The Basis of Heredity Chapter 18
|
|
- Easter Hood
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1 The Basis of Heredity Chapter 18
2 Curriculum Outcomes 2
3 Key Terms 3
4 4
5 5 Questions Questions 1-3 page 596
6 6 Genes and Heredity Can you identify members of a family by physical traits? Heredity is the transmission of biological traits from parent to offspring. Genetics Study of inheritance of biological traits. Biological traits are determined by genes, which are specific segments of DNA. Humans are able to use this information to their advantage. Cows and Dogs produced Crop plants
7 Activity 7
8 8 Mendelelian Genetics
9 9 Gregor Mendel ( ) 1884) Responsible for the Laws governing Inheritance of Traits
10 10 Gregor Johann Mendel Austrian monk Studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants Developed the laws of inheritance Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century
11 11 Gregor Johann Mendel Between 1856 and 1863, Mendel cultivated and tested some 28,000 pea plants He found that the plants' offspring retained traits of the parents Called the Father of Genetics"
12 12 Site of Gregor Mendel s experimental garden in the Czech Republic
13 13 Particulate Inheritance Mendel stated that physical traits are inherited as particles Mendel did not know that the particles were actually Chromosomes & DNA
14 14 Gregor Mendel Pioneer of Genetics Mendel tracked and recorded the transmission of seven visible traits through several generations of the garden pea. To Keep track he called the first parents P and than Filial General F1 and so on. Why did he work with a garden pea? Garden peas have a number of Characteristics How it reproduces- reproduces through self pollination.
15 Seven Characteristics Studied By Mendel 15
16 16 The Principle of Dominance When Mendel used pollen from a pea plant with round seeds to fertilize a pea plant with wrinkled seeds, he found that all the offspring (progeny) in the F1 generation had round seeds. Progeny new individual that result from reproduction; offspring. Did this mean that pollen determines shape? So, he did the opposite and again all the progeny had round seeds. Round-seed shape was always the dominant trait. Mendel called the other wrinkled shaped seeds the recessive trait.
17 17 Questions Questions 1-5 page 600
18 18 Genetic Terminology Trait - any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring Heredity - passing of traits from parent to offspring Genetics - study of heredity
19 19 Types of Genetic Crosses Monohybrid cross - cross involving a single trait e.g. flower color Dihybrid cross - cross involving two traits e.g. flower color & plant height
20 20 Punnett Square Used to help solve genetics problems
21 21
22 22 Designer Genes Alleles - two forms of a gene (dominant & recessive) Dominant - stronger of two genes expressed in the hybrid; represented by a capital letter (R) Recessive - gene that shows up less often in a cross; represented by a lowercase letter (r)
23 23 More Terminology Genotype - gene combination for a trait (e.g. RR, Rr, rr) Phenotype - the physical feature resulting from a genotype (e.g. red, white) Segregation the separation of alleles during meiosis
24 24 Genotype & Phenotype in Flowers Genotype of alleles: R = red flower r = yellow flower All genes occur in pairs, so 2 alleles affect a characteristic Possible combinations are: Genotypes Phenotypes RR Rr rr RED RED YELLOW
25 25 Genotypes Homozygous genotype - gene combination involving 2 dominant or 2 recessive genes (e.g. RR or rr); also called pure Heterozygous genotype - gene combination of one dominant & one recessive allele also called hybrid (e.g. Rr);
26 Result of Peas being Crossed 26
27 Probability and Inheritance of Single Traits Phenotypic ratio the ratio of offspring with a dominant trait to the alternative recessive trait Punnett Square a chart used to determine the predicted outcome of a genetic cross. Genotypic ratio the ratio of offspring with each possible allele combination from a particular cross. P = # of ways that a given outcome can occur Total # of possible outcomes 27
28 28
29 29
30 30
31 31 Review Questions Page 475 Questions 1-4 (old text) Questions 1-3 page 604
32 32 Genes and Environment Determine Characteristics
33 33 Mendel s s Pea Plant Experiments
34 34 Why peas, Pisum sativum? Can be grown in a small area Produce lots of offspring Produce pure plants when allowed to self-pollinate several generations Can be artificially cross-pollinated
35 35 Reproduction in Flowering Plants Pollen contains sperm Produced by the stamen Ovary contains eggs Found inside the flower Pollen carries sperm to the eggs for fertilization Self-fertilization fertilization can occur in the same flower Cross-fertilization can occur between flowers
36 36 Mendel s s Experimental Methods Mendel hand-pollinated flowers using a paintbrush He could snip the stamens to prevent self-pollination He traced traits through the several generations
37 37 How Mendel Began Mendel produced pure strains by allowing the plants to self- pollinate for several generations
38 38 Eight Pea Plant Traits Seed shape --- Round (R) or Wrinkled (r) Seed Color ---- Yellow (Y) or Green (y) Pod Shape --- Smooth (S) or wrinkled (s) Pod Color --- Green (G) or Yellow (g) Seed Coat Color ---Gray (G) or White (g) Flower position Axial (A) or Terminal (a) Plant Height --- Tall (T) or Short (t) Flower color --- Purple (P) or white (p)
39 39
40 40
41 Mendel s s Experimental Results 41
