International Mobility of Students 2008/09

Transcription

1 International Mobility of Students 2008/09 European Consortium of Innovative Universities April 2010

2 Contents Executive Summary Introduction, Typology and Methodology Chapter 1. International Study Experiences: All Types Chapter 2. International Exchanges and Other Semester/Year Long Programs Chapter 3. International Short Term Programs Chapter 4. International Placements or Practical Training Chapter 5. International Research Experiences Chapter 6. Funding and Risk Management Chapter 7. Strategy and Good Practice

3 Executive Summary Eleven university members and associate members of the European Consortium of Innovative Universities (ECIU) - Aalborg Universitet, Denmark; Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Technische Universität Dortmund and Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Germany; Linköpings Universitet, Sweden; Southern Federal University, Russia; University of Strathclyde, UK; Swinburne University of Technology, Australia; Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico; and Universiteit Twente, The Netherlands participated in a study in 2010 of the international outbound mobility of their students. The study covers the academic year 2008/09 for the ten northern hemisphere universities and the academic year 2009 for the Australian university, and is referred to as a 2008/09 study. All eleven universities have a strategic objective to maximise the number of students undertaking international study experiences. In seven of the eleven universities this involves a target involving numbers or percentages of students. Chapter 7 Strategy and Good Practice includes analysis of university strategies and good practices. In the eleven universities in 2008/09, 13,379 students undertook international study experiences. In absolute terms, numbers of international study experiences in each university ranged from 93 to 8,711. The 13,379 students undertaking international study experiences included 8,244 on international student exchanges and 1,305 on other semester/year long programs as in Table 1 International Study Experiences 2008/09 by Type. Table 1 International Study Experiences 2008/09 by Type Type Number of Experiences Exchange 8,244 Other Semester/Year Programs 1,305 Short Term Programs 2,266 Placements or Practical Training 813 Research 751 Other 0 Total 13,379 Access to International Study Experiences To put some perspective on these figures, there were 50,020 completing or graduating students in these eleven universities in 2008/09. The number of international study experiences undertaken in these eleven universities in 2008/09, 13,379, was equivalent to 26.7% of completing students, and the number of students on international exchanges or other semester/year long programs in 2008/09, 9,549, was equivalent to 19.1% of completing students. 1

4 This measure of access suggests that 27% of completing students in these eleven universities undertake international study experiences during the course of their programs, including 19% who undertake international exchanges or other semester/year long programs. Diversity One of the striking features of this study was the diversity of responses, no doubt due to diversity among the eleven universities in ten national education systems in the study population. As examples, the proportion of students undertaking international study experiences who were undergraduates ranged from 8% to 100%; the proportion who were women ranged from 30% to 74%; the proportion whose international study experiences were for a semester or a year in length ranged from 8% to 100%. Analysis Universities provided data on enrolment status (domestic or international), level of study, gender, duration and whether for credit. In terms of enrolment status, most students undertaking international study experiences were domestic rather than international students. But 38% of all students undertaking international study experiences in 2008/09 were international students, including one university where 49% were international. In terms of level of study, 81% of all students undertaking international study experiences were undergraduates. In terms of gender, 51% of all students undertaking international study experiences were women as in Table 2 International Study Experiences 2008/09: % Female Table 2 International Study Experiences 2008/09: % Female Type % Female Exchange 52% Other Semester/Year Programs 52% Short Term Programs 47% Placements or Practical Training 48% Research 43% Other Total 51% This gender split, 51% women, is different from the situation in the US, where 65% of the 262,416 students who studied abroad in 2007/08, as reported by Open Doors 2009, were women. Most international study experiences were for a semester (67%) or less than a semester (26%), with 8% for a year. 2

5 Most international study experiences were for credit (82%), with 1% not for credit but recognised for purposes such as development of international skills, and 17% not for credit. Funding The eleven universities reported that 13% of all international study experiences of all types were supported by university funds 12% were supported by funds from government programs, including EU 0.2% were supported by a combination of university funds and funds from government programs 2% (in only one university) were supported by loan funds 4% were supported by a combination of funds from a government loan scheme plus funds from the university and/or a grant from a government program. 2% were supported by funds from an overseas or host government or foundation. Ten of the eleven universities reported in aggregate US$6.188 million in funding for international study experiences in 2008/09, including US$1.744 million in university funds and US$4.444 million in funds from government programs, including EU. In one university, figures on funding were not available. One university reported a further US$0.228 million in loan funds. Fields of Education Universities reported the field of education for 13,270 international study experiences in 2008/09. Engineering (29% of experiences), Management and Commerce (22%) and International Studies/Relations (15%) were the most commonly reported fields as in Table 3 International Study Experiences 2008/09: Fields of Education Table 3 International Study Experiences 2008/09: Fields of Education Field Number of Experiences % of All Experiences Science 665 5% IT 752 6% Engineering 3,821 29% Architecture/Building 488 4% Agriculture/Environment 416 3% Health 396 3% Education 189 1% Management and Commerce 2,947 22% Society and Culture 865 7% Law 220 2% International Studies/Relations 1,989 15% Creative Arts 299 2% Hospitality % Combined 185 1% Total 13, % 3

