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1 TO GO TO ANY OF THE PAGES LISTED BELOW, CLICK ON ITS TITLE CHAPTER 10 Animals With Backbones What are chordates? What are fish? 3 Swim Bladders Enrichment Activity for Lesson What are amphibians? How do amphibians develop? What are reptiles? 7 Interpreting Dinosaur Characteristics From Their Names Enrichment Activity for Lessons 10-5 and What are birds? 9 Flightless Birds Enrichment Activity for Lesson What are mammals? 11 Comparing Vertebrate Groups Enrichment Activity for Lessons 10-3, 10-5, and THE BIG IDEA Integrating Physical Science: How are the skeletons of vertebrates like levers? How do animal embryos develop? What are innate and learned behaviors? What are social behaviors? 16 Chapter 10 Key Term Review 17 Chapter 10 Test 18 Chapter 10 Answer Key 21 (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 1

2 10-1 What are chordates? Complete the following. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1. List three characteristics of chordates. 2. In what phylum are animals with a notochord classified? _ 3. Where is the notochord of a chordate located? 4. What is a vertebrate? 5. What is an endoskeleton and what is its function? 6. List the five major groups of vertebrates. 7. What structure replaces the notochord in most vertebrates? 8. What are two of the organ systems of chordates? Skills: identifying, relating concepts Label the nerve cord, notochord, gill slits, mouth, and tail on the organism shown in the diagram. Then, answer the questions. 6. What is the name of the organism shown in the diagram? _ 7. Is this organism a chordate? Explain your answer. 8. How does the development of this organism differ from the development of most chordates? (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 2

3 10-2 What are fish? Match each term in Column B with its description in Column A. Write the letter of the correct term in the space provided. Column A 1. kind of strong, flexible tissue 2. organ that absorbs dissolved oxygen in water 3. having a body temperature that changes with the temperature of the surroundings 4. class of fish that includes sharks and rays 5. scaleless fish including lampreys and hagfish 6. organ that allows a fish to remain at any depth in the water 7. class of fish possessing a swim bladder Column B a. cartilaginous fish b. bony fish c. jawless fish d. ectotherm e. cartilage f. gill g. swim bladder Skills: identifying, labeling, inferring Label the numbered parts of the fish shown below. Then, answer the question that follows. 7. In what class does the fish shown above belong? (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 3

4 Swim Bladders Enrichment Activity for Lesson 10-2 Skills: interpreting, synthesizing Read the passage. Then, answer the questions that follow. Swim Bladders Most bony fish have a special organ called a swim bladder. A swim bladder is a thin sac that acts like a balloon. A bony fish uses its swim bladder to move up and down in the water. The swim bladder works because it changes the fish s density. Density is the mass of something per a given volume. Different things can have different densities. Water has a density of 1 g/ml. A fish is denser than water, so it sinks in water. By filling and emptying its swim bladder with air, a fish can change its own density. Without air in the swim bladder, its density is greater than water. This causes the fish to sink. If the swim bladder fills with air, the density of the fish becomes less than water. This causes the fish to rise in the water. If the density of the fish equals the density of water, the fish stays at its current depth. The fish will not rise or sink. This process allows the fish to control its depth in the water without using its fins. Action of Swim Bladder Density Result lets air out greater than water fish sinks fills with air less than water fish rises 1. What is a swim bladder? 2. What is density? 3. What is the density of water? _ 4. How does a bony fish stay at different levels in the water? 5. Describe what happens to the amount of air in a bony fish s swim bladder as the fish moves from 30 ft below the surface of the water to 10 ft below the surface of the water. 6. How do you think the swim bladder helps a fish to survive in its environment? (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 4

5 10-3 What are amphibians? Use the diagrams below to complete the following. 1. To which amphibian order does the animal in Figure A belong? 2. To which amphibian order does the animal in Figure B belong? 3. To which amphibian order does the animal in Figure C belong? 4. What is an amphibian? 5. List three characteristics of amphibians. Skills: comparing, relating concepts Decide if each characteristic in the table below describes fish, amphibians, or both. Complete the table by placing a check mark in the correct column. COMPARING AMPHIBIANS AND FISH Characteristic Fish Amphibians Both 1. Breathes through gills 2. Is an ectotherm 3. Body covered with scales 4. Lives both in water and on land 5. Has an endoskeleton 6. Has a three-chambered heart (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 5

