Lecture 3 Phases of the Moon January 2c, 2014
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1 1 Lecture 3 Phases of the Moon January 2c, 2014
2 2 Earth s Moon
3 3 Phases of the Moon The Moon orbits the Earth about once every month. The Moon appears to have different phases because we see more or less of the lighted side of the Moon depending on where it is with respect to the Sun.
4 4 First Quarter Phases of the Moon Waxing Gibbous Full Moon Waxing Crescent New Moon The green circle is the Earth, looking down on the north pole. The Sun is MUCH further away than shown here. It is drawn here to indicate the direction from which the Moon and Earth are illuminated. Waning Gibbous Last Quarter Waning Crescent The Moon is depicted in its various positions during one month, with an adjacent image depicting how it appears from Earth.
5 5 Animation 1 Animation 2 (try especially the both top and Earth view) Phases - Photos
6 6 Learning Moon Rise and Set Times The Earth s rotation determines your horizons Your horizons and the Sun determine local time Use the local time and your horizons to determine rise and set time for any phase
7 7 Rotation of the Moon We only see one side of the moon Moon rotates at the same rate as it orbits the Earth, so the period of its spin equals the period of its orbit. P spin P orbit When spin and orbital periods are correlated it is called a synchronous orbit
8 8 Rotation of the Moon
9 9 Moon -- Part of Far Side
10 10 Orbit of the Moon Lunar Month Sidereal Month = amount of time for the moon to come to same spot with respect to the celestial sphere. ( days) Solar Month = amount of time for the moon to come to same position with respect to the sun ( days) One Lunar phase cycle spans a solar month
11 11 Sidereal and Solar Month
12 12 About how much time does it take for the Moon to go from its new phase to a waxing crescent? A. 1 day B. 4 days C. 18 days D. 26 days 0% 0% 0% 0% 1 day 4 days 18 days 26 days of 5
13 13 About how much time does it take for the Moon to go from its new phase to a waxing crescent? A. 1 day B. 4 days C. 18 days D. 26 days The lunar cycle (synodic period) lasts 29.53days, and the waxing crescent phase is halfway between new and first quarter, or about 1/8 of a cycle. The time elapsed is thus th d 3.69 d 4 days
14 14 How much time does it take for the Moon to move 10 against the background of the fixed stars? A. 40 minutes B. 18 hours C. 10 days D. 1.5 months 0% 0% 0% 0% 40 minutes 18 hours 10 days 1.5 months of 5
15 15 How much time does it take for the Moon to move 10 against the background of the fixed stars? A. 40 minutes B. 18 hours C. 10 days D. 1.5 months The lunar orbit (sidereal period) spans days, so it travels 360 against the background stars during that time. The time elapsed is thus d 24 h d 18 h 360 d 10 is about the width of your palm viewed from arm's length.
16 16 Eclipses Umbra = darkest shadow of an object. Sun completely blocked in umbra Penumbra = lighter shadow Sun only partially blocked
17 17 Eclipses Solar eclipse = when the Earth passes through the shadow of the Moon Lunar eclipse = when the Moon passes through the shadow of the Earth
18 18 Total Solar Eclipse Sun completely covered by the moon observer is standing in the umbra View from the Earth
19 19 Partial Solar Eclipse Partial Eclipse: Sun is partly blocked by the Moon observer is standing in the penumbra View from the Earth
20 20 Annular Solar Eclipse Moon too far from Earth to cover Sun completely -- umbra does not reach the Earth View from the Earth
21 21 Solar Eclipse
22 22 NASA Eclipse Site Zoom into this image
23 23 Solar Eclipse -- August 11, 1999
24 24 Total Lunar Eclipse Moon passes through umbra of the Earth. Total Eclipse Umbra Sun E View from Earth Penumbra
25 25 Penumbral Eclipse Moon only passes through penumbra. Total Eclipse Umbra Sun E Penumbral Eclipse Penumbra View from Earth
26 26 Partial Lunar Eclipse Moon partially passes through umbra. Partial Eclipse Total Eclipse Umbra Sun E Penumbral Eclipse Penumbra View from Earth
27 27 Lunar Eclipse
28 28 Why are there few eclipses? Orbit of moon is tilted with respect to Earth s orbital plane by 5 Line of Nodes = position where Moon and Earth s orbital planes intersect
29 29 Line of Nodes When the moon is on the line of nodes it is crossing the Earth s orbital plane At other times moon is slightly above or below the Earth s orbital plane If moon crosses the line of nodes near a new or full phase an eclipse will occur
30 30 The Moon s Orbit and Eclipses
31 31 Phases of the Moon in-class activity
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