6 Destinations Universities reported the destinations of 13,245 international study experiences as in Table 4 International Study Experiences 2008/09: Destinations 55% went to Europe, including 12% to France, 9% to Germany, 7% to Spain, 5% to Italy, 3% to UK, 3% to Sweden, 2% to Netherlands, 2% to Demark, 1% to Portugal, 0.1% to Russia and 12% reported as Other Europe 34% went to the Americas, including 14% to US, 4% to Canada and 16% reported as Other Americas 6% went to Asia, including 2.5% to China and 1% to Japan 0.3% went to Middle East or North African destinations, 0.6% went to Sub Saharan African destinations and 4% went to Oceania including 3.5% to Australia. Table 4 International Study Experiences 2008/09: Destinations Destination Number of Experiences % of All Experiences Europe 7,281 55% Americas 4,494 34% North East Asia 563 4% South East Asia 221 2% South Asia % Middle East/North Africa % Sub Saharan Africa % Oceania % Total 13, % Of the reported destinations, 370 (3%) were ECIU universities and 12,875 (97%) were other destinations including non-university destinations for placements. 4

7 Introduction, Typology and Methodology ECIU is a consortium of research universities focused on collaboration in innovative teaching and learning, enhancement of university-society interaction, internationalisation of the student and staff experience, and active engagement in policy development and practice within the evolving European Higher Education Area. This study was commissioned by ECIU to quantify the international study experiences in 2008/09 of students at member universities. The study covers the academic year 2008/09 for the ten northern hemisphere universities and the academic year 2009 for the Australian university, and is referred to as a 2008/09 study. Eleven university members and associate members of ECIU - Aalborg Universitet, Denmark; Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Technische Universität Dortmund and Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Germany; Linköpings Universitet, Sweden; Southern Federal University, Russia; University of Strathclyde, UK; Swinburne University of Technology, Australia; Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico; and Universiteit Twente, The Netherlands participated in this 2010 study of the international outbound mobility of their students. Data collection, analysis and report preparation were carried out by Strategy Policy and Research in Education Limited an Australian owned company in Hong Kong. SPRE Limited allocated its Australian Director, Alan Olsen, a graduate of The University of Sydney and University of Technology, Sydney, to this task. Andrea Chappell, a graduate of La Trobe University, Melbourne, provided research assistance. Typology The typology that was used in the study reflected the priority that international study experiences of at least a semester in duration, for credit, make up the key types. 1. Semester/Year Exchanges for Credit covering international exchanges of a semester or longer, generally undertaken on a reciprocal basis, with fees mutually waived. 2. Other Semester/Year Programs for Credit including Outgoing international study abroad, on a non-exchange, fee paying or similar basis double or dual degree programs (involving one degree from the home university plus one degree from an overseas institution) or joint degree programs between a home university and an overseas university projects or periods of study overseas of at least a semester in duration as part of the structure of the home university degree. 5

8 3. Short Term Programs of less than one semester including short term outgoing international exchanges of less than one semester projects or periods of study overseas of less than a semester in duration as part of the structure of the home university degree outgoing international study tours or study programs from the home university by groups of students including faculty tours and in country tours outgoing international language tours from the home university by groups of students in country to enhance language skills summer or winter or other short term programs of less than a semester based at overseas institutions. 4. Placements or Practical Training including work experiences or internships or business placements or clinical placements or service learning placements or sandwich program placements university sanctioned volunteering activity conducted overseas. 5. Research including research projects overseas towards the home university degree joint or double research degrees or co-tutelle research degrees (where research studies are supervised jointly by academics from the home university and a university in another country) international presentations of research findings or similar, for example at a conference overseas or to a university overseas. 6. Other including international conference or similar presentations other than as part of a research degree international moots (e.g. for law or legal studies students). There were just these six types, with the detail of the types being for guidance only. No universities reported experiences under the Other type. Also, for guidance, experiences were to be counted once only, with research being counted in Research. For Credit To simplify the questionnaire, the first two types, Semester/Year Exchanges and Other Semester/Year Programs were treated as always being for credit. Also, all international study experiences reported as Research were treated as for credit within the structure of a research degree. 6

