Multiple Choice Questions Chapter 14

Transcription

1 1. The English author of Utopia was A. More B. Tyndale C. Moliere D. Cromwell E. Spenser Multiple Choice Questions Chapter 14 2.Henry VIII of England was awarded the title of Defender of the Faith by the pope for his A. appointment of Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury B. criticisms of Lutheranism C. wars against Charles V D. participation in the Crusades E. financial support of the papacy 3. Elizabeth I of England attempted to quiet religious controversies in her realm through a compromise creed of faith known as the A. Act of the Six Articles B. Test Act C. Thirty-Nine Articles D. Toleration Decree E. League of Augsburg 4. Which of the following was most influential in the spread of Protestantism in 16th century Europe? A. universities B. Holy Roman Emperors C. printing presses D. lectures E. monarchical support 5. During the Reformation, Anabaptism drew its membership mostly from the ranks of the A. nobility B. middle class C. peasantry D. merchant class E. military class 6. All of the following were part of the Counter-Reformation EXCEPT A. the Index of Prohibited Books B. the Augsburg Confession C. the Inquisition D. the Council of Trent E. the Society of Jesus 1

2 7. The first Swiss Protestant reformer was A. John Calvin B. Ulrich Zwingli C. Balthasar Hubmeier D. Menno Simons E. Thomas Cranmer 8. All of the following were factors in the spread of literacy during the 15th and 16th centuries EXCEPT A. the invention of printing B. the Protestant Reformation C. the rise of state bureaucracies D. an increase in compulsory state education E. a decline in the use of Latin 9. The primary goal of France in entering the Thirty Years War was to A. defend Catholicism against German Protestantism B. reduce the power of the Hapsburgs C. punish the Swedish king, Gustavus Adolphus D. conquer Brandenburg-Prussia E. place a Bourbon on the Spanish throne 10. Which of the following most accurately states Martin Luther s basic religious belief as a leader of the Protestant Reformation? A. monasticism is the highest calling B. personal works matter more than beliefs C. faith is the key to salvation D. Christians are not subject to secular authority E. Christians should show toleration toward other faiths 11. Which of the following resulted from the English Reformation? A. immediate wholesale persecution of Catholics B. establishment of the English monarch as head of the Church of England C. the pope s proclamation of Henry VIII as Defender of the Faith D. papal recognition of the Church of England as independent but affiliated with Rome E. a revolt by members of the British aristocracy opposed to the Reformation 12. Paris is worth a mass is a quote ascribed to: A. Henry VIII of England B. Louis XVIII of France C. Louis XIV of France D. Henry IV of France E. Louis Philippe of France 2

3 13. Which of the following did NOT contribute to Pope Clement VII s refusal to grant Henry VIII an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon? A. Spanish troops had occupied Rome since 1522 B. Henry had refused to pay a bribe demanded by Clement C. Henry had already been granted one papal dispensation to marry Catherine of Aragon D. Catherine was the aunt of Emperor Charles V, who would not permit an annulment E. attacks on the church by Luther and Calvin had made annulment inadvisable 14. Baroque music, art and architecture emerged as an artistic expression of the Counter- Reformation at the end of the 16th century in A. Germany B. Spain C. Italy D. France E. England 15. The response of the Catholic church to the Reformation was delayed because A. the papacy feared the remnants of the Conciliar Movement within its own ranks B. Rome wanted to coordinate its policy with secular Catholic leaders C. church leaders thought that the opposition would soon self- destruct D. the situation did not appear to be that serious from the Roman perspective E. the church did not possess the monetary resources needed to confront Protestantism 16. The principle of cuius regio, eius religio, which was incorporated into the peace settlement at the end of the Thirty Years War, signified A. a weakening of the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor B. the power of monarchs to dictate the religion of their state or principality C. an increase in papal authority in the Holy Roman Empire D. increased authority of the nobility in religious controversies E. that religion was a private matter to be decided by each individual 17. The most powerful ruler at the time of the Reformation, who held the titles of Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain and Emperor of Austria was A. Maria Theresa B. Charles V C. Philip the Fair D. Henry VIII E. William the Silent 18. All of the following statements about the Edict of Nantes are true EXCEPT A. it banned Huguenot military forces and fortresses B. it promoted religious toleration C. it guaranteed freedom of worship to French Calvinists D. it followed a major civil war in France E. it was revoked by Louis XIV 3

4 19. What did Calvin teach about salvation? A. he believed in the necessity of good works for the attainment of salvation B. he believed in predestination C. he believed in salvation by faith alone D. he denied the possibility of salvation because of original sin E. he reduced the number of sacraments from seven to three 20. Of the following, the major political opponent of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was A. Pope Clement VII B. Henry VIII of England C. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden D. Francis I of France E. Philip II of Spain 21. The leaders of the Protestant Reformation have been divided by some contemporary Reformation historians into a right wing and a left wing. Of the following, who is the only one who may be said to have belonged to the left wing? A. Martin Luther B. John Knox C. Philipp Melanchthon D. Thomas Munzer E. John Calvin 22.The Henrican reaffirmation of Catholic theology was made in the A. Ten Articles of Faith B. Six Articles of Faith C. Forty-two Articles of Faith D. Act of Supremacy E. Act of Uniformity 23. John Calvin established himself as leader of A. Zurich B. Geneva C. Saxony D. Strasbourg E. Paris 24. The Peace of Augsburg A. recognized that Lutheranism was the true interpretation of Christianity B. recognized a secular leader s right to determine the religion of his subjects C. denounced the papacy and Charles V D. resulted in the recognition of Lutheranism and Calvinism by the Pope E. authorized the seizure of all papal properties within the German states 4