42 42 Did the observed ratio match the theoretical ratio? The theoretical or expected ratio of plants producing round or wrinkled seeds is 3 round :1 wrinkled Mendel s s observed ratio was 2.96:1 The discrepancy is due to statistical error The larger the sample the more nearly the results approximate to the theoretical ratio
43 43 Generation Gap Parental P 1 Generation = the parental generation in a breeding experiment. F 1 generation = the first-generation offspring in a breeding experiment. (1st filial generation) From breeding individuals from the P 1 generation F 2 generation = the second-generation offspring in a breeding experiment. (2nd filial generation) From breeding individuals from the F 1 generation
44 44 Following the Generations Cross 2 Pure Plants TT x tt Results in all Hybrids Tt Cross 2 Hybrids get 3 Tall & 1 Short TT, Tt, tt
45 45 Monohybrid Crosses
46 46 P 1 Monohybrid Cross Trait: Seed Shape Alleles: R Round r Wrinkled Cross: Round seeds x Wrinkled seeds RR x rr r r Genotype: Rr Phenotype: Round R Rr Rr Genotypic Ratio: All alike R Rr Rr Phenotypic Ratio: All alike
47 47 P 1 Monohybrid Cross Review Homozygous dominant x Homozygous recessive Offspring all Heterozygous (hybrids) Offspring called F 1 generation Genotypic & Phenotypic ratio is ALL ALIKE
48 48 F 1 Monohybrid Cross Trait: Seed Shape Alleles: R Round r Wrinkled Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds Rr x Rr R R RR r Rr Genotype: RR, Rr, rr Phenotype: Round & wrinkled G.Ratio: 1:2:1 r Rr rr P.Ratio: 3:1
49 49 F 1 Monohybrid Cross Review Heterozygous x heterozygous Offspring: 25% Homozygous dominant RR 50% Heterozygous Rr 25% Homozygous Recessive rr Offspring called F 2 generation Genotypic ratio is 1:2:1 Phenotypic Ratio is 3:1
50 What Do the Peas Look Like? 50
51 51 And Now the Test Cross Mendel then crossed a pure & a hybrid from his F generation 2 This is known as an F 2 cross There are two possible testcrosses: or test Homozygous dominant x Hybrid Homozygous recessive x Hybrid
52 52 F 2 Monohybrid Cross (1 st ) Trait: Seed Shape Alleles: R Round r Wrinkled Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds RR x Rr R r Genotype: RR, Rr Phenotype: Round R RR Rr Genotypic Ratio: 1:1 R RR Rr Phenotypic Ratio: All alike
53 53 F 2 Monohybrid Cross (2nd) Trait: Seed Shape Alleles: R Round Cross: Wrinkled seeds x r Wrinkled rr x Rr Round seeds R r Genotype: Rr, rr r Rr rr Phenotype: Round & Wrinkled r Rr rr G. Ratio: 1:1 P.Ratio: 1:1
54 54 F 2 Monohybrid Cross Review Homozygous x heterozygous(hybrid) Offspring: 50% Homozygous RR or rr 50% Heterozygous Rr Phenotypic Ratio is 1:1 Called Test Cross because the offspring have SAME genotype as parents
55 55 Practice Your Crosses Work the P 1, F 1, and both F 2 Crosses for each of the other Seven Pea Plant Traits
56 56 Mendel s s Laws
57 57 Results of Monohybrid Crosses Inheritable factors or genes are responsible for all heritable characteristics Phenotype is based on Genotype Each trait is based on two genes, one from the mother and the other from the father True-breeding individuals are homozygous ( both alleles) are the same
58 58 Law of Dominance In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits,, only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation. All the offspring will be heterozygous and express only the dominant trait. RR x rr yields all Rr (round seeds)
59 Law of Dominance 59
60 60 Law of Segregation During the formation of gametes (eggs or sperm), the two alleles responsible for a trait separate from each other. Alleles for a trait are then "recombined" at fertilization, producing the genotype for the traits of the offspring.
61 Applying the Law of Segregation 61
62 62 Law of Independent Assortment Alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells (& offspring) independently of one another. This law can be illustrated using dihybrid crosses.
63 63 Dihybrid Cross A breeding experiment that tracks the inheritance of two traits. Mendel s Law of Independent Assortment a. Each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation b. Formula: 2 n (n = # of heterozygotes)
64 64 Question: How many gametes will be produced for the following allele arrangements? Remember: 2 n (n = # of heterozygotes) 1. RrYy 2. AaBbCCDd 3. MmNnOoPPQQRrssTtQq
65 65 Answer: 1. RrYy: 2 n = 2 2 = 4 gametes RY Ry ry ry 2. AaBbCCDd: 2 n = 2 3 = 8 gametes ABCD ABCd AbCD AbCd abcd abcd abcd abcd 3. MmNnOoPPQQRrssTtQq: 2 n = 2 6 = 64 gametes
66 66 Dihybrid Cross Traits: Seed shape & Seed color Alleles: R round r wrinkled Y yellow y green RrYy x RrYy RY Ry ry ry RY Ry ry ry All possible gamete combinations
67 67 Dihybrid Cross RY Ry ry ry RY Ry ry ry
68 68 Dihybrid Cross RY Ry ry ry RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy Round/Yellow: 9 Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy Round/green: 3 ry RrYY RrYy rryy rryy wrinkled/yellow: 3 ry RrYy Rryy rryy rryy wrinkled/green: 1 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio
69 69 Dihybrid Cross Round/Yellow: 9 Round/green: 3 wrinkled/yellow: 3 wrinkled/green: 1 9:3:3:1
70 70 Test Crosses Wool producers often prefer white wool, since black wool is brittle and difficult to dye. Black sheep can be avoided by breeding only homozygous white rams. However the allele for white wool (W) is dominant over the allele for black wool (w), so white rams can be heterozygous. How can a woo producer be sure that a white ram is homozygous? Test Cross the cross of an individual of unknown genotype to an individual that is fully recessive.