9 Short Term Programs, Placements or Practical Training and Other international study experiences might be for credit or not for credit. The intention was that universities would be asked simply whether international study experiences of these types were for credit or not for credit. Once this distinction had been made, universities were given the opportunity to comment that certain not for credit experiences were for recognition, for purposes such as development of international skills. Analysis For all types of international study experiences, universities were asked to provide data on enrolment status (domestic or international), level of study, gender, duration, field of education and destination. The study covered fourteen fields of education. In addition to the eleven standard fields of education Science; Information Technology; Engineering and Related Technologies; Architecture and Building; Agriculture, Environment and Related; Health; Education; Management and Commerce; Society and Culture; Creative Arts; Food, Hospitality and Personal Services Law, International Studies/Relations and Combined/Double Degree were included after a process of consultation with universities. The field of education is the student s degree field rather than the field in which the international study experience is being undertaken. Destinations were grouped into eight geographic regions North East Asia, South East Asia, South Asia, Americas, Europe, Middle East/North Africa, Sub Saharan Africa and Oceania and then into countries. Funding and Risk Management The study covered four sources of funding, plus combinations of these funding sources support from university funds support from Government programs in the home country, including European funding for those universities in Europe support from loan programs such as OS HELP 1, the Australian Government s Higher Education Loan Program to assist undergraduate students in Australian higher education providers to study abroad for one or two study periods of their degree program support from funds from overseas governments or foundations in destination countries

10 The Report Chapter 1 provides an analysis of International Study Experiences: All Types, including benchmarking where your university sits among the ECIU participating member universities. Chapter 2 provides similar analysis and benchmarking of International Exchanges and Other Semester/Year Long Programs, Chapter 3 International Short Term Programs, Chapter 4 International Placements or Practical Training and Chapter 5 International Research Experiences. Chapter 6 covers Funding and Risk Management, Chapter 7 reports on Strategy and Good Practice. 8

11 1 International Study Experiences: All Types All eleven universities reported that the university has a strategic objective to maximise the number of students undertaking international study experiences. Seven of the eleven universities reported that this strategic objective involves a target specifying numbers or percentages of students, including three universities which set a numerical target for international study experiences as a proportion of the completing or graduating cohort. Performance against this numerical target is then monitored annually. In ten of the eleven universities there is a dedicated Education Abroad or Student Mobility function in the centre of the university with dedicated staff responsible for promotion of international mobility opportunities to students. In two universities, responsibility for promotion of international mobility opportunities rests solely with this central unit. In one university, responsibility for promotion of international mobility opportunities rests solely with academic organisation units such as faculties. In seven universities, academic organisation units such as faculties work alongside the central unit in the promotion of international mobility opportunities. Ten of the eleven universities offer financial incentives such as travel scholarships for students to stimulate international mobility. Five universities offer as incentives recognition at graduation or recognition for purposes such as development of international skills. Just two universities reported offering incentives for academic organisation units such as faculties for the achievement of student mobility, and two universities reported recognition by students as peers as an incentive. Universities reported barriers to international student mobility in three categories; financial barriers, including the cost of studying abroad, differences in cost of living and earnings foregone during a period of time overseas; academic barriers, including restrictive degree structures, fit of courses and lack of mutual recognition; and language barriers. While only 3% of international study destinations were ECIU universities, all eleven universities mentioned a focus on promoting ECIU-specific mobility programs; including undertaking promotional events focusing on ECIU partners; specific initiatives including information sessions during the Education Abroad Fair; targeting scholarships; promoting ECIU-specific programs in leaflets and on the web and hosting the ECIU student symposium. Eight universities reported 503 (outbound) places at other ECIU universities available for exchange or international study experience, of which seven universities reported taking up 307 outbound places. Seven universities reported making available 229 (inbound) places to other ECIU universities for exchange or international study experience, of which 204 were taken up. Access to International Study Experiences In the eleven universities in 2008/09, 13,379 students undertook international study experiences. To put some perspective on this figure, there were 50,020 completing or graduating students in these eleven universities in 2008/09. 9

12 The number of international study experiences undertaken by students in the eleven universities in 2008/09, 13,379, was equivalent to 27% of completing students. This crude measure of access suggests that 27% of completing students in these eleven universities undertake international study experiences. While the figure for this crude measure of access across the eleven universities was 26.7%, the eleven university responses ranged from 1.2% to 87.7%, as in Chart 1 Access to International Study Experience. Chart 1 Access to International Study Experience 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Analysis Universities provided data on enrolment status (domestic or international), level of study, gender, duration and whether for credit. In terms of enrolment status, most students undertaking international study experiences were domestic rather than international students. Ten of the eleven universities reported the enrolment status of 12,965 students undertaking international study experiences in 2008/09 and 38% were international students, including 49% in one university. While 62.1% of students across the ten universities were domestic (rather than international) students, the ten university responses ranged from 51% to 100%, as in Chart 2 International Study Experiences: Enrolment Status: % Domestic Chart 2 International Study Experiences: Enrolment Status: % Domestic 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 10