5 25. The Catholic Counter-Reformation included all of the following EXCEPT A. the Index of Prohibited Books B. the Council of Trent C. a more assertive papacy D. the establishment of new religious orders E. papal compromises with Lutheran and Calvinist leaders 26. The Weber Thesis attempted to draw connections between the rise of Calvinism and the rise of A. absolute monarchies B. capitalism C. nation-states D. Anglicanism E. Lutheranism 27. The Saint Bartholomew s Day Massacre occurred in 1572 in A. France B. England C. Spain D. the Netherlands E. the Holy Roman Empire 28. The Saint Bartholomew s Day Massacre was A. a slaughter of thousands of French Protestants B. the destruction of dozens of Catholic churches by revolutionary mobs in France C. the invasion of the Spanish Netherlands by the Duke of Alva D. the final act of the Spanish government before the expulsion of the Jews E. the massacre of German Catholics during the Peasants Revolt of The Edict of Nantes A. marked the victory of Catholics over Protestants in France B. declared that the religion of the king was to be the religion of the country C. removed priests from teaching positions in public schools D. permitted religious toleration to French Protestants E. severed all ties between French Catholics and the Papal Court 30. The Council of Trent ( ) was the major body through which A. Spain strengthened its position against the Turks B. the House of Hapsburg gained control over Italy C. the Roman Catholic church reformed itself D. European states entered into economic cooperation E. Puritans and Catholics were reconciled 5

6 31. Which of the following is NOT true of the Edict of Nantes (1598)? A. It was issued by Henry IV of France B. It allowed the practice of Protestantism in France C. It was responsible for the St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre D. It was revoked by Louis XIV E. It was accepted by the French Huguenots 32. When Martin Luther wrote that the fool wants to turn the whole art of astronomy upside down, he was referring to A. Pope Leo X B. Nicholas Copernicus C. Galileo Galilei D. Claudius Ptolemy E. Johannes Kepler 33. The Diet of Worms was A. an Imperial council that Martin Luther refused to attend B. the site of a debate between Martin Luther and John Eck C. an Imperial council that condemned Martin Luther for refusing to recant D. a meeting in which German princes decided to defend Martin Luther from Charles V E. a Protestant council whose aim was to unify the various Protestant sects 34. Which of these inventions contributed most to Martin Luther s success in Northern Europe? A. gunpowder B. the printing press C. macadam roads D. the astrolabe E. the telescope 35. Calvinist laws prohibited A. investments and profits B. dancing and gambling C. any union of church and state D. corporal punishment E. education for women 36. Which of the following best summarizes the political consequences of Luther s split with Rome? A. the Hapsburg Emperor used the Reformation to gain power over German princes B. Rome allied itself with the German princes against Emperor Charles V C. the German princes allied themselves with Martin Luther against Emperor and Pope D. Luther s split with Rome had little political importance E. Europe became religiously divided: the West Catholic and the East Protestant 6

7 37. During the Thirty Years War, all of the following occurred EXCEPT A. France supported the Hapsburgs in their attempt to promote Catholicism in Europe B. France supported European Protestants against the Hapsburgs C. Bohemia put a Protestant king on its throne D. the Swedes supported German Protestants against the Hapsburgs E. James I decined to support the Protestants 38. Artemisia Gentileschi was a prominent female artist whose works are classified as examples of: A. Baroque art B. Realistic art C. Impressionistic art D. Surrealistic art E. Neoclassical art 39. One of the main defects of the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 was that A. it left Italy disunited and at the mercy of the great European powers B. it did not provide for recognition of Calvinists C. it recognized Anabaptism and so promoted religious radicalism D. it allowed France too much influence within the southern German principalities E. it did not sufficiently clarify the political rights of the Holy Roman Emperor 40. In the early years of the 16th century, calls for reform of the Roman Catholic church centered LEAST upon A. the immorality of priests B. absenteeism among clergymen charged with direction of benefices C. doctrinal errors D. clerical pluralism E. clerical ignorance 41. Luther s teachings included: A. the infallibility of church councils, salvation by faith alone, the authority of the Bible B. the infallibility of church councils, salvation by faith and works, Biblical authority C. salvation by faith alone, the equal merit of all vocations, the authority of the Bible D. salvation by faith and works, the equal merit of all vocations, Biblical authority E. the infallibility of church councils, the equal merit of all vocations, salvation by faith only 42. As a result of the Peace of Augsburg (1555), A. religious freedom was recognized throughout Europe B. religious toleration was permitted within nations signing the agreement C. religious dissidents were compelled to convert to the ruler s religion or to emigrate D. rulers were compelled to convert to the religion professed by most of their subjects E. religious leaders were compelled to become civil servants within their nations 7

8 43. The immediate cause of the Protestant Reformation in England was A. Martin Luther s visit to King Henry VIII B. the Pilgrimage of Grace C. the confiscation of English monasteries by Henry VIII D. Henry VIII s intention to divorce Catherine of Aragon E. an invasion of the British Isles by Spain 44. The individual who probably did most to spark the Protestant Reformation in Germany was: A. John Calvin B. Johann Tetzel C. Boniface VIII D. Ulrich Zwingli E. King Henry VIII 45. One consequence of King Henry VIII s formation of the Church of England was A. a ban on the seven sacraments B. the dismantling of some Catholic monasteries in England C. adoption of a new Protestant church liturgy D. radical alteration of Catholic church doctrine E. an increase in the pope s authority over Catholic churches in England 46. The principle of territoriality, a legitimate ruler s right to determine the faith of his subjects, was an idea embodied in A. the Edict of Nantes B. the Peace of Augsburg C. the Six Articles of King Henry VIII of England D. the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius Loyola E. the doctrinal proclamations of the Council of Trent 47. In which nation listed below were Protestants LEAST successful in spreading their new faith? A. France B. Germany C. Sweden D. Spain E. England 48. The 16th century religious wars which had plagued France largely ended with the A. monarchy of Francis I B. Edict of Nantes C. St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre D. Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis E. Peace of Augsburg 8