71 Test Cross 71
72 72 Test Cross A mating between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual. Example: bbc x bbcc BB = brown eyes Bb = brown eyes bb = blue eyes bc b CC = curly hair Cc = curly hair cc = straight hair bc
73 73 Test Cross Possible results: bc b C bc b c bc bbcc bbcc or bc bbcc bbcc
74 74 Summary of Mendel s s laws LAW DOMINANCE SEGREGATION PARENT CROSS TT x tt tall x short Tt x Tt tall x tall OFFSPRING 100% Tt tall 75% tall 25% short INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT RrGg x RrGg round & green x round & green 9/16 round seeds & green pods 3/16 round seeds & yellow pods 3/16 wrinkled seeds & green pods 1/16 wrinkled seeds & yellow pods
75 75 Incomplete Dominance and Codominance
76 76 Incomplete Dominance Incomplete dominance the expression of both forms of an allele in heterozygous individual in cells of an organism, producing an intermediate phenotype.
77 Incomplete Dominance 77
78 78 Incomplete Dominance F1 hybrids have an appearance somewhat in between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties. Example: snapdragons (flower) red (RR) x white (rr) r r RR = red flower rr = white flower R R
79 79 Incomplete Dominance r r R Rr Rr produces the F 1 generation R Rr Rr All Rr = pink (heterozygous pink)
80 Incomplete Dominance 80
81 81 Codominance Codominance the expression of both forms of an allele in heterozygous individual in different cells of the same organism
82 Codominance 82
83 83 Codominance Two alleles are expressed (multiple( alleles) ) in heterozygous individuals. Example: blood type 1. type A = I A I A or I A i 2. type B = I B I B or I B i 3. type AB = I A I B 4. type O = ii
84 84 Codominance Problem Example: homozygous male Type B (I B I B ) x heterozygous female Type A (I A i) I A i I B I B I A I B I A I B I B i I B i 1/2 = I A I B 1/2 = I B i
85 85 Another Codominance Problem Example: male Type O (ii) x female type AB (I A I B ) I A I B i I A i I B i 1/2 = I A i 1/2 = I B i i I A i I B i
86 86 Codominance Question: If a boy has a blood type O and his sister has blood type AB, what are the genotypes and phenotypes of their parents? boy - type O (ii) X girl - type AB (I A I B )
87 87 Codominance Answer: I A i I B i I A I B ii Parents: genotypes = I A i and I B i phenotypes = A and B
88 88 Sex-linked Traits Traits (genes) located on the sex chromosomes Sex chromosomes are X and Y XX genotype for females XY genotype for males Many sex-linked traits carried on X chromosome
89 89 Sex-linked Traits Example: Eye color in fruit flies Sex Chromosomes fruit fly eye color XX chromosome - female Xy chromosome - male
90 90 Sex-linked Trait Problem Example: Eye color in fruit flies (red-eyed male) x (white-eyed female) X R Y x X r X r Remember: the Y chromosome in males does not carry traits. RR = red eyed Rr = red eyed rr = white eyed XY = male XX = female X R Y X r X r
91 91 Sex-linked Trait Solution: X r X r X R Y X R X r X r Y X R X r X r Y 50% red eyed female 50% white eyed male
92 Female Carriers 92
93 93 Genetic Practice Problems
94 94 Breed the P 1 generation tall (TT) x dwarf (tt) pea plants t t T T
95 95 Solution: tall (TT) vs. dwarf (tt( tt) ) pea plants t t T Tt Tt produces the F 1 generation T Tt Tt All Tt = tall (heterozygous tall)
96 96 Breed the F 1 generation tall (Tt) vs. tall (Tt) pea plants T t T t
97 97 Solution: T t tall (Tt( Tt) ) x tall (Tt( Tt) ) pea plants T TT Tt t Tt tt produces the F 2 generation 1/4 (25%) = TT 1/2 (50%) = Tt 1/4 (25%) = tt 1:2:1 genotype 3:1 phenotype
98 98 Pedigree Charts Pedigree chart a chart used to record the transmission of a particular trait or traits over several generations. (like a family tree)
99 Pedigree Chart 99
100 100 Questions Questions 1-3 page 607
101 101 Other Patterns of Inheritance Pleiotrophic Genes affect many different characteristics. Ex: Sickle cell anemia. A blood disorder. Normal hemoglobin has the allele HbA. Sickle cell occurs in individuals who have two copies of the mutated allele HbS. This mutation causes abnormally shaped hemoglobin that interlock with one another. People with sickle cell, are fatigued, weak and have an enlarged spleen. Often show signs of heart lung, and kidney failure.
102 102 Multiple Alleles Multiple Alleles when trait are determined by more that two alleles. Most commonly seen trait is call the wild type. Mutant any allele of a gene other than the wild type allele. Ex: fruit fly can have any one of four eye colours. Red is the wild type, eyes may also be apricot, honey and white. They have two alleles for eye colour.