13 Ten of the eleven universities reported the level of study of 12,965 students and 10,553 (81%) were undergraduates. While 81.4% of students undertaking international study experiences were undergraduates, the ten university responses ranged from 7.5% to 100% as in Chart 3 International Study Experiences: Level of Study: % Undergraduate Chart 3 International Study Experiences: Level of Study: % Undergraduate 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Since 2008, Open Doors in US has been reporting a national undergraduate study abroad participation rate based on the total number of undergraduate study abroad students in US in 2007/08 (234,600 students) as a proportion of the total number of undergraduate completions in 2007 (associate s and bachelor s degrees conferred) reported by the US Department of Education s National Center for Education Statistics (2,332,508 degrees). According to this calculation, 10.1% of US undergraduate students studied abroad in 2007/08, up slightly from 9.4% the previous year. To provide an analysis directly comparable with that of Open Doors, ten of the eleven universities reported 10,553 undergraduate international study experiences in 2008/09 and 24,602 undergraduate completions. In these ten universities, 43% of undergraduate students undertook international study experiences in 2008/09. While 42.9% of undergraduate students undertook international study experiences in 2008/09, the ten university responses ranged from 2.6%% to 115.4% as in Chart 4 Access to International Study Experience: Undergraduate on the following page. In one university, undergraduates undertook, on average, more than one international study experience during the course of the undergraduate program. 11

14 Chart 4 Access to International Study Experience: Undergraduate 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 110% 120% The eleven universities provided gender information on 12,742 students with international study experiences in 2008/09 and 6,454 (51%) were women. While 50.7% of students across the eleven universities were women, the eleven university responses ranged from 29.6% to 73.6%, as in Chart 5 International Study Experiences: Gender: % Women Chart 5 International Study Experiences: Gender: % Women 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The eleven universities reported the duration of international study experiences for 13,123 students. Most experiences were for a semester (67%) or less than a semester (26%), with 8% for a year. While 74.2% of students went overseas for a semester or longer, the eleven university responses ranged from 14.8% to 100% as in Chart 6 International Study Experiences: Duration: % Semester or Longer. 12

15 Chart 6 International Study Experiences: Duration: % Semester or Longer 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Eleven universities reported whether 11,913 international study experiences were for credit, not for credit but recognised for purposes such as development of international skills, or not for credit. Of all types of international study experiences, most experiences were for credit (82%), with 1% not for credit but recognised for purposes such as development of international skills, and 17% not for credit. Fields of Education Eleven universities reported the field of education for 13,270 international study experiences in 2008/09. Engineering (29% of experiences), Management and Commerce (22%) and International Studies/Relations (15%) were the most commonly reported fields. Chart 7 International Study Experiences: Fields of Education, on the next page, shows the overall pattern of fields of education and the pattern in your university. Destination Eleven universities reported the destinations of 13,245 international study experiences: 55% went to Europe, 34% went to the Americas, and 6% went to Asia. Chart 8 International Study Experiences: Destinations, on the next page, shows the overall pattern of destinations and the pattern in your university. Of the 13,245 reported destinations, 370 (3%) were ECIU universities and 12,875 (97%) were other destinations including non-university destinations for placements. 13

16 Chart 7 International Study Experiences: Fields of Education Combined Hospitality Creative Science 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% IT Eng Arch International Ag Total Linkoping Law Health Society and Culture Management and Commerce Education Chart 8 International Study Experiences: Destinations 14

17 2 International Exchanges and Other Semester/Year Long Programs This chapter focuses on international study experiences of at least one semester in duration, for credit. All other types of international study experiences are excluded from the analysis. Access to International Study Experiences In the eleven universities in 2008/09, 9,549 students undertook international exchanges or other semester/year long programs. To put some perspective on this figure, there were 50,020 completing or graduating students in these eleven universities in 2008/09. The number of students on international exchanges or other semester/year long programs in 2008/09, 9,549, was equivalent to 19% of completing students. This crude measure of access suggests that 19% of completing students in the eleven universities undertake international exchanges or other semester/year long programs. While the figure for this crude measure of access to international exchanges or other semester/year long programs across the eleven universities was 19.1%, the eleven university responses ranged from 0.2% to 72.2%, as in Chart 9 Access to International Exchanges or Other Semester/Year Long Programs. Chart 9 Access to International Exchanges or Other Semester/Year Long Programs 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Analysis Universities provided data on enrolment status (domestic or international), level of study, gender, duration and whether for credit. 15

