Today. Lab 19. Brief intro to the brain. Practical 4. Intro to the brain The cranial nerves Human and sheep brain anatomy Get to work CLEAN UP
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1 Today Lab 19 Cranial Nerves & Brain dissection Intro to the brain The cranial nerves Human and sheep brain anatomy Get to work CLEAN UP Practical 4 Brief intro to the brain Thurs 12/6 50 points: about half brain models and half book figures (with a few fresh brains too) Know: List of brain parts on objectives (names and locations only; you will need to know functions on the exam though) The 12 cranial nerves: names, locations, & functions (shown in blue in this lecture) External structures cerebral hemispheres cerebrum midbrain cerebellum pons medulla central sulcus precentral gyrus postcentral gyrus lateral sulcus longitudinal fissure frontal lobe parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe Internal structures: corpus callosum basal ganglia (nucleus) Caudate Putamen internal capsule thalamus hypothalamus hippocampus amygdala pineal gland pituitary gland reticular formation fornix substantia nigra cingulate gyrus optic chiasm lateral ventricles mammilary bodies corpora quadrigemina inferior colliculus superior colliculus Major Regions and Landmarks Regions of the Adult Brain Telencephalon (cerebrum) cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei Diencephalon thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus Mesencephalon midbrain (brain stem) Metencephalon pons (brain stem), cerebellum Myelencephalon medulla oblongata (brain stem) Figure
2 Some terms nucleus: collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS tract: collection of axons in the CNS ganglia: collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS nerve: collection of axons in the PNS Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Tour through the brain From caudal/inferior to rostral/superior The Brain Stem Includes: mesencephalon (midbrain) pons medulla oblongata Note: some consider the diencephalon part of the brain stem as well Anatomy: Brain stem Most cranial nerves are located in the brain stem Posterior view Medulla Oblongata 2
3 Cerebellum Cerebellum side view Mesencephalon Mesencephalon The Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Pineal gland Pituitary gland Telencephalon Cerebrum Largest part of brain, includes huge wrinkly cerebral hemispheres Basal nuclei Figure 14 5a 3
4 The Basal Nuclei (Ganglia) Lateral Ventricles Figure 14 14b, c The Limbic System The Cerebral Cortex 4 Lobes: frontal parietal temporal occipital Figure 14 11a Figure 14 12b Cerebral Cortex landmarks Lateral sulcus Longitudinal fissure Central sulcus Precentral gyrus (primary motor) Postcentral gyrus (primary sensory) Association areas are for integrating information Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex Central sulcus separates motor and sensory areas Figure 14 15a 4
5 Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves 12 pairs connected to brain Figure Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves Twelve pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brain They have sensory, motor, or both sensory and motor functions (mixed) Each nerve is identified by a number (I through XII) and a name Four cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibers that serve muscles and glands Figure 13.5a 3 main types of Cranial Nerves Sensory nerves: carry somatic (touch) or special sensory information Motor nerves: axons of somatic motor neurons Mixed nerves: mixture of motor and sensory fibers I Olfactory II Optic III Occulomotor IV Trochlear V Trigeminal VI Abducens Cranial Nerves VII Facial VIII Vestibulococlear IX Glossopharyngeal X Vagus XI Accessory XII Hypoglossal On Occasion, Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny; Very Good Vehicle Anyhow 5
6 Summary of Function of Cranial Nerves You need to learn: Names Numbers Locations Main functions (in blue) Figure 13.5b Lateral view Anterior View The Olfactory Nerves (I) Figure Olfactory Nerves (I) The Optic Nerves (II) Don t originate or enter brainstem special sensory (smell) Arises from the olfactory epithelium Passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone Fibers run through the olfactory bulb and terminate in the primary olfactory cortex Functions solely by carrying afferent impulses for the sense of smell Figure
7 Optic Nerves (II) Enter diencephalon special sensory (vision) Arises from the retina of the eye Optic nerves pass through the optic canals and converge at the optic chiasm They continue to the thalamus (diencephalon) where they synapse CNs III,IV,VI All motor only All innervate eye muscles The Oculomotor Nerves (III) Oculomotor Nerves (III) motor (many eyeball movements, pupil constriction, controlling lens shape) Origin: mesencephalon Destination: somatic motor: 4 extrinsic eye muscles: visceral motor: parasympathetic NS cell bodies in the ciliary ganglion, got to intrinsic eye muscles Figure The Trochlear Nerves (IV) Trochlear Nerves (IV) Smallest CN motor (eye movement: looking down) Origin: mesencephalon Destination: superior oblique muscle (that s it!) Figure
8 The Abducens Nerves (VI) The Abducens Nerves (VI) motor (eye movement: looking to the side) Origin: pons Destination: lateral rectus muscle (just one eye muscle) Figure The Trigeminal Nerves (V) Trigeminal Nerves (V) Figure Largest CN it s huge! mixed (sensory and motor) to face All sensory from face; motor for chewing Three branches ophthalmic branch (sensory) maxillary branch (sensory) mandibular branch (sensory and motor) Destinations sensory: sensory nuclei in pons The Facial Nerves (VII) Facial Nerves (VII) mixed (sensory and motor) to face Motor to facial muscles; taste sensory: taste receptors on anterior 2/3 of tongue motor: Facial muscles, parasympathetic to lacrimal and salivary glands **Bell s Palsy Figure
9 The Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII) Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII) special sensory vestibular branch: balance and equilibrium cochlear branch: hearing Origin: receptors of inner ear Destination: nuclei in both pons and medulla Figure The Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX) Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX) mixed (sensory and motor) to head and neck Mainly: swallowing, some salivary gland function Origins: sensory: posterior 1/3 of tongue part of pharynx and palate carotid bodies (blood pressure/co2 sensors) motor: motor nuclei of medulla Figure The Vagus Nerves (X) Vagus Nerves (X) mixed (sensory and motor) of thorax and abdomen Only CN that extends beyond head and neck Mr. parasympathetic motor to para-ns Runs outside of spinal cord to visceral organs Originates in medulla Figure
10 The Accessory Nerves (XI) Accessory Nerves (XI) motor to muscles of neck and upper back Origin: motor nuclei of spinal cord and medulla oblongata Two roots: The spinal root passes upward into the cranium via the foramen magnum The accessory nerve leaves the cranium via the jugular foramen Destinations: voluntary muscles of palate, pharynx, and larynx sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles Figure The Hypoglossal Nerves (XII) Hypoglossal Nerves (XII) motor (tongue movements) Origin: motor nuclei of medulla Destination: muscles of tongue which aid in speech Figure Gross Anatomy of the human brain Human brain 10
11 Midsagittal Coronal Inferior View Sheep brain Midsagittal Sheep brain inferior view 11
12 Anterior View Follow instructions in lab book look at the meninges start by examining the external brain Ventral surface first, then dorsal then look internally without cutting (fig 19.12) cut it midsagittally to see inside Try a coronal cut to see what you can find Review Sheet due next Thursday To find: Meninges Cranial nerves I XII (?) fissures and sulci on surface, lobes pineal gland corpora quadrigemina (part of midbrain) midbrain pons medulla cerebellum mamillary body (just one) optic chiasm corpus callosum (central) fornix lateral ventricles choroid plexus (inside ventricles) hypothalmus pituitatry gland (hangs off hypothalamus arbor vitae (inside cerebellum) 12
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