance of another became known as the a. law of dominance. c. law of separate convenience. b. law of universal inheritance. d. law of independent assortment. 35. To describe how traits can disappear and reappear in a certain pattern from generation to generation, Mendel proposed a. the law of independent assortment. b. the law of segregation. c. the law of genotypes. d. that the F 2 generation will only produce purple flowers. 36. The law of segregation states that a. alleles of a gene separate from each other during meiosis. b. different alleles of a gene can never be found in the same organism. c. each gene of an organism ends up in a different gamete. d. each gene is found on a different molecule of DNA. 37. When Mendel crossed pea plants with two contrasting traits, such as flower color and plant height, a. these experiments led to his law of segregation. b. he found that the inheritance of one trait did not influence the inheritance of the other trait. c. he found that the inheritance of one trait influenced the inheritance of the other trait. d. these experiments were considered failures because the importance of his work was not recognized. 38. The phenotype of an organism
3 a. represents its genetic composition. b. reflects all the traits that are actually expressed. c. occurs only in dominant pure organisms. d. cannot be seen. 39. If an individual has two recessive alleles for the same trait, the individual is said to be a. homozygous for the trait. c. heterozygous for the trait. b. haploid for the trait. d. mutated. 40. Tallness (T) is dominant to shortness (t) in pea plants. Which of the following represents a genotype of a pea plant that is heterozygous for tallness? a. T c. Tt b. TT d. tt In humans, having freckles (F) is dominant to not having freckles (f). The inheritance of these traits can be studied using a Punnett square similar to the one shown below. 41. Refer to the illustration above. The genotype represented in box 1 in the Punnett square would a. be homozygous for freckles. b. have an extra freckles chromosome. c. be heterozygous for freckles. d. have freckles chromosomes. 42. Refer to the illustration above. The genotype in box 3 of the Punnett square is a. FF. c. ff. b. Ff. d. None of the above 43. How many different phenotypes can be produced by a pair of codominant alleles? a. 1 c. 3 b. 2 d. 4
4 44. Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype represented by the cell labeled 1 is a. green, inflated. c. yellow, inflated. b. green, constricted. d. yellow, constricted. 45. Refer to the illustration above. The genotype represented by the cell labeled 2 is a. GgIi. c. GI. b. GGIi. d. Gi. In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Consider the following cross between two rabbits. 46. Refer to the illustration above. The device shown, which is used to determine the probable outcome of genetic crosses, is called a a. Mendelian box. c. Genetic graph. b. Punnett square. d. Phenotypic paradox. 47. Refer to the illustration above. Both of the parents in the cross are a. black. c. homozygous dominant. b. brown. d. homozygous recessive. 48. Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype of the offspring indicated by box 3 would be a. brown. c. a mixture of brown and black. b. black. d. The phenotype cannot be determined. 49. Refer to the illustration above. The genotypic ratio of the F 1 generation would be a. 1:1. c. 1:3. b. 3:1. d. 1:2: Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype represented by the cell labeled 1 is a. round, yellow. c. wrinkled, yellow.
5 b. round, green. d. wrinkled, green. 51. Refer to the illustration above. The genotype represented by the cell labeled 2 is a. RRYY. c. RrYy. b. RrYY. d. rryy. 52. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following cells represents the same phenotype as the cell labeled X? a. 3 c. 5 b. 4 d An organism that has inherited two of the same alleles of a gene from its parents is called a. hereditary. c. homozygous. b. heterozygous. d. a mutation. 54. The difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross is that a. monohybrid crosses involve traits for which only one allele exists, while dihybrid traits involve two alleles. b. monohybrid crosses involve self-pollination, while dihybrid crosses involve crosspollination. c. monohybrid crosses involve one gene; dihybrid crosses involve two genes. d. dihybrid crosses require two Punnett squares; monohybrid crosses need only one. 55. A cross of two individuals for a single contrasting trait is called a. monohybrid. c. dominant. b. dihybrid. d. codominant. Completion Complete each statement. 56. A reproductive process in which fertilization occurs within a single plant is. 57. The transferring of pollen between plants is called. 58. When two members of the F 1 generation are allowed to breed with each other, the offspring are referred to as the generation. 59. Mendel called the offspring of the P generation the first filial generation, or. 60. refers to the transmission of traits from parent to offspring in sexually reproducing organisms. 61. In heterozygous individuals, only the allele achieves expression. 62. A trait that is not expressed in the F 1 generation resulting from the crossbreeding of two genetically different, true-breeding organisms is called. 63. In Mendel s experiments, a trait that disappeared in the F 1 generation but reappeared in the F 2 generation was always a. 64. The statement that the members of each pair of alleles separate when gametes are formed is known as the. 65. Different forms of a particular gene are called. 66. The cellular process that results in the segregation of Mendel s factors is. 67. Mendel formulated two principles known as the laws of. 68. Different forms of a particular gene are called.
6 69. The portion of a DNA molecule containing the coded instructions that result in an individual characteristic of an organism is called a(n). 70. An organism s refers to the set of alleles it has inherited. 71. The appearance of an organism as a result of its genotype is its. 72. Refer to the illustration above. The cell of the Punnett square labeled X represents the phenotype. In pea plants, tallness (T) is dominant to shortness (t). Crosses between plants with these traits can be analyzed using a Punnett square similar to the one shown below. T T 1 2 t 3 4 t 73. Refer to the illustration above. The parents shown in the Punnett square could have offspring with a genotype ratio of. 74. Refer to the illustration above. Box 2 and box in the Punnett square represent plants that would be heterozygous for the trait for tallness. 75. Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype of the plant that would be represented in box 4 of the Punnett square would be. 76. Refer to the illustration above. The genotype of both parents shown in the Punnett square above is. 77. A situation in which two or more alleles influence a phenotype is called. 78. A trait controlled by three or more alleles is said to have. 79. A phenomenon in which a heterozygous individual has a phenotype that is intermediate between the phenotypes of its two homozygous parents is called. 80. A cross involving two pairs of contrasting traits is a(n) cross.
7 HA Introduction to Genetics Practice Exam Answer Section TRUE/FALSE 1. ANS: T 2. ANS: T 3. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: T 5. ANS: T 6. ANS: F 7. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: MULTIPLE CHOICE 26. ANS: C 27. ANS: A 28. ANS: D 29. ANS: C 30. ANS: B 31. ANS: C (is produced by) PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 9-1.3
8 38. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: COMPLETION 56. ANS: self-pollination 57. ANS: cross-pollination 58. ANS: F ANS: F 1 generation 60. ANS: Heredity 61. ANS: dominant PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: recessive PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: recessive trait PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: law of segregation PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: alleles
9 PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: meiosis PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: heredity PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: alleles PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: gene PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: genotype PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: phenotype PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: round, yellow seeds PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: 1:2:1 PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: 3 PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: short PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: Tt PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: ANS: codominance PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: multiple alleles PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: incomplete dominance PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: ANS: dihybrid PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 9-2.4
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