18 Ten universities reported the enrolment status of 9,174 students undertaking international study experiences. Most students undertaking international exchanges or other semester/year long programs were domestic rather than international students. But 43% of students on international exchanges or other semester/year long programs were international students, including 54% at one university. While 57.4% of students on international exchanges or other semester/year long programs were domestic (rather than international) students, the eleven university responses ranged from 46.2% to 100% as in Chart 10 International Exchanges or Other Semester/Year Long Programs: Enrolment Status: % Domestic. Chart 10 International Exchanges or Other Semester/Year Long Programs: Enrolment Status: % Domestic 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Ten universities reported the level of study of 9,174 students, and 8,161 (89%) were undergraduates. While 89.0% of students undertaking international exchanges or other semester/year long programs were undergraduates, the ten university responses ranged from 0% to 100%, as in Chart 11 International Exchanges or Other Semester/Year Long Programs: Level of Study: % Undergraduate. Chart 11 International Exchanges or Other Semester/Year Long Programs: Level of Study: % Undergraduate 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 16

19 Overall, the eleven universities provided gender information on 9,557 students on international exchanges or other semester/year long programs in 2008/09 and 4,950 (52%) were women. While 51.8% of students on international exchanges or other semester/year long programs were women, the eleven university responses ranged from 28.6% to 73.3%, as in Chart 12 International Exchanges or Other Semester/Year Long Programs: Gender: % Women. Chart 12 International Exchanges or Other Semester/Year Long Programs: Gender: % Women 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The eleven universities reported the duration of 9,555 international exchanges or other semester/year long programs. Most students on international exchanges or other semester/year long programs went overseas for a semester (88.1%), rather than a year (10.1%), with just 1% of international exchanges or other semester/year long programs being reported as less than a semester. All international exchanges or other semester/year long programs were defined to be for credit. Fields of Education Eleven universities reported the field of education for 9,468 students on international exchanges or other semester/year long programs. Engineering (31%), Management and Commerce (23%) and International Studies/Relations (16%) were the most commonly reported fields. Chart 13 International Exchanges or Other Semester/Year Long Programs: Fields of Education, on the next page, shows the overall pattern of fields of education and the pattern in your university. Destination Eleven universities reported the destinations of the 9,462 students on international exchanges or other semester/year long programs. These experiences were concentrated heavily. 84% went to Europe and 11% to the Americas. Chart 14 International Exchanges or Other Semester/Year Long Programs: Destinations, shows the overall pattern of destinations and the pattern in your university; 3.6% of these destinations were at ECIU member universities. 17

20 Chart 13 International Exchanges or Other Semester/Year Long Programs: Fields of Education Creative Hospitality Combined Science 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% IT Eng Arch Total Linkoping International Ag Law Health Society and Culture Education Management and Commerce Chart 14 International Exchanges or Other Semester/Year Long Programs: Destinations Total Oceania MENA Total NE Asia 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Total SE Asia Total Linkoping Total Sth Asia SSA Total Americas Total Europe 18

21 3 International Short Term Programs Six of the eleven ECIU universities reported a total 2,266 students on short term international study experiences in 2008/09. Access to International Study Experiences To put some perspective on this figure, there were 32,547 completing or graduating students in these six universities in 2008/09. The number of students on short term international study experiences in 2008/09, 2,266, was equivalent to 7% of completing students. This crude measure of access suggests that 7% of completing students in the six universities undertake short term international study experiences. This is in addition to the 19% of completing students that undertake international exchanges or other semester/year long programs in all eleven universities. While the figure for this crude measure of access to short term international study experiences across the six universities was 7.0%, the university responses ranged from 0.3% to 27.2%, as in Chart 15 Access to Short Programs Chart 15 Access to Short Programs 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Analysis Six universities provided data on enrolment status (domestic or international), level of study, gender, duration and whether for credit. Six universities reported the enrolment status of 2,266 students undertaking short term programs. In terms of enrolment status, most students undertaking short term programs were domestic rather than international students, but 23% were international students. 19

22 While 77.1% of students in the six universities were domestic (rather than international) students, the university responses ranged from 73.5% to 100%, as in Chart 16 Short Term Programs: Enrolment Status: % Domestic. Chart 16 Short Term Programs: Enrolment Status: % Domestic 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The six universities reported the level of study of 2,266 of these students, and 2,031 (90%) were undergraduates. While 89.6% of students across the six universities on short term programs were undergraduates, the university responses ranged from 15.4% to 100%, as in Chart 17 Short Term Programs: Level of Study: % Undergraduate. Chart 17 Short Term Programs: Level of Study: % Undergraduate 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The six universities reported the gender of 2,266 students on short term programs and 47% were women. While 47.1% of students in the six universities on short term programs were women, the university responses ranged from 25.7% to 85.7%, as in Chart 18 Short Term Programs: Gender: % Women on the next page. 20