6 10-4 How do amphibians develop? Complete the following. 1. What is metamorphosis? 2. Name two groups of animals that undergo metamorphosis. 3. What three organs do amphibians use to breathe during some stages of their lives? 4. How do the eggs of toads differ from the eggs of frogs? 5. a. What stage of frog development is shown in Figure A below? b. About how long does it take for tadpoles to hatch from a frog egg? Figure A Skills: sequencing, identifying Place the diagrams showing the stages of frog development in the correct order by writing the letters A (first) through E (last) in the spaces provided. Then, label the eggs, tadpole, tadpole with limbs, young frog, and adult frog on the diagrams (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 6

7 10-5 What are reptiles? Complete the following. 1. Place a check mark beside each reptile characteristic. a. Have webbed feet b. Can have clawed feet c. Have scales d. Have moist skin e. Are ectotherms f. Can have two pairs of legs g. Have one pair of legs h. Have gills throughout life i. Have a three- or four-chambered heart j. Have waterproof skin k. Breathe through their skin l. Breathe with lungs m. Lay eggs in water n. Lay eggs on land 2. What animals make up the largest order of reptiles? 3. What animals make up the smallest order of reptiles? 4. What characteristics do turtles and tortoises have that other reptiles do not have? 5. How do the eggs of reptiles differ from the eggs of amphibians? Skills: comparing, analyzing, identifying Use your text to label the reptiles pictured below as either a sea turtle or a tortoise. Write your answers in the spaces below each diagram. Then, answer the question How are the reptiles above adapted to their environments? (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 7

8 Interpreting Dinosaur Characteristics From Their Names Enrichment Activity for Lessons 10-5 and 10-6 Skills: interpreting, analyzing, researching PART A Many dinosaur names are made up of word parts that describe the reptile's physical traits. Use the word parts to describe the appearance of each dinosaur listed. Then check the accuracy of your predictions below by using reference materials. Word Part Meaning Word Part Meaning bronto thunder saurus lizard ceratops hornface scutella small plate ichthyoid resembling a fish stego ridge of plates megalo very large tri- three metopon forehead penta- five baga little proto- first Dinosaur Name Description 1. brontosaurus 2. ichthyosaurus 3. megalosaurus 4. bagaceratops 5. pentaceratops 6. scutellosaurus 7. stegosaurus 8. triceratops PART B Scientists have discovered that some dinosaurs share characteristics with modern birds. Use reference materials to research several dinosaurs. List the birdlike features and the reptilelike features of each dinosaur in the spaces provided. Use a separate sheet of paper if necessary. (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 8

9 10-6 What are birds? Complete the following. 1. What is the single most important feature used to identify an animal as a bird? 2. Describe the body temperature of an endothermic animal. 3. What is the name of the class in which birds are classified? 4. Look at the diagrams of the bird feet below. Match each foot to its correct bird group by writing the name of the group below each diagram. Use these labels: swimming birds, birds of prey, wading birds, perching birds, and non-perching birds. a. b. c. d. e. Skills: comparing, classifying Complete the table below by placing check marks in the columns to indicate that the animal has the characteristics described. ANIMAL CHARACTERISTICS Characteristic Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds 1. Ectothermic 2. Endothermic 3. Lay eggs 4. Three-chambered heart 5. Four-chambered heart 6. Breathe with lungs (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 9

10 Flightless Birds Enrichment Activity for Lesson 10-6 Skills: graphing, comparing, analyzing Certain kinds of birds cannot fly. These birds move about by walking on land. The table below lists information about five flightless birds. Use the table to make two bar graphs showing the average heights and masses of these birds in the space below. Then, use your graphs to answer the questions. FLIGHTLESS BIRDS Birds Average Height (m) Average Mass (kg) Cassowary Emu Ostrich Penguin Rhea Which flightless bird has the smallest mass? 2. Which flightless bird has the largest mass? 3. What is the average height of these five flightless birds? 4. Which is taller an ostrich or you? 5. Why do you suppose an ostrich cannot fly? (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 10