9 49. Which of these statements most accurately reflects the theme of Martin Luther s Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation? A. it centered upon needed reforms within the Catholic church B. it encouraged religious and political defection from the Catholic church C. it declared that the church consists of the collective body of all believers D. it maintained that church councils were equivalent to popes in religious authority E. it declared that the Bible and leaders of the church hierarchy were equal in authority 50. Religious radicalism in the 16th century is most evident in: A. Anabaptism B. Anglicanism C. Zwinglianism D. Calvinism E. Lutheranism 51. In the 16th century, the Schmalkaldic League was organized A. to promote religious unity within the Holy Roman Empire B. by Charles V to placate the princes of the Holy Roman Empire C. between Dutch provinces to oppose Spanish rule in the Netherlands D. to oppose the growing power of the Ottoman Turks in eastern Europe E. by German Protestant princes to oppose Emperor Charles V 52. In the 16th century, the work entitled In Defense of the Seven Sacraments A. made King Henry VIII of England appear to be a protector of Catholic orthodoxy B. induced Erasmus of Rotterdam to support Martin Luther s reform measures C. became official doctrine for Calvinists across Europe D. became official doctrine for Lutherans across Europe E. represented the official Catholic doctrinal position after the Council of Trent 53. The name of this style of European art is derived from a French word meaning odd : A. Gothic B. Impressionism C. Baroque D. Romanesque E. Cubism 54. Obsessed with the idea of his own sinfulness, Martin Luther finally concluded that A. salvation was to be found in good works B. it was by faith alone that humans could achieve salvation C. man s willingness to humble himself before God was the key to salvation D. the seven traditional sacraments were necessary for human salvation E. subordination to guidance from clergymen was necessary for human salvation 9

10 55. Which of the following was NOT a factor which contributed to the northern European Protestant Reformation of the 16th century? A. social unrest within the middle class and within the peasantry B. reforming influences from earlier eras, such as Lollardry and the Devotio Moderna C. dissatisfaction with the behavior of Catholic church officials D. an intellectual inferiority, compared to the accomplishments of southern Europeans E. the readiness of some political leaders to become independent of Rome 56. In your counsel-giving unto his Grace, ever tell him what he ought to do, but never what he is able to do...for if a lion knew his own strength, hard were it for any man to rule him. This bit of advice, given to Thomas Cromwell, is in reference to A. the Puritan revolt against Stuart rule B. Louis XIV s policy toward the French Huguenots C. Charles V s challenge to Lutheran princes within his realm D. the suppression of Calvinism within the Spanish Netherlands E. Henry VIII s attack upon papal authority 57. The Colloquy of Marburg of 1529 A. was an attempt by the Catholic church to develop a strategy for combating Protestantism B. was the meeting at which Martin Luther was declared an Imperial outlaw C. was a debate between Luther and Zwingli which resulted in a Protestant schism D. was an attempt by Charles V to reconcile Martin Luther to the Catholic church E. resulted in Thomas Wolsey s fall from power as Lord Chancellor of England 58. Although he was a Roman Catholic, which one of these individuals was most like John Calvin in his attempts to reform church and society? A. Savonarola B. Loyola C. Thomas More D. Lavoissier E. Charles V 59. All are not created on equal terms, but some are preordained to eternal life, others to eternal damnation; and accordingly, as each has been created for one or the other of these ends, we say that he has been predestined to life or death... This statement reflects a fundamental doctrine put forward by A. Thomas Hobbes B. John Calvin C. Martin Luther D. the Council of Trent E. Ulrich Zwingli 60. Which observation below, concerning the 16th century English Reformation, is accurate? A. monastic properties were returned to the church during the reign of Elizabeth I B. not until the reign of Edward VI were substantial Protestant reforms introduced C. Thomas Cromwell introduced Lutheranism into England D. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey was Lord Chancellor until after Henry VIII s death E. Elizabeth I reigned as England s first female monarch 10

11 61. The Dominican friar, Johann Tetzel, helped spark the Protestant Reformation by his sale of indulgences in Germany. This sale was the result of A. Pope Leo X s desire to collect money for exclusive use in rebuilding St. Peter s Basilica B. the Elector Frederick the Wise s need for money for hiring soldiers and buying cannon C. Albert of Mainz s need for funds to repay the debt incurred in buying his archbishopric D. the north German princes need of money for the defense of Catholicism in their realms E. the Holy Roman Emperor s need for money to control the rebellious princes of his realm 62. Which of these comments about 16th century Calvinism is NOT true? A. it viewed most men as abject creatures predestined to damnation B. its hierarchical structure strictly limited the laity s participation in church affairs C. it stressed personal and moral vigilance D. it emphasized conformity to communal standards of morality and conduct E. it tended to challenge rather than to accept civil authority 63. Which of these art styles is MOST associated with the post-tridentine church? A. Mannerism B. Neo-Classicism C. Baroque D. Realism E. Expressionism 64. The specific subject addressed by Martin Luther in his Ninety- Five Theses was A. simony B. indulgences C. clerical marriage D. lay investiture E. clerical pluralism 65. All of the following were factors in the success of Luther s religious movement EXCEPT A. the printing press B. German nationalism C. political weakness of the Holy Roman Emperor D. political weakness of the Pope in northern Germany E. his support of the new scientific cosmology of Nicholas Copernicus 66. The fundamental concepts of English Puritanism derived from the doctrines of A. the Catholic church B. Martin Luther C. Jan Huss D. John Calvin E. John Wycliffe 11