23 Chart 18 Short Term Programs: Gender: % Women 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% All 2,266 short term programs were for less than a semester. Most short term programs were not for credit (90%), with 8% for credit and 2% not for credit but recognised for purposes such as development of international skills. Fields of Education Six universities reported the field of education for 2,267 students on short term programs. Engineering (25% of experiences), Management and Commerce (24%) and International Studies/Relations (19%) were the most commonly reported fields. Chart 19 Short Term Programs: Fields of Education, on the next page, shows the overall pattern of fields of education and the pattern in your university. Destination Six universities reported destinations for the 2,265 students on short term programs. 50% went to the Americas, 43% to Europe and 7% to Asia. Chart 20 Short Term Programs: Destinations, on the next page, shows the overall pattern of destinations and the pattern in your university. 21

24 Chart 19 Short Term Programs: Fields of Education Combined Science 30% 25% IT Hospitality 20% 15% Eng Creative 10% 5% Arch 0% Total International Ag Law Health Society and Culture Management and Commerce Education Chart 20 Short Term Programs: Destinations Total Oceania SSA Total NE Asia 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Total SE Asia Total Total Sth Asia MENA Total Americas Total Europe 22

25 4 International Placements or Practical Training Ten of the eleven ECIU universities reported a total 813 students on international placements or practical training in 2008/09. Access to International Study Experiences To put some perspective on this figure, there were 40,092 completing or graduating students in these ten universities in 2008/09. The number of students on international placements in 2008/09, 813, was equivalent to 2% of completing students. This crude measure of access suggests that 2% of completing students in the ten universities undertake international placements. This is in addition to the 19% of completing students that undertake international exchanges or other semester/year long experiences in all 11 universities and the 7% who undertake short term programs in six universities. While the figure for this crude measure of access to international placements across the ten universities was 2.0%, the responses ranged from 0.4% to 16.5%, as in Chart 21 Access to International Placements. Chart 21 Access to International Placements 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% Analysis Universities provided data on enrolment status (domestic or international), level of study, gender, duration and whether for credit. Nine universities provided data on the enrolment status for 774 students undertaking international placements and 774 (83%) were domestic rather than international students. 23

26 While 82.8% of students across the nine universities on international placements were domestic (rather than international) students, the nine university responses ranged from 0% to 100% as in Chart 22 International Placements: Enrolment Status: % Domestic. Chart 22 International Placements: Enrolment Status: % Domestic 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Nine universities reported the level of study of 774 students, and 353 (46%) were undergraduates. While 45.6% of students across nine universities on international placements were undergraduates, the university responses ranged from 0% to 100%, as in Chart 23 International Placements: Level of Study: % Undergraduate. Chart 23 International Placements: Level of Study: % Undergraduate 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Nine universities provided gender information on 753 students on international placements in 2008/09 and 365 (49%) were women. While 48.5% of students across the nine universities on international placements were women, the responses ranged from 33.3% to 87.6%, as in Chart 24 International Placements: Gender: % Women on the next page. 24

27 Chart 24 International Placements: Gender: % Women 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Most students on international placements went overseas for less than a semester (59%) or for a semester (38%), with only 3% for a year. While 40.8% of students went overseas for a semester or longer, the seven university responses ranged from 0% to 100% as in Chart 25 International Placements: Duration: % Semester or Longer. Chart 25 International Placements: Duration: % Semester or Longer 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Of 517 international placements, 399 (77%) were for credit and a further 17% were for recognition, for purposes such as development of international skills. Fields of Education Ten universities reported the field of education for 784 students on international placements. Engineering (23% of experiences), Management and Commerce (18%), Science (11%), International Studies/Relations (11%), Society and Culture (11%) and Education (10%) were the most commonly reported fields. Chart 26 International Placements: Fields of Education, on the next page, shows the overall pattern of fields of education and the pattern in your university. 25

28 Chart 26 International Placements: Fields of Education Combined Science 60% 50% IT Hospitality 40% 30% Eng Creative 20% 10% 0% Arch Total Linkoping International Ag Law Health Society and Culture Management and Commerce Education Destination Nine universities reported destinations for 770 students on international placements in 2008/09. 51% went to Europe, 18% went to the Americas and 15% went Asia, including 4% who went to China. Chart 27 International Placements: Destinations, on the next page, shows the overall pattern of destinations and the pattern in your university. 26

