Biodiesel Clean Diesel Powered by the Sun. Don Scott Director of Sustainability National Biodiesel Board

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1 Biodiesel Clean Diesel Powered by the Sun Don Scott Director of Sustainability National Biodiesel Board

2 A renewable substitute for diesel fuel made from animal fats or vegetable oils What is Biodiesel?

3 Who is the National The National Biodiesel Board? Headquarters of the National Biodiesel Board Jefferson, City Missouri

4 Who is the National Biodiesel Board? Non-profit Trade Association for the US Biodiesel Industry Coordinating body for Research, Tech Development, Policy Founded in 1992 Supports biodiesel from all sustainable feedstocks and a multitude of process technologies.

5 Biodiesel: Advanced Biofuel, Here Now Nationwide Production Biodiesel is produced in every region of the country.

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8 Biodiesel Feedstocks (EPA Approved Advanced Biofuel) Soybean oil Corn oil from ethanol plants Canola Camelina Animal fats Recycled grease Waste grease Algae

9 Biodiesel defined by ASTM Specifications: B5 and lower (ASTM D975) B6 to B20 (ASTM D7467) B100 (ASTM D 6751) Common Nomenclature B5= 5% biodiesel in diesel fuel B20= 20% biodiesel in diesel fuel Biodiesel can be blended with diesel fuel in any ratio. There is no blend wall for biodiesel.

10 Sustainability Benefits of Biodiesel Increases Energy Security Supporting Jobs and Economic Benefits Commitment to Fuel Quality and Performance Real Environmental Benefits 10

11 Environmental Benefits of Biodiesel Cleaner, Safer Diesel Exhaust Emissions Superior Energy Efficiency (captures solar energy) Lifecycle Carbon Reduction Nontoxic & Biodegradable Reduces Wastewater & Hazardous Waste Production

12 Emissions Reductions Emission Type B100 B20 Total Unburned Hydrocarbons -67% -20% Carbon Monoxide -48% -12% Particulate Matter Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Oxides of Nitrogen (NO X ) Ozone Potential -47% -80% +10% -50% -12% -13% *0% -10% A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions

13 THE MARTEC GROUP CONFIDENTIAL New clean diesel engines have reduced NOx and PM emissions by more than 95% over the last 25 years. U.S. Emission Standards Heavy Duty Trucks 12.0 NOx (g/bhp-hr) 0.7 PM (g/bhp-hr) % Reduction % Reduction HD Emission Standard NOx (g/bhp-hr) PM (g/bhp-hr) * *Actual standard is NMHC*NOx with a 0.5g/bhp*hr maximum on NMHC 13

14 National Average 29% #1 State: IN 44%

15 Emissions Reductions Emission Type B100 B20 Total Unburned Hydrocarbons -67% -20% Carbon Monoxide -48% -12% Particulate Matter Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Oxides of Nitrogen (NO X ) Ozone Potential -47% -80% +10% -50% -12% -13% *0% -10% A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions

16 The 1.5 billion gallons of biodiesel produced in 2013 reduced emission by: PM 9,350,000 pounds HC 12,690,000 pounds CO 104,085,000 pounds

17 Clean Diesel vs CNG 2012 Clean Diesel Bus & 2012 CNG Bus Emissions Comparison To 2000 Diesel Bus Vs Diesel Bus Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Particulate Matter (PM) Hydrocarbon (HC) 2012 Diesel Bus -94% -98% -89% 2012 CNG Bus -80% -99% -100% Emissions Reductions Per 10 Replacement Buses Vs Diesel Bus Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Particulate Matter (PM) Hydrocarbon (HC) 2012 Diesel -4,953 kg -275 kg -429 kg 2012 CNG -4,197 kg -279 kg -471 kg SOURCE: Clean Air Task Force. Clean Diesel versus CNG Buses: Cost, Air Quality, & Climate Impacts (2012)

18 OEM Support All major OEMs selling diesel equipment in the U.S. support at least B5 and lower blends, provided they are made with biodiesel meeting ASTM D 6751 Most OEMs are also recommending use of a BQ-9000 supplier 10 new OEM statements of B20 support in 2012, 6 in 2013 Over 78 percent of U.S. manufacturers (39 brands) support B20 or higher blends in at least some of their equipment; Nearly 90 percent of the medium- and heavy-duty truck markets support B20 For a complete listing of OEM position statements on biodiesel, well as the current U.S. Diesel Vehicles List, visit: as 18

19 Performance Benefits of Biodiesel Yields the same kind of horsepower, torque, and performance as diesel fuel Naturally Ultra-Low in Sulfur <15 ppm Enhanced Lubricity B5 blend restores lubricity to ULSD High Cetane 47 min., 55 common

20 Environmental Benefits of Biodiesel Cleaner, Safer Diesel Exhaust Emissions Superior Energy Efficiency (captures solar energy) Lifecycle Carbon Reduction Nontoxic & Biodegradable Reduces Wastewater & Hazardous Waste Production

21 Liquid Fuel is Stored Solar Energy Plants store energy in natural oils. Nature has pre-assembled long carbon chains. Annual crops concentrate energy in seed. Animals store energy in fat. Liquid fuels are energy-dense, easily transported, and easily stored. Oils release energy easily. Biodiesel stores solar energy. Plants recycle carbon from the air. Hydrocarbons (H, C, & O) do not mine nutrients (N, P, & K) from soil 21

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23 Biodiesel GHG Studies DATE SOURCE GHG reduction 1998 USDA/NREL 78% 2008 DOE/Argonne 66-94% 2010 CARB 78% 2010 USEPA 85% 2010 DOE/Argonne % 2010 GHGenius 86% 2012 Univ. Idaho/USDA 81%

24 GHG Reductions with Biodiesel Blends A B20 blend reduces lifecycle GHG emissions of a diesel vehicle by 16%. This compliments MPG, PM, and NOx improvements of new diesel vehicles. A B5 blend reduces lifecycle GHGs by 4%.

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27 Biodiesel is: Nontoxic: Better For Your Health LD50 =17.4 g/kg - less toxic than table salt Skin irritation less than that of 4% soap and water solution Safer to handle: Flash point above 200 Degrees F, Non-Reactive, Non-Corrosive

28 Biodiesel reduces impact to water resources Reduces wastewater by 79% Reduces hazardous waste by 96%

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30 Biodiesel, NOx, and California B20 no NOx increase in 49-state USEPA Diesel B20 no NOx increase in 2010 and later engines B5 no NOx increase in CARB diesel Biodiesel use ramps up as NOx-neutral engines replace old technology. Low blends in use today have no measurable NOx impact. Potential future NOx will be mitigated by engine technology.

31 Biodiesel Ramp-up 25 Biodiesel Blend (%) Biodiesel Blend (%)

32 Retirement of Legacy Diesel Engines (Mandated Adoption of New Technology Diesel Engines/Aftertreatment and Attrition) % of On-Road Fleet with pre-2010 engine % of Off-Road Fleet with pre-2010 Engine #REF! 0.00

33 Potential NOx increase by % % of Diesel NOx % of Total NOx Biodiesel Blend % 0.00

34 Biodiesel NOx Relative to Diesel NOx (tons per day) w/ Biodiesel w/o Biodiesel

35 Total NOx Statewide (tons per day) w/ Biodiesel NOx Diesel NOx All Sources

36 NOx Impact of Biodiesel in CARB diesel CARB mitigating NOx for future increases of biodiesel use. No NOx increase w/ current use of biodiesel. NOx issue goes away with new diesel engines. Combined effect of NOx and PM reduction has no measurable increase in ozone even in South Coast.

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