Unit Two Worksheet Astronomy WS GE U2

Transcription

1 Unit Two Worksheet Astronomy WS GE U2 Name Period Section 23.1 Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. No definition will be used more than once. 1. Moon A) Small body of matter that formed in the outer regions of the solar system while the sun was forming in its 2. Nebular theory center B) Any one of the eight major bodies that orbit the sun 3. Planet C) Large body of matter that formed from the coalescence of planetesimals in the solar system 4. Planetesimal D) A body that is smaller than a planet and orbits the planet 5. Protoplanet E) The sun and the bodies that revolve around it F) Cloud of gas and dust that developed into the solar 6. Solar nebula system G) Theory that the sun and the planets condensed out 7. Solar system of a spinning cloud of gas and dust Multiple Choice. Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question The process of photosynthesis increases the amount of in Earth s atmosphere. (A) nitrogen gas (B) oxygen gas (C) carbon dioxide (D) water vapor Which of the following planets originated from one of the four protoplanets closest to the sun? (A) Uranus (B) Mars (C) Saturn (D) Pluto The inner planets may have lost their original atmospheres of lighter gases because of an intense solar. (A) wind (B) flare (C) prominence (D) nebula The approximate percentage of the matter in the solar nebula that became part of the sun was. (A) 38% (B) 55% (C) 73% (D) 99% Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 12. Compare AND contrast planetesimals and protoplanets. page 1 WS GE U2

2 What two forces caused the solar nebula to develop into the sun? What are the three main differences between the terrestrial planets and the Jovian planets? What are the four terrestrial planets? What are the four Jovian planets? Explain how a planet is formed. 27. What caused the sun to become so hot? page 2 WS GE U2

3 Section 24.1 Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. No definition will be used more than once. 28. Absorption spectrum A) Expectation of what is to occur in an experiment based on observations 29. Amplitude B) Testing of a hypothesis for validity C) Large system of stars and planets 30. Continuous spectrum D) Apparent shift in the wavelength of energy emitted by a source moving away from or toward an observer 31. Doppler effect E) Produced when light is passed through a prism, the production of a band of the various colors of light 32. Element F) Hypothesis or set of hypotheses supported by the results of experimentation and observation 33. Emission spectrum G) Explains what, not why, things occur in nature H) Substance that cannot be broken down into a 34. Experimentation simpler form by ordinary chemical means I) Telescope that uses lenses to focus visible light 35. Frequency J) Telescope that uses mirrors to focus visible light 36. Galaxy K) Distance between one crest of a wave and the next crest of a wave L) Instrument that separates light into a band of colors 37. Hypothesis M) Linking separate telescopes together to behave as one telescope 38. Interferometry N) Study of the properties of light that depend on wavelength O) Height of an electromagnetic wave associated with its 39. Photon 40. Refracting telescope energy P) Number of wavelengths that pass a certain point per second Q) Small packet of energy associated with light 41. Reflecting telescope R) Continuous spectrum of light emitted by a solid, liquid, or gas under high pressure 42. Scientific law S) Continuous spectrum produced when white light is passed through a cool gas under low pressure 43. Scientific theory T) A series of bright lights of certain wavelengths that are produced by a hot gas under low pressure 44. Spectroscope 45. Spectroscopy 46. Spectrum 47. Wavelength Multiple Choice. Select the answer that best completes the statement and write the letter for that answer in the space provided. 48. When a light source moves toward an observer, the light appears to be. (A) moving slower (C) longer in wavelength (B) moving faster (D) shorter in wavelength page 3 WS GE U2

4 Most elements, when heated, produce spectra at uneven intervals called spectra. (A) continuous (B) dark-line (C) bright-line (D) adsorption The spectra of most galaxies tested with spectroscopic equipment were shifted toward the end of the visible spectrum. (A) red (B) blue (C) green (D) violet The red shift showed that the universe is. (A) contracting (B) expanding (C) staying fixed in position Short Answer. Answer the following question. 52. Imagine that you are on another planet in a galaxy far from the earth. If you used a spectroscope to examine the spectrum of the sun, would you expect to find red shift, blue shift, or no shift at all? Explain. 53. What are two advantages of using a refracting telescope compared to a reflecting telescope? 54. What might be at least two advantages of using the Hubble space telescope compared to an Earth-based observatory such as the Chandra X-ray Observatory? page 4 WS GE U2