29 Chart 27 International Placements: Destinations Total NE Asia 60% Total Oceania SSA 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Total SE Asia Total Linkoping Total Sth Asia MENA Total Americas Total Europe 27

30 5 International Research Experiences Six of the eleven ECIU universities reported a total 751 students on international research experiences in 2008/09. Access to International Study Experiences To put some perspective on this figure, there were 720 international research experiences and 876 completing or graduating research students in five universities in 2008/09. The number of students on international research experiences in 2008/09, 720, was equivalent to 82% of completing research students. This crude measure of access suggests that 82% of completing research students in five universities undertake international research experiences. While the figure for this crude measure of access to international research experiences across five universities was 82.2%, the responses ranged from 1.7% to 334.5%, as in Chart 28 Access to International Research Experiences. In one university, research students on average undertake three or four international research experiences during the course of their research program. Chart 28 Access to International Research Experiences 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300% 350% 400% Analysis Universities provided data on enrolment status (domestic or international), level of study, gender, duration and whether for credit. 28

31 Six universities provided data on the enrolment status for 751 students undertaking international research experiences and 394 (53%) were domestic rather than international students. While 52.5% of students across the six universities on international research experiences were domestic (rather than international) students, the six university responses ranged from 0% to 100% as in Chart 29 International Research Experiences: Enrolment Status: % Domestic. Chart 29 International Research Experiences: Enrolment Status: % Domestic 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Five universities provided gender information on 166 students on international research experiences in 2008/09 and 71 (43%) were women. While 42.8% of students across the five universities on international research experiences were women, the responses ranged from 0% to 54.8%, as in Chart 30 International Research Experiences: Gender: % Women. Chart 30 International Research Experiences: Gender: % Women 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Most students on international research experiences went overseas for less than a semester (92%) or for a semester (6%), with only 1% for a year. 29

32 While 7.7% of students went overseas for a semester or longer, the six university responses ranged from 0.7% to 100% as in Chart 31 International Research Experiences: Duration: % Semester or Longer. Chart 31 International Research Experiences: Duration: % Semester or Longer 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% All international research experiences were deemed to be for credit. Fields of Education Six universities reported the field of education for 751 students on international research experiences. Science (30%), Information Technology (29%), Engineering (15%) and Management and Commerce (11%) were the most commonly reported fields. Chart 32 International Research Experiences: Fields of Education, on the next page, shows the overall pattern of fields of education and the pattern in your university. Destination Six universities reported destinations for 748 students on international research experiences in 2008/09. 72% went to Europe, 18% went to the Americas and 7% went Asia; 2% of international research experiences were at ECIU member universities. Chart 33 International Research Experiences: Destinations, on the next page, shows the overall pattern of destinations and the pattern in your university. 30

33 Chart 32 International Research Experiences: Fields of Education Combined Science 35% 30% IT Hospitality 25% 20% Eng 15% Creative 10% 5% Arch Total 0% International Ag Law Health Society and Culture Management and Commerce Education Chart 33 International Research Experiences: Destinations Total Oceania SSA Total NE Asia 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Total SE Asia Total Total Sth Asia MENA Total Americas Total Europe 31

34 6 Funding and Risk Management The eleven universities reported that 13% of all international study experiences of all types were supported by university funds 12% were supported by funds from government programs, including EU 0.2% were supported by a combination of university funds and funds from government programs 2% (in only one university) were supported by loan funds 4% were supported by a combination of funds from a government loan scheme plus funds from the university and/or a grant from a government program. 2% were supported by funds from an overseas or host government or foundation. Table 5 Funding of International Study Experiences 2008/09 by Type shows the proportion of international study experiences funded, by type of international experience and funding source. University Funds Table 5 Funding of International Study Experiences 2008/09 by Type Government Program University Funds + Government Program Loan Funds Loan Funds plus University and/or Government Funds from Overseas or Host Government or Foundation Semester or Year Exchanges 5% 16% 0% 3% 5% 1% 32% Other Semester or Year Programs 2% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 6% Short Term Programs 35% 3% 0% 0% 0% 6% 44% Placements or Practical Training 47% 18% 0% 0% 5% 2% 72% Research 8% 4% 0% 0% 0% 1% 13% Total 13% 12% 0.2% 2% 4% 2% 33% Total Ten of the eleven universities reported in aggregate US$6.188 million in funding for international study experiences in 2008/09, including US$1.744 million in university funds and US$4.444 million in funds from government programs, including EU. In one university, figures on funding were not available. One university reported a further US$0.228 million in loan funds. Another university reported a lack of data on loan funding, as loan funding is a personal thing between the student and the government. 32