11 10-7 What are mammals? Write true if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined term to make the statement true. _ 1. Mammals have hair covering their bodies. _ 2. Mammals nurse their young with milk produced in the placenta. _ 3. The structure in pregnant female mammals through which materials are exchanged between the mother and developing embryo is the mammary gland. _ 4. Scientists think that modern mammals came from the therapsids. _ 5. Mammals are classified into four groups based upon how their young develop. _ 6. The spiny anteater is a pouched mammal. _ 7. The koala is a placental mammal. _ 8. Most mammals are placental mammals. Skills: identifying, classifying Use reference materials to classify each of the mammals shown into its correct group by writing placental mammal, marsupial, or monotreme in the space provided (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 11

12 Comparing Vertebrate Groups Enrichment Activity for Lessons 10-3, 10-5, and 10-7 Skills: comparing, classifying Read each of the phrases listed below. Then, identify the vertebrate group that is described by each phrase by placing a check mark in the correct columns. 1. Dogs and cats 2. Classified as vertebrates 3. Lay eggs in water 4. Alligators 5. Have closed circulatory systems 6. Humans 7. Ectothermic 8. Classified into four orders 9. Have endoskeletons 10. Snakes and lizards 11. Endothermic 12. Salamanders Phrases Amphibians Reptiles Mammals 13. Offspring nursed with milk by mother 14. Do not need water for reproduction 15. Have lungs as adults 16. Frogs and toads 17. Kangaroos and koalas (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 12

13 THE Big IDEA Chapter 10 Integrating Physical Science How are the skeletons of vertebrates like levers? Refer to the article, call outs, and Figure on pages 244 and 245 of your text to complete the sentences below. 1. A _ makes it easier to do work. 2. Your forearm is an example of a. 3. Your shoulder is an example of a joint. 4. The _ is the fastest land animal. 5. The joints between each bone of the spine are called. Skills: inferring, synthesizing Complete the following. 1. What other animals do you think have a flexible spine? What purpose does it serve? 2. Cats and humans have about the same number of bones in their bodies. What are some differences in the skeletons of these two animals? 3. Describe how your knee is like a lever. 4. Why is a shark s spine very flexible? Science Log Writing Activity Complete the Science Log on a separate sheet of paper. To complete the Big Idea Online, go to Follow the online instructions. (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 13

14 10-8 How do animal embryos develop? PART A Match each term in Column B with its description in Column A. Write the letter of the correct term in the space provided. Column A 1. developing organism 2. union of a male reproductive cell and a female reproductive cell 3. male reproductive cell 4. female reproductive cell 5. time it takes an embryo to fully develop inside its mother s body Column B a. egg b. sperm c. embryo d. fertilization e. gestation PART B Answer the following questions. 1. Where do the embryos of placental mammals get their food? 2. Where does fertilization occur in a mammal? 3. Where does fertilization occur in fish? 4. Where do the embryos of birds and snakes develop? Skills: sequencing, graphing The amount of time it takes an embryo to develop in its mother s body is called the gestation period. Study the gestation periods of the organisms listed in the table. Then, make a bar graph that compares the gestation periods of the organisms. Arrange your bar graph from shortest gestation period to longest gestation period. MAMMAL GESTATION PERIODS Mammal Gestation Period (days) Horse 336 Pig 114 Cat 61 Dog 63 Guinea pig 68 (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 14

15 10-9 What are innate and learned behaviors? In the spaces provided, explain each type of behavior or learning. Then, give an example of each. 1. innate: 2. imprinting: 3. trial and error: _ 4. conditioning: 5. reward and punishment: _ 6. insight: Skills: analyzing, inferring Complete the maze. Then, answer the questions that follow. 1. What learning process did you use to complete the maze? 2. What learning process would the mouse most likely use to complete the maze? 3. If the mouse is given the cheese each time it correctly runs through the maze, what learning process is being used to train the mouse? (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 15

16 10-10 What are social behaviors? In the spaces provided, explain each instance of social behavior and give an example of that behavior. 1. courtship and parenting: _ 2. territory: 3. aggression: 4. societies: Skills: comparing, inferring Complete the table below by explaining some ways in which humans display each of these social behaviors. Behavior HUMAN SOCIAL BEHAVIORS How Humans Display the Behavior 1. Courtship 2. Territory 3. Aggression 4. Societies (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 16