12 67. In the 16th century, the Holy Roman Empire consisted of A. all European church lands controlled by the papacy B. the European nations whose rulers had been selected and consecrated by the pope C. papal lands in Italy, controlled by and centered on the Papal States D. almost 300 German cities or principalities, Austria and Bohemia, whose Emperor was elected by seven Electors E. all Catholic lands west of the Line of Demarcation established by the Treaty of Tordesillas 68. The only European nation which seriously undertook a program of church reform prior to the 16th century was A. Spain B. France C. England D. Holland E. Poland 69. Which of these ideas was generally embraced by Protestant reformers of the 16th century? A. the concept of free will B. a toleration of human differences C. the authority of the scriptures D. the essential goodness of human nature E. the authority of church councils 70. The main reason popes made concessions to French and Spanish monarchs between 1482 and 1516 was A. to grant them greater independence in matters of church doctrine B. to enlist their support against leaders of the Conciliar Movement C. to gain their support against the Ottoman Turks D. to gain their support in curbing the spread of Protestantism in their realms E. to improve ecclesiastical government by granting them greater local autonomy 71. In which of these regions were peasant revolts ruthlessly suppressed during the 16th century? A. Spain B. Portugal C. Sweden D. Scotland E. Germany 72. Foxe s Book of Martyrs was written in reaction to A. the invasion of the Spanish Armada in 1588 B. the St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre C. the suppression of Protestantism in England under Mary I D. the spread of the Inquisition from Spain to Europe E. the Council of Blood of the Duke of Alva in the Netherlands 12

13 73. All of the following were results of the Treaty of Westphalia EXCEPT A. Switzerland was recognized as the independent Swiss Confederation B. Holland became the independent United Provinces C. Protestantism became the officially acknowledged religion of Europe D. Prussia began to emerge as a powerful European state E. Catholicism and Protestantism became established in specific areas of Europe 74. The Counter-Reformation was A. a dispute between rival popes in France and Italy B. characterized by fundamental reforms in church doctrine C. characterized by papal correction of clerical abuses and by opposition to Protestantism D. characterized by successful campaigns to eliminate all sects other than Catholicism E. essentially a religious war led by the Protestant Holy Roman Emperor against the pope 75. Martin Luther was excommunicated by the Catholic church for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. his criticism of indulgences directly challenged the authority of the pope B. he taught that sincere faith alone could lead man to salvation C. he taught that religion was simply the church s tool for gaining political control over Europe D. he taught that the sale of indulgences was a fraudulent practice E. he taught that priests were not essential to human salvation 76. The English Reformation resulted in A. the immediate establishment of Protestantism throughout the British Isles B. the substitution of King for pope as head of the Church of England C. the pope s recognition of King Henry VIII as Defender of the Faith D. no change in the pope s authority in Britain E. the pope s recognition of the British king s authority as head of the Anglican church 77. The Holy Roman Emperor was originally A. any ruler who defended the Catholic church and Catholic lands B. the title granted to the Christian leader who captured Jerusalem from the Muslims C. the leader of the Greek Orthodox Church in Byzantium D. the pope himself, in his Renaissance capacity as warrior and general in Italy E. the Germanic monarch who ruled north-central Europe 78. Calvinism is sometimes termed a theocratic religion because A. it allowed complete freedom of worship B. it taught the doctrine of predestination C. it permitted only Calvinists to hold political offices D. it advocated simple, uncomplicated forms of worship E. it opposed the display of ornate religious art and decoration in its churches 13

14 79. Under the Elizabethan Settlement of 1558 A. Spain agreed never to invade the British Isles B. Catholicism became the officially recognized religion of Scotland C. Catholics in Britain were granted toleration D. England and Holland formally broke diplomatic relations with one another E. Anglicanism became the official state religion of Britain 80. The success of the 16th century Protestant Reformation was assured principally by A. Catholic church authorities B. local civil authorities C. disgruntled lower class peasants D. land-hungry nobles E. scholars and humanists 81. The Knights War of 1522 was motivated by A. Charles V s seizure of Catholic church lands in Germany B. French seizure of Catholic lands in France C. the seizure of Catholic church lands in Germany by princes within the Holy Roman Empire D. Martin Luther s denunciation of rebellious German peasants E. economic discontent among German peasants 82. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the theme of Martin Luther s On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church? A. German princes should oppose the Catholic church and achieve political autonomy B. consubstantiation explains the mystery of the Eucharist better than transubstantiation C. men are predestined to heaven or hell by the Almighty D. most of the sacraments are not important to proper religious observance E. salvation is achieved through faith alone 83. Ulrich Zwingli was instrumental in fostering the 16th century Protestant Reformation by A. converting the Swiss cantons in the 1520 s B. proposing the theory of predestination C. being the first to translate the Latin Vulgate Bible into the vernacular D. instituting the Consistory to uphold moral vigilance in society E. writing an heroic account of the Protestant martyrs during the reign of Mary I of England 84. The Winter King was A. Holy Roman Emperor Matthias B. Ferdinand II C. The Elector Frederick D. James I E. Louis XIII 14