103 103
104 104 Review Questions Page 478 Questions 1-8 (old text)
105 105
106 106 Environment and Phenotype Himalayan rabbits have black fur when raised in low temperatures and white in high temperatures
107 107 Questions Questions 1-3 page 612
108 108 Dihybrid Crosses and Polygenic Traits Dihybrid cross a genetic cross involving two genes, each of which has more than one allele.
109 Dihybrid Crosses 109
110 Punnett Square 110
111 Probability and Dihybrid Crosses 111 P = # of ways that a given outcome can occur total # of possible outcomes Questions page 615
112 112 Selective breeding Selective breeding the crossing of desired traits from plants or animals to produce offspring with both characteristics
113 Selective Breeding 113
114 114 Inbreeding the process whereby breeding stock is drawn from a limited number of individuals possessing desirable phenotypes. Polygenetic traits inherited characteristics that are determined by more than one gene Epistatic gene a gene that masks the expression of another gene or genes.
115 115 Review Questions Page 483 Questions 9-11 (old text) Questions 1-4 page 619 Review Questions page
116 116 Review Questions Page 489 Questions 12-14
117 117 Social Issue Social Issue Page 491
118 Lab 118
119 119
Heredity. Sarah crosses a homozygous white flower and a homozygous purple flower. The cross results in all purple flowers.
Heredity 1. Sarah is doing an experiment on pea plants. She is studying the color of the pea plants. Sarah has noticed that many pea plants have purple flowers and many have white flowers. Sarah crosses
More informationChapter 9 Patterns of Inheritance
Bio 100 Patterns of Inheritance 1 Chapter 9 Patterns of Inheritance Modern genetics began with Gregor Mendel s quantitative experiments with pea plants History of Heredity Blending theory of heredity -
More information7A The Origin of Modern Genetics
Life Science Chapter 7 Genetics of Organisms 7A The Origin of Modern Genetics Genetics the study of inheritance (the study of how traits are inherited through the interactions of alleles) Heredity: the
More informationGENETIC CROSSES. Monohybrid Crosses
GENETIC CROSSES Monohybrid Crosses Objectives Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype Explain the difference between homozygous and heterozygous Explain how probability is used to predict
More informationName: Class: Date: ID: A
Name: Class: _ Date: _ Meiosis Quiz 1. (1 point) A kidney cell is an example of which type of cell? a. sex cell b. germ cell c. somatic cell d. haploid cell 2. (1 point) How many chromosomes are in a human
More informationA trait is a variation of a particular character (e.g. color, height). Traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes.
1 Biology Chapter 10 Study Guide Trait A trait is a variation of a particular character (e.g. color, height). Traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes. Genes Genes are located on chromosomes
More informationMendelian and Non-Mendelian Heredity Grade Ten
Ohio Standards Connection: Life Sciences Benchmark C Explain the genetic mechanisms and molecular basis of inheritance. Indicator 6 Explain that a unit of hereditary information is called a gene, and genes
More informationHeredity - Patterns of Inheritance
Heredity - Patterns of Inheritance Genes and Alleles A. Genes 1. A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a special functional product a. Transfer RNA b. Enzyme c. Structural protein d. Pigments 2. Genes
More informationHuman Blood Types: Codominance and Multiple Alleles. Codominance: both alleles in the heterozygous genotype express themselves fully
Human Blood Types: Codominance and Multiple Alleles Codominance: both alleles in the heterozygous genotype express themselves fully Multiple alleles: three or more alleles for a trait are found in the
More informationCCR Biology - Chapter 7 Practice Test - Summer 2012
Name: Class: Date: CCR Biology - Chapter 7 Practice Test - Summer 2012 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A person who has a disorder caused
More informationBio 102 Practice Problems Mendelian Genetics and Extensions
Bio 102 Practice Problems Mendelian Genetics and Extensions Short answer (show your work or thinking to get partial credit): 1. In peas, tall is dominant over dwarf. If a plant homozygous for tall is crossed
More informationProblems 1-6: In tomato fruit, red flesh color is dominant over yellow flesh color, Use R for the Red allele and r for the yellow allele.
Genetics Problems Name ANSWER KEY Problems 1-6: In tomato fruit, red flesh color is dominant over yellow flesh color, Use R for the Red allele and r for the yellow allele. 1. What would be the genotype
More informationName: 4. A typical phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross is a) 9:1 b) 3:4 c) 9:3:3:1 d) 1:2:1:2:1 e) 6:3:3:6
Name: Multiple-choice section Choose the answer which best completes each of the following statements or answers the following questions and so make your tutor happy! 1. Which of the following conclusions
More informationBio EOC Topics for Cell Reproduction: Bio EOC Questions for Cell Reproduction:
Bio EOC Topics for Cell Reproduction: Asexual vs. sexual reproduction Mitosis steps, diagrams, purpose o Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis Meiosis steps, diagrams, purpose
More information2 18. If a boy s father has haemophilia and his mother has one gene for haemophilia. What is the chance that the boy will inherit the disease? 1. 0% 2
1 GENETICS 1. Mendel is considered to be lucky to discover the laws of inheritance because 1. He meticulously analyzed his data statistically 2. He maintained pedigree records of various generations he
More informationThe correct answer is c A. Answer a is incorrect. The white-eye gene must be recessive since heterozygous females have red eyes.