17 Chapter 10 Key Term Review Complete each statement with a term from the box. amphibian fertilization reptiles ectotherm cartilage gill sperm vertebrates chordate mammary gland tadpole placenta endotherm metamorphosis notochord egg 1. Animals with backbones are called _. 2. The union of a male reproductive cell and a female reproductive cell is. 3. A vertebrate whose body temperature remains about the same is an. 4. The gland that produces milk in female mammals is the _. 5. A kind of strong, flexible tissue is called. 6. An animal that lives part of its life in water and part on land is called an. 7. A male reproductive cell is a. 8. The structure through which materials are exchanged between the mother and the developing embryo is the _. 9. An animal whose body temperature changes with its environment is an. 10. Chordates have a strong, flexible, rodlike structure called a at some time in their development. 11. A female reproductive cell is an. 12. An organ that absorbs dissolved oxygen from water is a _. 13. The process by which insects and amphibians change throughout their development is called. 14. The larval stage of a frog is a. 15. An animal that has a notochord at some time during its development is a. 16. Turtles, snakes, and lizards are examples of. (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 17

18 Chapter 10 Test Interpreting Diagrams Label each diagram with a term from the list. Then, use the diagrams to answer the questions that follow. amphibian bird fish mammal reptile _ 4. _ Which organisms are chordates? 7. Which organisms are ectothermic animals? 8. Which organisms are endothermic animals? 9. Which organisms have a four-chambered heart? _ 10. Which group do humans belong to? Multiple Choice Write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the statement. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1. Birds are classified into five groups based upon the shapes of their feet and a. beaks. b. wings. c. legs. d. head. 2. Female mammals nurse their young with milk produced in the a. placenta. b. gills. c. embryo. d. mammary glands 3. An example of a cartilaginous fish is a a. salmon. b. tuna. c. shark. d. flounder. 4. All vertebrates have a. an exoskeleton. b. a backbone. c. a two-chambered heart. d. an open circulatory system. (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 18

19 Chapter 10 Test (continued) 5. Animals that live part of their lives in water and part of their lives on land are a. mammals. b. amphibians. c. reptiles. d. jawless fish. 6 Which of the following kinds of organisms lays their eggs on land? a. reptiles b. amphibians c. salamanders d. fish 7. An example of endothermic animals are a. fish. b. reptiles. c. birds. d. amphibians. 8. All of the following are pouched mammals except a. koalas. b. kangaroos. c. opossums. d. whales. 9. A trait of all mammals is a. a two-chambered heart. b. body hair. c. shell-covered eggs. d. the placenta. 10. A developing organism is called a. an egg. b. a sperm. c. an embryo. d. meiosis. 11. The distinct changes during the stages of development of amphibians is called a. metamorphosis. b. fertilization. c. asexual reproduction. d. regeneration. 12. The organs through which fish absorb dissolved oxygen from the water are a. mammary glands. b. lungs. c. gills. d. cartilage. 13. An animal whose body temperature changes with the temperature of its surroundings is called a. an endotherm. b. an ectotherm. c. a chordate. d. a vertebrate. 14. The first true land animals were a. mammals. b. reptiles. c. amphibians. d. birds. 15. An example of an amphibian with a tail is the a. frog. b. toad. c. snake. d. salamander. 16. A structure found in some mammals that connects the mother with her developing offspring is a. a placenta. b. an embryo. c. a mammary gland. d. a pouch. 17. All of the following are features of chordates except a. a left and a right side. b. a highly developed nervous system. c. an open circulatory system. d. a head end and a tail end 18. During its larval stage, a frog is called a. an embryo. b. a tadpole. c. a toad. d. a placenta. 19. A young frog can leave water and live on land when its a. lungs develop. b. legs get stronger. c. tail grows longer. d. gills appear. 20. In most mammals, the embryo develops a. inside the mother s body. b. inside an egg. c. in water. d. on land. (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 19

20 Chapter 10 Test (continued) Written Response Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 21. HYPOTHESIZE: What are the most effective ways in which humans learn? Does every person learn things the same way? Explain your answer. _ 22. INFER: Do ectothermic or endothermic organisms have a better chance of surviving a drastic climate change in the environment? Explain your answer. (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 20