15 85. Which of these statements concerning the Council of Trent is accurate? A. its policies were ineffective in combatting Protestantism B. its reforms came too late to fully reverse the Protestant tide C. it reconciled Protestants and Catholics D. its policies were enacted only after the worst religious conflicts were past E. it represented a weak, even humble Catholicism 86. Perhaps the most important obstacle to Charles V s efforts to achieve Catholic unity within his Holy Roman Empire was A. his personal inability to compromise with Protestant princes B. his lack of wealth in financing wars to crush Protestantism C. the multi-national composition of the Holy Roman Empire D. France s opposition to Hapsburg domination in Europe E. his inability to force his will upon the pope 87. A major purpose of the Jesuits was A. the promotion of liberal education among European aristocrats B. support of the Conciliar Movement C. missionary activity in Africa D. defense of papal authority E. care of the poor, the sick and the destitute 88. Like his father before him, this monarch s goal was a united Catholic Christendom in the 16th century: A. Charles V B. Henry VIII C. Francis I D. Philip II E. Henry II 89. This composer was named by the Council of Trent as the official reformer of Catholic liturgical music: A. Andrea Palladio B. Ignatius Loyola C. Lope de Vega D. Giovanni Palestrina E. Hugo Grotius 90. The Peace of Augsburg of 1555 is important because A. it ended the French wars of religion B. it kept the Turks from laying siege to Vienna C. it settled the dispute between Valois France and the Hapsburgs D. it ended French intervention in Italy E. it recognized religious duality within the Holy Roman Empire 15

16 91. Which Protestant sect was MOST influential in motivating the Catholic church to convene the Council of Trent in 1545? A. Lutheranism B. Anglicanism C. Anabaptism D. Calvinism E. Quakerism 92. Reformer, dictator, Catholic puritan, instigator of the bonfire of the vanities in Florence: A. Benvenuto Cellini B. Girolamo Savonarola C. Cesare Borgia D. Ludovico Sforza E. Giordano Bruno 93. The Letters of Obscure Men, published in Germany in 1515, supported A. Lutheran theology B. modern scientific theories of the universe C. religious freedom D. German nationalism E. classical humanism 94. These Protestants believed that human liberty was a spiritual attribute of the human condition, not a political attribute: A. Anabaptists B. Anglicans C. Zwinglians D. Calvinists E. Lutherans 95. The three candidates for the emperorship of the Holy Roman Empire in 1519 were: A.Francis I of France, Henry VII of England, Charles I of Spain B.Duke Frederick of Saxony, Charles I of Spain, John of Bohemia C.Henry VIII of England, Charles I of Spain, Francis I of France D.Charles I of Spain, Frederick II of Prussia, John of Bohemia E. Charles IX of France, Charles II of England, Wenceslaus of Bohemia 16

17 Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions for Study Unit 14 1.A, 2.B, 3.C, 4.C, 5.C, 6.B, 7.B, 8.E, 9.B, 10.C 11.B, 12.D, 13.B, 14.C, 15.A, 16.B, 17.B, 18.A, 19.B, 20.D 21.D, 22.B, 23.B, 24.B, 25.E, 26.B, 27.A, 28.A, 29.D, 30.C 31.C. 32.B, 33.C, 34.B, 35.B, 36.C, 37.A, 38.A, 39.B, 40.C 41.C, 42.C, 43.D, 44.B, 45.B, 46.B, 47.D, 48.B, 49.B, 50.A 51.E, 52.A, 53.C, 54.B, 55.D, 56.E, 57.C, 58.A, 59.B, 60.B 61.C, 62.B, 63.C, 64.B, 65.E, 66.D, 67.D, 68.A, 69.C, 70.B 71.E, 72.C, 73.C, 74.C, 75.C, 76.B, 77.A, 78.C, 79.E, 80.B 81.C, 82.D, 83.A, 84.C, 85.B, 86.C, 87.D, 88.D, 89.D, 90.E 91.D, 92.B, 93.C, 94.E, 95.C Comments on Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter (A) See Sir Thomas More in Notes on Chapter 13. William Tyndale was a British scholar who translated the New Testament into English in His translation was one of the first in vernacular English. Moliere was a French writer of comic plays in the mid-1600 s. Oliver Cromwell ruled England in the mid-1600 s. Thomas Cromwell was one of Henry VIII s important advisors. He was also a scholar and the author of an English translation of Marsilius of Padua s work, Defensor Pacis. Edmund Spenser was a British poet of the Elizabethan Age. His work The Faerie Queene is an allegory glorifying Queen Elizabeth I. 2. (B) See comments about Henry VIII above. 3. (C) Elizabeth s Thirty-Nine Articles on Religion were issued in They were adapted from Archbishop Thomas Cranmer s Forty-Two Articles, and they firmly reestablished Anglicanism as a Protestant religion, after Queen Mary s Catholic Reign of Terror. The Act of the Six Articles (1539), passed during the reign of King Henry VIII, confirmed the essentially Catholic nature of Anglicanism. The Test Act, passed during the reign of King Charles II of England, who ruled from 1660 to 1685, required all civil and military officials of the British government to swear an oath denying the doctrine of transubstantiation a measure designed to prevent Catholics from holding office. The Toleration Act 17