1. Why is the white-eye phenotype always observed in males carrying the white-eye allele? a. Because the trait is dominant b. Because the trait is recessive c. Because the allele is located on the X chromosome
More informationLAB : PAPER PET GENETICS. male (hat) female (hair bow) Skin color green or orange Eyes round or square Nose triangle or oval Teeth pointed or square
Period Date LAB : PAPER PET GENETICS 1. Given the list of characteristics below, you will create an imaginary pet and then breed it to review the concepts of genetics. Your pet will have the following
More informationBiology 1406 Exam 4 Notes Cell Division and Genetics Ch. 8, 9
Biology 1406 Exam 4 Notes Cell Division and Genetics Ch. 8, 9 Ch. 8 Cell Division Cells divide to produce new cells must pass genetic information to new cells - What process of DNA allows this? Two types
More informationTerms: The following terms are presented in this lesson (shown in bold italics and on PowerPoint Slides 2 and 3):
Unit B: Understanding Animal Reproduction Lesson 4: Understanding Genetics Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives: 1. Explain
More informationIncomplete Dominance and Codominance
Name: Date: Period: Incomplete Dominance and Codominance 1. In Japanese four o'clock plants red (R) color is incompletely dominant over white (r) flowers, and the heterozygous condition (Rr) results in
More informationEx) A tall green pea plant (TTGG) is crossed with a short white pea plant (ttgg). TT or Tt = tall tt = short GG or Gg = green gg = white
Worksheet: Dihybrid Crosses U N I T 3 : G E N E T I C S STEP 1: Determine what kind of problem you are trying to solve. STEP 2: Determine letters you will use to specify traits. STEP 3: Determine parent
More informationTwo copies of each autosomal gene affect phenotype.
SECTION 7.1 CHROMOSOMES AND PHENOTYPE Study Guide KEY CONCEPT The chromosomes on which genes are located can affect the expression of traits. VOCABULARY carrier sex-linked gene X chromosome inactivation
More informationDNA Determines Your Appearance!
DNA Determines Your Appearance! Summary DNA contains all the information needed to build your body. Did you know that your DNA determines things such as your eye color, hair color, height, and even the
More informationBiology Final Exam Study Guide: Semester 2
Biology Final Exam Study Guide: Semester 2 Questions 1. Scientific method: What does each of these entail? Investigation and Experimentation Problem Hypothesis Methods Results/Data Discussion/Conclusion
More informationMendelian Genetics in Drosophila
Mendelian Genetics in Drosophila Lab objectives: 1) To familiarize you with an important research model organism,! Drosophila melanogaster. 2) Introduce you to normal "wild type" and various mutant phenotypes.
More informationCHROMOSOMES AND INHERITANCE
SECTION 12-1 REVIEW CHROMOSOMES AND INHERITANCE VOCABULARY REVIEW Distinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs of terms. 1. sex chromosome, autosome 2. germ-cell mutation, somatic-cell
More informationPhenotypes and Genotypes of Single Crosses
GENETICS PROBLEM PACKET- Gifted NAME PER Phenotypes and Genotypes of Single Crosses Use these characteristics about plants to answer the following questions. Round seed is dominant over wrinkled seed Yellow
More informationB2 5 Inheritrance Genetic Crosses
B2 5 Inheritrance Genetic Crosses 65 minutes 65 marks Page of 55 Q. A woman gives birth to triplets. Two of the triplets are boys and the third is a girl. The triplets developed from two egg cells released
More informationGenetics for the Novice
Genetics for the Novice by Carol Barbee Wait! Don't leave yet. I know that for many breeders any article with the word genetics in the title causes an immediate negative reaction. Either they quickly turn
More informationThe Genetics of Drosophila melanogaster
The Genetics of Drosophila melanogaster Thomas Hunt Morgan, a geneticist who worked in the early part of the twentieth century, pioneered the use of the common fruit fly as a model organism for genetic
More informationGenetics 1. Defective enzyme that does not make melanin. Very pale skin and hair color (albino)
Genetics 1 We all know that children tend to resemble their parents. Parents and their children tend to have similar appearance because children inherit genes from their parents and these genes influence
More informationGenetics with a Smile
Teacher Notes Materials Needed: Two coins (penny, poker chip, etc.) per student - One marked F for female and one marked M for male Copies of student worksheets - Genetics with a Smile, Smiley Face Traits,
More informationLesson Plan: GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE
Lesson Plan: GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE Pacing Two 45- minute class periods RATIONALE: According to the National Science Education Standards, (NSES, pg. 155-156), In the middle-school years, students should
More informationCCpp X ccpp. CcPp X CcPp. CP Cp cp cp. Purple. White. Purple CcPp. Purple Ccpp White. White. Summary: 9/16 purple, 7/16 white
P F 1 CCpp X ccpp Cp Cp CcPp X CcPp F 2 CP Cp cp cp CP Cp cp cp CCPP CCPp CcPP CcPp CCPp CCpp CcPp Ccpp CcPP CcPp ccpp ccpp Summary: 9/16 purple, 7/16 white CcPp Ccpp ccpp ccpp AABB X aabb P AB ab Gametes
More informationGenetics Module B, Anchor 3
Genetics Module B, Anchor 3 Key Concepts: - An individual s characteristics are determines by factors that are passed from one parental generation to the next. - During gamete formation, the alleles for
More informationChromosomes, Mapping, and the Meiosis Inheritance Connection
Chromosomes, Mapping, and the Meiosis Inheritance Connection Carl Correns 1900 Chapter 13 First suggests central role for chromosomes Rediscovery of Mendel s work Walter Sutton 1902 Chromosomal theory
More informationVariations on a Human Face Lab
Variations on a Human Face Lab Introduction: Have you ever wondered why everybody has a different appearance even if they are closely related? It is because of the large variety or characteristics that
More information2 GENETIC DATA ANALYSIS
2.1 Strategies for learning genetics 2 GENETIC DATA ANALYSIS We will begin this lecture by discussing some strategies for learning genetics. Genetics is different from most other biology courses you have
More informationIf you crossed a homozygous, black guinea pig with a white guinea pig, what would be the phenotype(s)