35 Risk Management Universities were asked whether they have policies and procedures requiring registration, in the centre of the university, of international study experiences for their students. Nine of the eleven universities require registration in the centre of the university: four require registration for all types of international student mobility; one requires registration for all types of international student mobility except research, three require registration for exchanges only and one requires registration for exchanges or where there is a scholarship or travel grant from the university. Universities were asked whether they have policies and procedures requiring insurance for students on international study experiences. Eight of the eleven universities require insurance for students on international study experiences: five require insurance for all types of international student mobility, one requires insurance for all types of international student mobility except research and two require insurance for exchanges only. Seven universities require life insurance, eight universities medical and evacuation insurance, five universities require public liability insurance and six universities require travel insurance. In terms of the practicalities of obtaining insurance, two universities require insurance for all international study experiences and offer to arrange the insurance, one university requires insurance for exchanges only, two provide insurance as part of group cover, one recommends a specific insurer and one informs students about different insurers and the need for insurance for study abroad. 33

36 7 Strategy and Good Practice All eleven universities reported that the university has a strategic objective to maximise the number of students undertaking international study experiences. Targets Seven of the eleven universities reported that this strategic objective involves a target specifying numbers or percentages of students. Since 2008, Open Doors in US has been reporting a national study abroad participation rate. The methodology involves the number of international study abroad students from US as a proportion of number of completing or graduating students in US. Intuitively, this provides a measure of the proportion of completing or graduating students who have undertaken an international study experience during the course of the degree. In this study, across the eleven universities, a number equivalent to 26.7% of completing or graduating students undertook an international study experience in 2008/09. But, as in Chart 1 Access to International Study Experience in Chapter 1, the proportion ranged from 1.2% to 87.7%. Specifically in US, study abroad overwhelmingly is an undergraduate phenomenon: 89% of study abroad students in 2007/08 were undergraduates. US refines its national study abroad participation rate to undergraduates, measuring the number of undergraduate study abroad students in US in 2007/08 (234,600 students) as a proportion of the total number of undergraduate completions in 2007 (associate s and bachelor s degrees conferred) reported by the US Department of Education s National Center for Education Statistics (2,332,508 degrees). According to this calculation, 10.1% of US undergraduate students studied abroad in 2007/08, up slightly from 9.4% the previous year. In this study, ten of the eleven universities were able to report by level of study. In those ten universities, a number equivalent to 42.9% of completing or graduating undergraduate students undertook an international study experience in 2008/09, a figure directly comparable with 10.1% in US in 2007/08. But, as in Chart 4 Access to International Study Experience: Undergraduate in Chapter 1, the proportion ranged from 2.6% to 115.4%. In one university, undergraduates undertook, on average, more than one international study experience during the course of the undergraduate program. Consistent with Open Doors, this study suggests that Good Practice in International Student Mobility involves the setting of a numerical target for international study experiences as a proportion of the completing or graduating cohort. Performance against this numerical target is then monitored annually. Two ECIU member universities already have adopted this good practice. 34

37 Tec de Monterrey in Mexico sets the target that at least 40% of the students finishing a degree must have had an international experience during the years at Tec de Monterrey. Swinburne University of Technology in Australia, where 75% of all international study experiences are undertaken by undergraduates, sets the target that a number of undergraduates equivalent to 20% of completing undergraduates undertakes an international study experience in 2009, up from 18% in 2008 and 16% in Aveiro in Portugal sets the less specific target that 10% of all registered students should have an off-campus study or placement experience. Linkoping in Sweden and Southern Federal University in Russia reported different targets. The Linkoping target is to increase outgoing numbers 10% per year from the 2006 base. The SFU target is to increase numbers of outgoing students 50% per year for five years. Responsibility In ten of the eleven universities there is a dedicated Education Abroad or Student Mobility function in the centre of the university with dedicated staff responsible for promotion of international mobility opportunities to students. In two universities, responsibility for promotion of international mobility opportunities rests solely with this central unit. In one university, responsibility for promotion of international mobility opportunities rests solely with academic organisation units such as faculties. In seven universities, academic organisation units such as faculties work alongside the central unit in the promotion of international mobility opportunities, in one university it is for individual academic staff members to work alongside the central unit. There were no universities in the study where international mobility opportunities rely solely on the initiative of individual students. Incentives Ten of the eleven universities offer financial incentives such as travel scholarships for students to stimulate international mobility. Five universities offer as incentives recognition of students at graduation or recognition for purposes such as development of international skills. Just two universities reported offering incentives for academic organisation units such as faculties for the achievement of student mobility, and two universities reported recognition by students as peers as an incentive. Twente mentioned an annual mobility fair, Dortmund reported an annual competition that allows students creatively to put the international study experience to use. Consistent with the overall pattern of this study, there was great diversity between universities in the amount of funding per international study experience. 35