18 of 1689, passed during the early reign of William and Mary (1689), reversed measures enacted by Catholic King James II of England and permitted free worship for all but Catholics and Unitarians. Catholicism and radical sects denying the Trinity, however, were outlawed by the Act. The League of Augsburg was a coalition of European states, organized in the late 1600 s, whose purpose was to oppose the aggressive military campaigns of King Louis XIV of France. 4. (C) No single factor was more important than the printing press in spreading Protestant ideas in the 1500 s. 5. (C) Anabaptism was a popular, not an elitist, movement. Its advocates were, for the most part, uneducated or poorly educated. All other groups mentioned in this question would have been fairly well-educated and socially connected during the Renaissance. 6. (B) See Augsburg Confession and Counter-Reformation. See also separate entries on The Index, The Inquisition and Ignatius Loyola. 7. (B) See Ulrich Zwingli. Zwingli was a contemporary of Luther. Calvin was younger than both. Thomas Cranmer was an advisor to King Henry VIII of England and the Archbishop of Canterbury. Menno Simons lived in the early 1500 s. He founded the Mennonite faith, which became prominent in eastern Europe and in North America. The Mennonite faith was an offshoot of Anabaptism. Balthasar Hubmaier was a German Anabaptist leader of the early 1500 s. He was burned at the stake. 8. (E) Latin remained the official language of the Catholic Church as well as the language of international scholarship during the 15th and 16th centuries. Local and regional vernacular languages were beginning to make inroads into Latin, but several centuries would have to pass before they would supplant Latin entirely. Printing put literature into common peoples hands, encouraging them to learn to read. The religious dispute that became the Protestant Reformation was carried on largely in print, again stimulating those who were interested to learn to read. The rise of modern state bureaucracies provided lucrative and prestigious employment for those who could read and write--another incentive to become literate. Compulsory state education was not mandated by any European state until the 19th century. Germany was the first state to demand a minimum amount of education for all of its citizens. 9. (B) The Thirty Years War was a religious and political conflict, fought mostly on German soil, between 1618 and Catholic France, at the insistence of the powerful Cardinal Richelieu, entered the war in support of the Protestants. This surprising development was occasioned by Richelieu s intense desire to make the French king the most powerful monarch in Europe. Standing in the way of that goal were the Habsburgs (or Hapsburgs), perhaps the most powerful dynastic family in Europe. The Habsburgs were ardently Catholic and politically ambitious. They controlled lands in Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. In fact, their lands surrounded France on all sides. Cardinal Richelieu was more interested in crushing the Habsburgs than in supporting European Catholicism, as his decision to support Protestant armies in the Thirty Years War demonstrates. The Swedish general and king, Gustavus Adolphus, was a dynamic and successful leader of Protestant forces in the Thirty Years War. He was killed at the Battle of Lutzen in The German principality of Brandenburg, located in the eastern Holy Roman Empire, eventually developed into the modern state of Prussia (now a part of Germany). The capital city of Brandenburg was Berlin, long afterward the political capital of Germany. (At the end of World War II, Germany was divided into East and West. Berlin was a divided city, part free and part Communist, even though Berlin itself 18

19 was located well within East Germany. The capital of West Germany then became Bonn. It is still Bonn today, although plans exist for moving the capital back to Berlin in the near future.) The Bourbon dynasty was one of Europe s most powerful ruling families from the late 1500 s to the 1800 s. All the Kings of France during this time were of the Bourbon dynasty. The founder of the line was King Henry IV. King Louis XIV s attempt to place one of his Bourbon relatives on the vacant throne of Spain in the early 1700 s resulted in the so-called War of the Spanish Succession. 10. (C) See Martin Luther. He rejected personal works as ineffective toward gaining salvation, he left monasticism for a higher calling, he preached civil obedience to secular authorities and he was notoriously intolerant of religious viewpoints other than his own. 11. (B) Just after King Henry VIII s break with Rome in 1534, Anglicanism was virtually indistinguishable from Catholicism. Catholics were not persecuted actively in England until the reign of Queen Mary ( ). The Pope had granted Henry the title Defender of the Faith just after Luther began creating a stir in Germany, just before Besides, why would the pope grant such a title to a religious rebel? Henry s break with Rome was total. No compromise position was seriously considered. Most of Britain s aristocracy were supportive of Henry and of Reformation. When Henry closed many of England s monasteries, he presented them to his aristocratic favorites as royal gifts. He sold others for the money they would bring. Most important, an official break with Rome would stop the flow of religious taxes from England to Italy. Aristocrats were eager to have those funds for their own uses. In 1534, by the so-called Act of Supremacy, Henry VIII officially broke relations with the papacy and became the legal head of the Anglican Church (Church of England.) Many of his successors were similarly acknowledged as head of the Anglican Church by their own Acts of Supremacy. 12. (D) When the Protestant Henry of Navarre was offered the kingship of France in 1589, it was under the stipulation that he convert to Catholicism. Paris was located in an intensely Catholic part of France. A Protestant king would not have been taken seriously or even tolerated in Paris. Henry, therefore, agreed to convert to Catholicism in order to become king. (One can see where his priorities lay. Politics were more important to him than religion. He along with Elizabeth was know as a Politique for this reason) When Henry of Navarre became King of France in 1589, he is said to have commented, Paris is worth a Mass. In other words, he could tolerate attending Mass and being a practicing Catholic, if the reward were the French kingship. 13. (B) Catherine of Aragon, aunt of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire, had been married to Henry VIII s older brother Arthur. When Arthur died unexpectedly, Henry moved to have the marriage annulled, so that he could marry her, so important was it to maintain a political connection to Habsburg Spain. It was necessary for Henry to receive special permission from the Pope for marriage to his brother s widow. That permission was granted. Unfortunately, Catherine only produced a daughter for Henry, the future Queen Mary. He needed a son to prevent civil strife over the succession after his death, or so he thought. The papacy was notoriously weak after the death of Leo in Pope Adrian VI was from the Netherlands (the only Dutch pope) and dedicated to meaningful Church reform. Unfortunately, he received no genuine cooperation in Rome and died after twenty fruitless months in office. Answer A has a typographic error. The date should be 1527, the date of Charles V s invasion and sack of Rome. The Emperor and his troops exerted pressure upon Pope Clement to accede to the imperial demands, and Charles was not willing for the Pope to sanction the divorce of his aunt and Henry VIII. Also, due to the turmoil stirred up by Luther and Calvin, the Church was 19