Biological Principles Name: In guinea pigs, black hair (B) is dominant to white hair (b). Homozygous black guinea pig White guinea pig Heterozygous black guinea pig Genotype Phenotype Why is there no heterozygous
More informationsomatic cell egg genotype gamete polar body phenotype homologous chromosome trait dominant autosome genetics recessive
CHAPTER 6 MEIOSIS AND MENDEL Vocabulary Practice somatic cell egg genotype gamete polar body phenotype homologous chromosome trait dominant autosome genetics recessive CHAPTER 6 Meiosis and Mendel sex
More informationBioBoot Camp Genetics
BioBoot Camp Genetics BIO.B.1.2.1 Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of genetic information DNA Replication is the process of DNA being copied before
More informationAP: LAB 8: THE CHI-SQUARE TEST. Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics
Ms. Foglia Date AP: LAB 8: THE CHI-SQUARE TEST Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics Why do we study random chance and probability at the beginning of a unit on genetics? Genetics is the study of inheritance,
More informationI. Genes found on the same chromosome = linked genes
Genetic recombination in Eukaryotes: crossing over, part 1 I. Genes found on the same chromosome = linked genes II. III. Linkage and crossing over Crossing over & chromosome mapping I. Genes found on the
More informationGENETICS AND HEREDITY
Page No.1 GENETICS Genetics is the science which deals with the mechanisms responsible for similarities and differences among closely related species. The term genetic was coined by W.Batesmanin 1905.
More informationThe Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection in Humans
OVERVIEW MENDELIN GENETIC, PROBBILITY, PEDIGREE, ND CHI-QURE TTITIC This classroom lesson uses the information presented in the short film The Making of the Fittest: Natural election in Humans (http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/making-fittest-natural-selection-humans)
More informationDRAGON GENETICS LAB -- Principles of Mendelian Genetics
DragonGeneticsProtocol Mendelian Genetics lab Student.doc DRAGON GENETICS LAB -- Principles of Mendelian Genetics Dr. Pamela Esprivalo Harrell, University of North Texas, developed an earlier version of
More informationLAB : THE CHI-SQUARE TEST. Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics
Period Date LAB : THE CHI-SQUARE TEST Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics Why do we study random chance and probability at the beginning of a unit on genetics? Genetics is the study of inheritance,
More informationMeiosis is a special form of cell division.
Page 1 of 6 KEY CONCEPT Meiosis is a special form of cell division. BEFORE, you learned Mitosis produces two genetically identical cells In sexual reproduction, offspring inherit traits from both parents
More informationBio 102 Practice Problems Mendelian Genetics: Beyond Pea Plants
Bio 102 Practice Problems Mendelian Genetics: Beyond Pea Plants Short answer (show your work or thinking to get partial credit): 1. In four-o'clock flowers, red flower color (R) is incompletely dominant
More informationEXERCISE 11 MENDELIAN GENETICS PROBLEMS
EXERCISE 11 MENDELIAN GENETICS PROBLEMS These problems are divided into subdivisions composed of problems that require application of a specific genetic principle. These problems are intended to complement
More informationGenetics Part 1: Inheritance of Traits
Genetics Part 1: Inheritance of Traits Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Offspring usually show some traits of each parent. For a long time, scientists did not understand
More informationPRACTICE PROBLEMS - PEDIGREES AND PROBABILITIES
PRACTICE PROBLEMS - PEDIGREES AND PROBABILITIES 1. Margaret has just learned that she has adult polycystic kidney disease. Her mother also has the disease, as did her maternal grandfather and his younger
More informationMCAS Biology. Review Packet
MCAS Biology Review Packet 1 Name Class Date 1. Define organic. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 2. All living things are made up of 6 essential elements: SPONCH. Name the six elements of life. S N P C O H 3. Elements
More informationMendelian inheritance and the
Mendelian inheritance and the most common genetic diseases Cornelia Schubert, MD, University of Goettingen, Dept. Human Genetics EUPRIM-Net course Genetics, Immunology and Breeding Mangement German Primate
More informationGenetics Lecture Notes 7.03 2005. Lectures 1 2
Genetics Lecture Notes 7.03 2005 Lectures 1 2 Lecture 1 We will begin this course with the question: What is a gene? This question will take us four lectures to answer because there are actually several
More information5 GENETIC LINKAGE AND MAPPING
5 GENETIC LINKAGE AND MAPPING 5.1 Genetic Linkage So far, we have considered traits that are affected by one or two genes, and if there are two genes, we have assumed that they assort independently. However,
More informationSaffiyah Y. Manboard Biology Instructor Seagull Alternative High School Saffiyah.manboard@browardschools.com
The Effect of Discovery Learning through Biotechnology on the Knowledge and Perception of Sickle Cell Anemia and It s Genetics on Lower Income Students Saffiyah Y. Manboard Biology Instructor Seagull Alternative
More information17. A testcross A.is used to determine if an organism that is displaying a recessive trait is heterozygous or homozygous for that trait. B.
ch04 Student: 1. Which of the following does not inactivate an X chromosome? A. Mammals B. Drosophila C. C. elegans D. Humans 2. Who originally identified a highly condensed structure in the interphase
More informationBio 101 Section 001: Practice Questions for First Exam
Do the Practice Exam under exam conditions. Time yourself! MULTIPLE CHOICE: 1. The substrate fits in the of an enzyme: (A) allosteric site (B) active site (C) reaction groove (D) Golgi body (E) inhibitor
More information240Tutoring Life Science Study Material
240Tutoring Life Science Study Material This information is a sample of the instructional content and practice questions found on the 240Tutoring GACE Early Childhood Education. This information is meant
More informationGenetic Mutations. Indicator 4.8: Compare the consequences of mutations in body cells with those in gametes.