21 Answer Key CHAPTER 10: ANIMALS WITH BACKBONES 10-1 What are chordates? 1. Accept any three of the following: paired gill slits, a tail and a notochord at some time during the animal s development, a hollow nerve cord, bilateral symmetry, or many organ systems. 2. Chordata 3. just below the nerve cord that runs down the back of an animal 4. an animal with a backbone 5. a skeleton inside the body that protects the organs and gives the body its shape and support 6. fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals 7. the backbone 8. closed circulatory system and highly developed nervous system 1. nerve cord 2. notochord 3. tail 4. gill slits 5. mouth 6. a lancelet 7. Yes, the organism shown has all chordate features, including gill slits, a nerve cord, a notochord, and a tail. 8. Throughout its life, a lancelet keeps its notochord which is never replaced by a backbone What are fish? 1. e 2. f 3. d 4. a 5. c 6. g 7. b 1. gill cover 2. scales 3. tail fin 4. mouth 5. eye 6. fins 7. bony fish 10-2 What are fish? Enrichment Activity: Swim Bladders 1. a special organ in a bony fish that allows bony fish to remain at any depth in water 2. The mass of something per given volume 3. 1g/mL 4. by filling or removing air from its swim bladder until the density of the fish is equal to the density of the water. 5. The amount of air in the swim bladder increases. This causes the fish to rise until it gets to just 10 ft. below the surface. Then it lets air out of the swim bladder until it has the same density of water, or 1g/mL. 6. The swim bladder allows the fish to stay at the same depth with little effort. It also allows the fish to maintain its position while sleeping What are amphibians? 1. tailless amphibians 2. amphibians with tails 3. caecilians 4. an animal that lives part of its life in water and part on land 5. Possible answers: ectothermic, webbed feet, lays eggs without shells in water, and spends part of their lives in water and part on land 1. Both 2. Both 3. Fish 4. Amphibians 5. Both 6. Amphibians 10-4 How do amphibians develop? 1. series of changes during the stages of development of an organism 2. insects and amphibians 3. gills, lungs, and their skin 4. Toads lay strings of eggs. Frogs lay clumps of eggs. 5. a. the larval stage b. 12 days 1. B 2. E 3. D 4. C 5. A Correct labels for diagrams: 1. tadpole 2. adult frog 3. young frog 4. tadpole with limbs 5. eggs 10-5 What are reptiles? 1. Statements b, c, e, f, i, j, l, and n should have check marks. 2. snakes and lizards 3. tuataras 4. shells 5. The eggs of a reptile are laid on land and covered by a leathery shell to keep them from drying out. 1. tortoise 2. turtle 3. Possible answers: Both turtles and tortoises can retract their heads and limbs inside their shells to guard against predators. Turtles have flat, streamlined shells and paddle-like fins which aid them in swimming. The coloration of the turtle s and tortoise s shells help them blend in with their environment. (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 21

22 Answer Key 10-5 What are reptiles? Enrichment Activity: Interpreting Dinosaur Characteristics From Their Names PART A Possible answers: 1. a powerful or strong lizard 2. lizard that resembled a fish 3. very large lizard 4. little with a hornface or one-horned face 5. fivehorned face 6. small plated lizard 7. lizard with a ridge of plates 8. three-horned face PART B Accept all logical answers: Birdlike features the presence of wings, many include bone structure, and nesting traits. Reptile like features may include skull shape, jaw structure, and tail structure What are birds? 1. feathers 2. An endotherm is warm blooded and its body temperature stays about the same. 3. Aves 4. a. non-perching birds b. swimming birds c. birds of prey d. perching birds e. wading birds 1. Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles 2. Birds 3. Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds 4. Amphibians, reptiles 5. Reptiles, birds 6. Amphibians, reptiles, Birds 10-6 What are birds? Enrichment Activity: Flightless Birds Check students graphs for accuracy. 1. rhea 2. ostrich 3. about 1.6 meters 4. ostrich 5. Possible answer: The great height and mass of the bird are not suited for flight. An ostrich s wing structure may not be able to successfully keep a bird of that size suspended in the air What are mammals? 1. true 2. mammary glands 3. placenta 4. true 5. three 6. an egg-laying 7. pouched 8. true 1. monotreme 2. placental mammal 3. placental mammal 4. placental mammal 5. marsupial 6. placental mammal 10-7 What are mammals? Enrichment Activity: Comparing Vertebrate Groups 1. Mammals 2. Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals 3. Amphibians 4. Reptiles 5. Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals 6. Mammals 7. Amphibians, Reptiles 8. Reptiles 9. Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals 10. Reptiles 11. Mammals 12. Amphibians 13. Mammals 14. Reptiles, Mammals 15. Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals 16. Amphibians 17. Mammals The Big Idea 1. machine 2. lever 3. ball-and-socket 4. cheetah 5. vertebrae 1. Accept all answers that name vertebrates. A flexible spine helps an animal move in ways it needs to survive, provides stability, and supports and protects its other body structures. 2. A cat s skeleton is arranged to enable it to walk and run on four legs while supporting its tail and neck. A human skeleton is arranged to allow walking upright on two legs while supporting the body. 3. The knee joint is the fulcrum. Muscles of the leg apply an effort force that pushes the leg forward. The load is the weight of the ankle and foot. 4. A shark s skeleton is made of cartilage. The cartilage is strong and rubbery, allowing the shark to turn and bend quickly How do animal embryos develop? PART A 1. c 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. e PART B 1. from the bloodstream of the mother through the placenta 2. inside the mother s body 3. outside the mother s body 4. inside the mother s body, after which a shell develops and the mother lays an egg Check students graphs for accuracy. The bars should be arranged in the following order: cat, dog, guinea pig, pig, horse. (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 22