20 beginning to take a rather hard line on doctrinal and institutional matters. 14. (C) The Baroque movement began in Italy, as did the Catholic Reformation. 15. (A) Any meaningful Church reform would almost necessarily require the formation of a council. In fact, the Council of Trent ( ) was the engine of papal reform in the 16th century. Popes, however, were reluctant to call ecumenical councils, for fear that the assembled clerics might take the opportunity to agitate for executive ruling councils instead of a centralized papacy. The Church was quite wealthy, owning or controlling about half of the land in Europe. Although it was slow to deal with Luther, it always took heresy very seriously, and it certainly did not assume that heresy would just naturally disappear on its own. Throughout its history, the Church found it difficult to coordinate its activities and philosophies with Europe s secular leaders. When forced to do so, it could, as is evidenced by the many concordats concluded over the centuries. 16. (B) See Cuius Regio, Eius Religio. 17. (B) See Charles V. 18. (A) See The Edict of Nantes. 19. (B) See John Calvin. Calvin was the prime exponent of predestination. No Protestant reformer thought good works influenced salvation. Salvation by faith alone, is a phrase associated with Luther, not Calvin. Calvin thought that some, the elect would be saved by God. He agreed with Luther concerning the sacraments--accepting only baptism and the Eucharist--both sanctioned by Holy Scripture. 20. (D) Charles V s chief political opponent was King Francis I of France. Pope Clement VII was his pawn after his sack of Rome in Henry VIII was an opponent, but a distant threat in far-off England. Gustavus Adolphus lived during the next century and was important in the Thirty Years War. Philip II of Spain was Charles V s son and successor on the throne of Spain and in the Netherlands. 21. (D) All others listed were conservatives, right-wingers or reactionaries. (All equivalent terms for those interested in supporting civil law and the status quo in general.) Luther was active in Germany, John Knox in Scotland, Philipp Melanchton in Germany and Calvin in Switzerland. Thomas Muntzer was a radical, a left-winger and a revolutionary, one of the leaders of the Peasant Revolt in Germany. His movement was suppressed and he himself was captured, tortured and executed in (B) See #3 above for information on the Six Articles. The Forty-Two Articles were written by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer as a statement of Anglican orthodoxy. The Act of Supremacy confirmed Henry VIII and later monarchs of England as the heads of the Anglican Church. The first Act of Uniformity in 1549 required all English churches to use The Book of Common Prayer in their services, a way devised by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer to impose uniformity upon all English church services. A second Act of Uniformity in 1552 required English churches to adopt a revised version of The Book of Common Prayer. 23. (B) See John Calvin. 20

21 24. (B) See Cuius Regio, Eius Religio. 25. (E) See Counter-Reformation. 26. (B) See The Weber Thesis. 27. (A) See St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre. 28. (A) See St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre. 29. (D) See The Edict Of Nantes. 30. (C) See Counter-Reformation. 31. (C) See St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre. The massacre occurred in The Edict of Nantes dates to (B) In 1543 Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus published De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres). In it, he argued that the sun lies at the center of the solar system, not the earth, as had been taught for centuries and accepted as true by the Catholic Church. Galileo was an Italian scientist and astronomer of the 17th century. Johann Kepler was a German astronomer of the 17th century. Claudius Ptolemy was an ancient Graeco- Roman astronomer who lived about 150 AD. His works, including Almagest and Geography, did much to influence later cartography (map-making). They were useful also in celestial navigation. Ptolemy was the source of the medieval idea that the earth stands at the center of the solar system. In fact, for Ptolemy, it stood at the center of the universe. Leo X had no interest in astronomy. 33. (C) See Diet of Worms. 34. (B) See Johann Gutenberg (Chapter 13). 35. (B) See John Calvin. 36. (C) See Martin Luther. 37. (A) Catholic France supported the Protestants against the Habsburgs. See #9 above. 38. (A) Of the choices listed, only the Baroque is a Renaissance artistic movement, and Gentileschi was a Renaissance artist. 39. (B) In the years after 1555, Calvinists became increasingly important in Europe. Yet by the terms of the Peace of Augsburg, Calvinism was barred in Germany (and elsewhere.) No treaty can be effective which ignores such an important constituency as the Calvinists. 40. (C) Church doctrine was never in doubt. The other clerical problems listed here were recognized by the Church, even though it did little to control them. 21