Genetic Mutations Indicator 4.8: Compare the consequences of mutations in body cells with those in gametes. Agenda Warm UP: What is a mutation? Body cell? Gamete? Notes on Mutations Karyotype Web Activity
More informationSTD. XII Sci. Triumph Biology
Useful for all Medical Entrance Examinations held across India. STD. XII Sci. Triumph Biology Based on Maharashtra Board Syllabus Fifth Edition: May 2015 Salient Features Exhaustive subtopic wise coverage
More informationBaby Lab. Class Copy. Introduction
Class Copy Baby Lab Introduction The traits on the following pages are believed to be inherited in the explained manner. Most of the traits, however, in this activity were created to illustrate how human
More informationChapter 4 Pedigree Analysis in Human Genetics. Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings 2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Chapter 4 Pedigree Analysis in Human Genetics Mendelian Inheritance in Humans Pigmentation Gene and Albinism Fig. 3.14 Two Genes Fig. 3.15 The Inheritance of Human Traits Difficulties Long generation time
More informationThe Developing Person Through the Life Span 8e by Kathleen Stassen Berger
The Developing Person Through the Life Span 8e by Kathleen Stassen Berger Chapter 3 Heredity and Environment PowerPoint Slides developed by Martin Wolfger and Michael James Ivy Tech Community College-Bloomington
More informationBIO 184 Page 1 Spring 2013 NAME VERSION 1 EXAM 3: KEY. Instructions: PRINT your Name and Exam version Number on your Scantron
BIO 184 Page 1 Spring 2013 EXAM 3: KEY Instructions: PRINT your Name and Exam version Number on your Scantron Example: PAULA SMITH, EXAM 2 VERSION 1 Write your name CLEARLY at the top of every page of
More informationScheme of work Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610)
Scheme of work Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610) Unit 8: Inheritance and evolution Recommended prior knowledge Basic knowledge of Unit 1 cell structure is required, and also an understanding of the processes
More informationHardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Problems
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Problems 1. The frequency of two alleles in a gene pool is 0.19 (A) and 0.81(a). Assume that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. (a) Calculate the percentage of
More informationP1 Gold X Black. 100% Black X. 99 Black and 77 Gold. Critical Values 3.84 5.99 7.82 9.49 11.07 12.59 14.07 15.51
Questions for Exam I Fall 2005 1. Wild-type humbugs have no spots, have red eyes and brown bodies. You have isolated mutations in three new autosomal humbug genes. The mutation Sp gives a dominant phenotype
More informationSexual Reproduction. The specialized cells that are required for sexual reproduction are known as. And come from the process of: GAMETES
Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction We know all about asexual reproduction 1. Only one parent required. 2. Offspring are identical to parents. 3. The cells that produce the offspring are not usually
More informationLAB 11 Drosophila Genetics
LAB 11 Drosophila Genetics Introduction: Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, is an excellent organism for genetics studies because it has simple food requirements, occupies little space, is hardy,
More informationMCB41: Second Midterm Spring 2009
MCB41: Second Midterm Spring 2009 Before you start, print your name and student identification number (S.I.D) at the top of each page. There are 7 pages including this page. You will have 50 minutes for
More informationChapter 3. Chapter Outline. Chapter Outline 9/11/10. Heredity and Evolu4on
Chapter 3 Heredity and Evolu4on Chapter Outline The Cell DNA Structure and Function Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis The Genetic Principles Discovered by Mendel Mendelian Inheritance in Humans Misconceptions
More informationCHAPTER 15 THE CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF INHERITANCE. Section B: Sex Chromosomes
CHAPTER 15 THE CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF INHERITANCE Section B: Sex Chromosomes 1. The chromosomal basis of sex varies with the organism 2. Sex-linked genes have unique patterns of inheritance 1. The chromosomal
More informationChapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Name Period Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know. Define: gene locus gamete male gamete female
More informationA and B are not absolutely linked. They could be far enough apart on the chromosome that they assort independently.