5 Section 25.1 Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. No definition will be used more than once. 55. Absolute magnitude A) Used to determine the distance from the earth to a star based on the shift in the apparent position of the 56. Apparent magnitude star when viewed from different angles B) How bright a star appears to be from Earth 57. Circumpolar star C) A mass of gases that gives off enormous amounts of energy in the form of light and heat 58. Constellation D) Very large, cool, bright star E) Extremely large, giant star 59. Giant F) Measurement of distance that reflects the space light travels in a year 60. H-R diagram G) Small, hot, dim star H) A star having characteristics that place it within a band 61. Light year running through the middle area of the H-R diagram I) How bright a star appears to be if located 32.6 light 62. Main sequence star years from Earth J) Instrument that separates light into different colors or 63. Parallax wavelengths K) A graph that shows the relationship of the surface 64. Spectrometer temperature of a star and the absolute magnitude of the star 65. Star L) Description of a star that is always visible in the night sky and can be seen circling Polaris from the Northern 66. Supergiant Hemisphere M) Pattern of star as interpreted by humans 67. White dwarf Short Answer. Answer the following questions. 68. As you observe the night sky, why do stars appear to move westward across the sky? 69. Assume that a star has an apparent magnitude of +2 and an absolute magnitude of +4. What do you know about the distance of that star from Earth? page 5 WS GE U2

6 70. What do astronomers analyze to determine the composition and surface temperature of a star? Section 25.2 Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. No definition will be used more than once. 71. Black dwarf A) A white dwarf star that explodes as it cools, briefly becoming thousands of times brighter 72. Black hole B) Star that explodes extremely violently C) A neutron star that gives off two beams of radiation 73. Nebula that spread across space D) Serves as the first step in the development of a star, 74. Neutron star a dark cloud of gas and dust in space E) Serves as the second step in the development of a star, 75. Nova the center of a shrinking, spinning nebula 76. Nuclear fusion F) Anomaly in space with a gravity so tremendous that light cannot escape from it; generated by the collapse of a very large supernova 77. Planetary nebula G) Combination of the nuclei of atoms to form a larger nucleus; occurs in stars 78. Protostar H) Remnant of a supernova, a small, extremely dense core of a supernova consisting of neutrons 79. Pulsar I) Expanding shell of gases shed by a dying star J) Also known as a dead star 80. Supernova Short Answer. Answer the following questions. List two reasons why the temperature of a protostar increases Explain why only very large stars can form black holes. page 6 WS GE U2

7 84. What is the process that generates energy in the core of a main-sequence star? Be specific and explain the process. 85. What causes a nova explosion? 86. Why does heat build up more rapidly in a massive protostar than in a less massive one? Section 25.3 Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. No definition will be used more than once. 87. Barred spiral galaxy A) Galaxy with no discernable shape and unevenly distributed stars within it 88. Big Bang Theory B) States that galaxies are retreating away from the Milky Way Galaxy at a speed proportional to their distance 89. Binary star system C) Galaxy with a core of bright stars and flattened arms that swirl around the core 90. Elliptical galaxy D) Galaxy with a core of bright stars and flattened arms that swirl around the core and that has a bar of stars 91. Galaxy that runs through its center E) Galaxy with a very bright core that contains little dust 92. Globular cluster and gas and has a spherical or disk-like shape 93. Hubble s Law F) Hundreds of stars positioned around the core of the Milky Way Galaxy that are grouped in a spherical shape 94. Irregular galaxy G) Hundreds of stars grouped together in a loose arrangement 95. Open cluster H) Object like a star that emits radio waves and X-rays I) Pair of stars that revolve around each other 96. Quasar J) Large-scale group of stars K) States that all energy and matter in the universe was 97. Spiral galaxy compacted into an extremely small space that suddenly began expanding in all directions billions of years ago page 7 WS GE U2

8 Multiple Choice. Select the answer that best completes the statement and write the letter for that answer in the space provided Background radiation evenly distributed through the universe likely resulted from. (A) the Doppler effect (C) moving galaxies (B) the Big Bang (D) starlight spectra It is thought that before the Big Bang, all the matter and energy in the universe was in the form of one. (A) extremely small volume (C) solar system (B) expanding cloud (D) galaxy Short Answer. Answer the following questions Imagine that astronomers found a galaxy that was 20 billion light years from Earth. How would they have to review the big bang theory to account for such a discovery? 101. What reasons do scientists have for explaining why irregular galaxies have stars unevenly distributed through them? 102. If scientists discovered a blue shift in the spectra of some distant galaxies, how might this affect the big bang theory? 103. According to the big bang theory, the original big bang took place about 17 billion years ago. How might scientists have been able to determine this WITHOUT the use of red or blue shifts? (HINT: Be creative.) page 8 WS GE U2