23 Answer Key 10-9 What are innate and learned behaviors? 1. a behavior, such as a reflex, that an animal is born with; spider spinning a web 2. newborn animal attaching itself to the first animal it sees, usually its mother, and imitating this animal; geese imprinting to their mothers who then teach them to find food 3. trying something new each time you make an error; experimenting with a recipe until the final product meets one s expectations 4. changing behaviors so that a response associated with one stimulus becomes associated with a new stimulus; Pavlov s dog experiment in which dogs associated ringing bells with food 5. When something is done correctly, it is positively reinforced with a reward. When something is done incorrectly, it is penalized or treated using disciplines as punishment; rats in a maze 6. to solve a problem by thinking about past experiences; performing a task using current knowledge 1. Possible answers: trial and error, learned behavior, or insight 2. trial and error 3. reward and punishment What are social behaviors? 1. behavior that allow males and females to recognize each other and signal that both animals are ready to mate and reproduce; visual communication such as a male peacock spreading his feathers 2. Many animals claim territory as their own and defend the territory from other members of the same species; rubbing against objects to spread one s scent and mark the territory 3. Animals use aggressive behaviors to intimidate, control, and threaten other animals while competing for limited resources such as food, water, and mates; using sound, such as a dog growling 4. Animals work together for the benefit of the whole group, with each group member performing a specific role or task; the strongest male gorilla assuming the role of group leader Possible answers: 1. two people going on a date 2. building a fence around one s yard 3. participating in war 4. working for a company in which each employee is assigned a specific task to benefit the company as a whole CHAPTER 10: ANIMALS WITH BACKBONES Key Term Review 1. vertebrates 2. fertilization 3. endotherm 4. mammary gland 5. cartilage 6. amphibian 7. sperm 8. placenta 9. ectotherm 10. notochord 11. egg 12. gill 13. metamorphosis 14. tadpole 15. chordate 16. reptiles CHAPTER 10: ANIMALS WITH BACKBONES Chapter Test Interpreting Diagrams 1. amphibian 2. mammal 3. bird 4. reptile 5. fish 6. all of them 7. amphibians, reptiles, and fish 8. mammals and birds 9. mammals, birds, and some reptiles 10. mammals Multiple Choice 1. a 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. b 6. a 7. c 8. d 9. b 10. c 11. a 12. c 13. b 14. b 15. d 16. a 17. c 18. b 19. a 20. a Written Response 21. Possible answers: People learn new things by imitating, memorizing, reading, listening, watching, practicing, experimenting, and doing. Different individuals learn better using different methods. Some people are visual learners and retain concepts they have read. Other people are auditory learners and retain concepts they have heard. Other people need to use two or three various techniques in order to retain information they have learned. 22. Ectothermic animals have a body temperature that varies with the environment. That means as the temperature of their surroundings changes, the animal s body temperature also changes. Fish, amphibians and reptiles are examples of ectothermic, or cold-blooded animals. Endothermic animals have a body temperature that remains constant. This means that the temperature of the environment can change but the animal s temperature is regulated by internal body functions. Mammals and birds are endothermic animals, or warm-blooded. (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. Animals With Backbones: CHAPTER 10, page 23