Name Section 7.014 Problem Set 5 Please print out this problem set and record your answers on the printed copy. Answers to this problem set are to be turned in to the box outside 68-120 by 5:00pm on Friday
More informationBasics of Marker Assisted Selection
asics of Marker ssisted Selection Chapter 15 asics of Marker ssisted Selection Julius van der Werf, Department of nimal Science rian Kinghorn, Twynam Chair of nimal reeding Technologies University of New
More information7 th Grade Life Science Name: Miss Thomas & Mrs. Wilkinson Lab: Superhero Genetics Due Date:
7 th Grade Life Science Name: Miss Thomas & Mrs. Wilkinson Partner: Lab: Superhero Genetics Period: Due Date: The editors at Marvel Comics are tired of the same old characters. They re all out of ideas
More informationBiology 1406 - Notes for exam 5 - Population genetics Ch 13, 14, 15
Biology 1406 - Notes for exam 5 - Population genetics Ch 13, 14, 15 Species - group of individuals that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring; genetically similar 13.7, 14.2 Population
More informationChapter 38: Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology
Name Period Concept 38.1 Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique features of the angiosperm life cycle This may be a good time for you to go back to Chapter 29 and review alternation of generation
More informationAP Biology PowerPoint Notes Chapter 11 & 12 Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics
AP Biology PowerPoint Notes Chapter 11 & 12 Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics Mendelism and Genotype Genotype must be considered an integrated whole of all the genes because genes often work together
More informationedtpa: Task 1 Secondary Science
PART A - About the School Where You Are Teaching a. In what type of school do you teach? Middle School: High School: High School 9-12 Other (please describe): Urban: Suburban: Suburban school setting Rural:
More informationChromosomal Basis of Inheritance. Ch. 3
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Ch. 3 THE CHROMOSOME THEORY OF INHERITANCE AND SEX CHROMOSOMES! The chromosome theory of inheritance describes how the transmission of chromosomes account for the Mendelian
More informationCHROMOSOME STRUCTURE CHROMOSOME NUMBERS
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE 1. During nuclear division, the DNA (as chromatin) in a Eukaryotic cell's nucleus is coiled into very tight compact structures called chromosomes. These are rod-shaped structures made
More informationChapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Name Period Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know.
More informationInfluence of Sex on Genetics. Chapter Six
Influence of Sex on Genetics Chapter Six Humans 23 Autosomes Chromosomal abnormalities very severe Often fatal All have at least one X Deletion of X chromosome is fatal Males = heterogametic sex XY Females
More informationHelen Geeson BSc PGCE. Background
The Genetics of Dachshund Coats and Colours Helen Geeson Sc PGCE ackground Dogs have 39 pairs of Chromosomes (one from each parent). Chromosomes are long chains of genes which are the coded instructions
More information12.1 The Role of DNA in Heredity
12.1 The Role of DNA in Heredity Only in the last 50 years have scientists understood the role of DNA in heredity. That understanding began with the discovery of DNA s structure. In 1952, Rosalind Franklin
More informationPlant Reproduction. 2. Evolutionarily, floral parts are modified A. stems B. leaves C. roots D. stolons E. suberins
Plant Reproduction 1. Angiosperms use temporary reproductive structures that are not present in any other group of plants. These structures are called A. cones B. carpels C. receptacles D. flowers E. seeds
More informationInheritance of Color And The Polled Trait Dr. R. R. Schalles, Dept. of Animal Sciences and Industry Kansas State University
Inheritance of Color And The Polled Trait Dr. R. R. Schalles, Dept. of Animal Sciences and Industry Kansas State University Introduction All functions of an animal are controlled by the enzymes (and other
More informationGenetics Test Biology I
Genetics Test Biology I Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Avery s experiments showed that bacteria are transformed by a. RNA. c. proteins.
More informationTest Two Study Guide
Test Two Study Guide 1. Describe what is happening inside a cell during the following phases (pictures may help but try to use words): Interphase: : Consists of G1 / S / G2. Growing stage, cell doubles
More information2 nd Grade Science Unit B: Life Sciences Chapter 3: Plants and Animals in Their Environment Lesson 1: How are plants and animals like their parents?
2 nd Grade Science Unit B: Life Sciences Chapter 3: Plants and Animals in Their Environment Lesson 1: How are plants and animals like their parents? offspring Offspring are young plants and animals. Offspring
More informationCan receive blood from: * I A I A and I A i o Type A Yes No A or AB A or O I B I B and I B i o Type B No Yes B or AB B or O
Genetics of the ABO Blood Groups written by J. D. Hendrix Learning Objectives Upon completing the exercise, each student should be able: to explain the concept of blood group antigens; to list the genotypes
More informationReebops. A model organism for teaching genetic concepts
A model organism for teaching genetic concepts The activity helps to demonstrate how genetics is responsible both for similarities and variation among members of the same species. are imaginary organisms
More informationF1 Generation. F2 Generation. AaBb
How was DNA shown to be the genetic material? We need to discuss this in an historical context. During the 19th century most scientists thought that a bit of the essence of each and every body part was
More informationGene Mapping Techniques
Gene Mapping Techniques OBJECTIVES By the end of this session the student should be able to: Define genetic linkage and recombinant frequency State how genetic distance may be estimated State how restriction
More informationReproductive System. from the Human Body System Series. catalog # 3322. Published & Distributed by AGC/UNITED LEARNING
Reproductive System from the Human Body System Series catalog # 3322 Published & Distributed by AGC/UNITED LEARNING 1560 Sherman Avenue Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 1-800-323-9084 24-Hour Fax No. 847-328-6706
More informationLecture 2: Mitosis and meiosis
Lecture 2: Mitosis and meiosis 1. Chromosomes 2. Diploid life cycle 3. Cell cycle 4. Mitosis 5. Meiosis 6. Parallel behavior of genes and chromosomes Basic morphology of chromosomes telomere short arm
More informationMitosis, Meiosis and Fertilization 1
Mitosis, Meiosis and Fertilization 1 I. Introduction When you fall and scrape the skin off your hands or knees, how does your body make new skin cells to replace the skin cells that were scraped off? How
More information