22 41. (C) Luther certainly believed that Church Councils could err, so A, B and E are quickly eliminated. Choice D suggests that works were important to salvation but they were not, so far as Luther was concerned. He did not believe that any particular occupation which a man could follow was better than any other occupation. God equally recognizes each man and calls him to his work in the world, according to Luther. 42. (C) See Cuius Regio, Eius Religio. 43. (D) It was vital for Henry VIII to have a son and successor. The devastating War of the Roses in the 15th century had been sparked by a problem in the royal succession. Where there was no clear male heir, there was bound to be trouble upon the death of the King. Of course, Henry had daughters, but there was no precedent for the supreme monarch of England being a woman. England had never had a Queen before. Furthermore, British kings were descended to an extent from medieval French Normans. In France it was generally taken for granted that a woman could not inherit the royal throne. This prejudice against female monarchs was based on an old Frankish law called The Salic Law. Thus, to avoid political turmoil, it was necessary for Henry to have a son, and since Catherine of Aragon could no longer bear children, she had to be divorced and replaced. When Pope Clement VII hesitated to grant Henry a divorce, the King simply broke relations with Rome, made himself the head of the new Anglican Church and then granted himself the divorce which he so desperately desired. Here again, politics proved more powerful and compelling than religious principle or loyalty. Martin Luther never travelled to England. The Pilgrimage of Grace was a brief but violent lower-class uprising against Henry VIII s break with the Roman Catholic Church. Henry seized Catholic monasteries in England after, not before, the English Reformation was an accomplished fact. A Spanish invasion of Britain was planned by Philip II for He sent the most massive fleet in history to England, called The Spanish Armada. The fleet was defeated by the British, however, and then wrecked in a storm in the English Channel. Thus the planned invasion never occurred. 44. (B) See Johann Tetzel. 45. (B) See #43 above. 46. (B) See Cuius Regio, Eius Religio. 47. (D) Spain remained solidly Catholic during the Reformation. 48. (B) Of course, the religious conflict heated up again in the next century. The St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre actually touched off a new round of religious conflict in the late 1500 s. The Treaty of Cateau- Cambresis (1559) ended a long political struggle between the Spanish Habsburgs and the French Valois dynasty. Spain prevailed in the conflict and took control of much disputed territory in Italy, where much of the conflict had taken place. For Peace of Augsburg, see Cuius Regio, Eius Religio. 49. (B) See Martin Luther. 50. (A) See Anabaptism. 22

23 51. (E) See Charles V. 52. (A) See multiple choice comments for Chapter 13, # (C) Baroque art is elaborate, majestic and ornate odd perhaps compared to the simpler style of the Early Renaissance. 54. (B) See Martin Luther. 55. (D) Northern European intellectuals never felt any inferiority to those of Italy and southern Europe. They were a bold, confident lot, as the life of Luther, Zwingli, Calvin and others testify. 56. (E) Thomas Cromwell was an advisor to King Henry VIII. 57. (C) See Transubstantiation and Consubstantiation. 58. (A) Girolamo Savonarola was a strict moral disciplinarian like Calvin. See Alexander VI. 59. (B) The key word here is preordained, suggesting the idea of predestination. Thomas Hobbes was a British political theorist of the 17th century. 60. (B) See Edward VI. Henry VIII seized some Catholic monasteries in England. His successors seized more. After 1534, all Catholic properties in Britain were lost to the papacy forever. Lutheranism was never strong in Britain. Anglicanism is a fusion of Catholic and Protestant beliefs. Lutheranism spread into northern Europe predominantly--to northern Germany, Sweden, Denmark and Norway. Cardinal Wolsey died during the reign of Henry VIII. Queen Mary I, Elizabeth s half-sister, was England s first female monarch. 61. (C) See Johann Tetzel. 62. (B) It had no strict hierarchical structure. All believers participated in the services. Calvinists insisted that God s Law was higher than man s law, so naturally they were prone to be seen as dangerous revolutionaries. 63. (C) The term Tridentine is an adjective referring to Trent. The art movement sparked by the deliberations of the Council of Trent was the Baroque. See Counter-Reformation. 64. (B) See Martin Luther. 65. (E) Luther opposed Copernicus ideas, which at any rate had little impact on Lutheranism. Luther s movement was well-established by the time Copernicus controversial book was published in (D) Puritanism is a British form of Calvinism. See Puritans and Pilgrims. 67. (D) See The Holy Roman Empire. 68. (A) See Jimenez De Cisneros in notes on Chapter

24 69. (C) For most Protestants, the Holy Scriptures were the ultimate authority concerning Truth, replacing the authority of clerics, popes and councils. 70. (B) See The Great Schism in notes on Chapter (E) A reference to the German Peasants Revolt of (C) Foxe s book is a history of religious persecution, with special emphasis on the Protestant persecutions during the reign of Queen Mary. It is a contemporary work written in the 1500 s. 73. (C) The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) ended the Thirty Years War and established the religious boundaries of Europe which still exist today. 74. (C) See Counter-Reformation. 75. (C) See Martin Luther. 76. (B) See #43 above. 77. (A) In the 700 s and 800 s AD the Frankish king Charlemagne bore the title Holy Roman Emperor for promising to defend the papacy from its enemies. The Empire itself was not founded until the reign of Otto I in the 900 s AD. 78. (C) A theocracy is a religiously-directed government. 79. (E) See Anglicanism. 80. (B) Without the protection of princes like Frederick the Wise of Saxony, reformers like Luther could not have survived to lead a Protestant Reformation. 81. (C) During the Reformation, some Protestant knights and princes tried to seize Catholic lands in Germany. They were not successful. 82. (D) See Martin Luther. 83. (A) See Ulrich Zwingli. Predestination was an old theory, dating from well before the Protestant Reformation. Calvin s government in Geneva was directed by a Consistory. John Foxe wrote Foxe s Book of Martyrs. Choice C is too vague to be meaningful. 84. (C) The Elector Frederick, Count Palatinate of the Rhine, also became King of Bohemia on November 4, His forces were quickly defeated in the opening phase of the Thirty Years War, and he was forced to flee Bohemia after ruling it for less than a year. For that reason he is often referred to as The Winter King. 85. (B) See Counter-Reformation. 24