Core Idea PS3. Energy. How is energy transferred and conserved?
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1 Core Idea PS3 Energy How is energy transferred and conserved? interaction explain predict concept: the transfer of energy from one object or system of objects to another total energy defined system changes only by the transfer of energy into or out of the system. PS3.A: DEFINITIONS OF ENERGY What is energy? defined quantity conservation of (a system s total) energy subsystems transfer macroscopic scale o energy manifestations (matter (energy=matter x speed of light 2 ), motion, light, sound, electrical and magnetic fields, and thermal energy) units for energy microscopic scale o energy manifestations (motions of particles, stored in force fields -- electric, magnetic, gravitational) particle(s) (atomic and subatomic) electromagnetic radiation (light, radio waves) space (void of matter) motion kinetic energy reference frame proportional mass matter temperature absolute zero thermal energy vibration(s)
2 solid molecules free motion gas collision interactions/action/force at a distance sound wave pattern electric field magnetic field magnet(s) equilibrium position(s) atomic nuclei molecule chemical bond metal(s) stored energy potential energy spatial configuration gravitational field gravitational potential energy falling objects pendulum friction electromagnetic radiation (such as light and X-rays) o wave of changing electric and magnetic fields subatomic scale (i. e., in quantum theory) photoelectric effect photon(s) sun earth forms of energy (thermal energy, mechanical energy, and chemical energy) atomic scale radiation. Grade Band Endpoints for PS3.A By the end of grade 2. [Intentionally left blank.]
3 By the end of grade 5. faster move(ing) (Boundary: At this grade level, no attempt is made to give a precise or complete definition of energy.) sound light electric currents At the macroscopic scale, energy manifests itself in multiple phenomena, such as motion, light, sound, electrical and magnetic fields, and thermal energy. By the end of grade 8. motion energy kinetic energy proportional mass system (s) potential energy relative position store/d/age gravitational interaction fall(s/ing) electric field charged particle(s) magnetic field(s) magnet relative motion stored energy chemical reaction(s) thermal energy (the motion of atoms or molecules within a substance) transfer (by convection, conduction, and radiation (particularly infrared and light) science
4 temperature measure average kinetic energy particles of matter total energy of a system matter state matter amount absence of matter By the end of grade 12. quantitative property system motion interaction(s) matter radiation single quantity Conservation of energy (a system s total energy energy is conserved) transformation on a macroscopic scale o motion o sound o light o thermal energy mechanical energy (motion + stored energy in an operating machine) chemical energy (energy that can be released or stored in chemical processes) electrical energy (energy stored in a battery or energy transmitted by electric currents) units of energy microscopic scale can be modeled as either o motions of particles o energy stored in fields (which mediate interactions between particles). Like radiation PS3.B: CONSERVATION OF ENERGY AND ENERGY TRANSFER What is meant by conservation of energy? How is energy transferred between objects or systems? change
5 system total energy conservation of energy transfer(s) mathematical expressions (which quantify changes in the forms of energy within a system and transfers of energy into or out of the system) motion energy (change in shape or temperature of objects) macroscopic objects collisions sliding contact transfers to the surrounding air (sound or heat) transfers to molecules (collisions, chemical processes, which increase or decrease the total amount of stored energy within a system of atoms) in stored energy kinetic energy electric current ing transfer temperature cooling conduction solid(s) liquid(s) gas convection radiation (emitted or absorbed by matter) particle in matter light infrared radiation thermal motion of particles in the matter wavelength (ultraviolet, X-ray) ionization (of atoms or molecules) electron uncontrolled system(s) stable states decay radioactive isotopes
6 Grade-Level Endpoints for PS3.B By the end of grade 2. sunlight warm earth surface By the end of grade 5. sound light collide transfer collision air light radiated (as from the sun) warm Earth land water plant growth electric current motion sound By the end of grade 8. motion energy friction thermal energy cool chemical energy (e.g., burning fuel) electrical energy (e.g., an electric motor and a battery) temperature
7 matter nature of the matter conduction convection radiation By the end of grade 12. conservation of energy total change of energy transferred system(s) mathematical expressions quantify stored energy (e.g., relative positions of charged particles, compression of a spring) kinetic energy mass speed uncontrolled system(s) degrade long-lived radioactive isotopes PS3.C RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENERGY AND FORCES How are forces related to energy? interact force transfer energy force fields (gravitational, electric, or magnetic) contact forces colliding objects microscopic level electromagnetic force fields relative position pattern(s) of motion force (at each instant) force (in terms of transformation of energy between the motion and one or more forms of stored energy) elastic collision(s)
8 macroscopic scale conservation of energy microscopic forces Grade Band Endpoints for PS3.C By the end of grade 2. push pull fast speed collision in shape By the end of grade 5. collide contact force transfer energy change in an objects motion magnet magnetizable material By the end of grade 8. interaction force Earth-object system gravitational field energy gravitational force magnetic or electrically charged objects transfer energy interacting objects. By the end of grade 12. force field(s) (gravitational, electric, and magnetic) space in relative position
9 motion PS3.D: ENERGY IN CHEMICAL PROCESSES AND EVERYDAY LIFE How do food and fuel provide energy? If energy is conserved, why do people say it is produced or used? producing energy using energy electricity movement s light stored energy convenient energy resource system environment carbon-based molecules photosynthesis chemical reaction molecule oxygen electric power generation fossil fuels (i.e., coal, oil, and natural gas) nuclear fission renewable resources (e.g., solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, and hydro power) transportation alternative fuel (e.g., hydrogen, biofuel) economic, social, and environmental costs benefits (short and long term) technological advances regulatory storage system friction energy transfer efficiency waste materials unintended impacts environmental impacts
10 Grade Band Endpoints for PS3.D By the end of grade 2. rub friction warm By the end of grade 5. produce energy conversion stored energy electricity fuel use energy (e.g., to move around) transfer to environment burn fuel sun chemical process plant (Boundary: The fact that plants capture energy from sunlight is introduced at this grade level, but details of photosynthesis are not.) concentrate battery physically transportable energy storage devices By the end of grade 8. chemical reaction plant produce complex food molecules (sugars) input (i.e., from sunlight) carbon dioxide water carbon-based organic molecules oxygen
11 o (Boundary: Further details of the photosynthesis process are not taught at this grade level.) cellular digestion chemical reaction machines aerodynamic design By the end of grade 12. nuclear fusion sun radiation solar energy complex chemical process photosynthesis solar cell electrical energy. physical process chemical process living organism cell transport of energy transfer (release or uptake) of energy electricity generation electricity transportation economic, social, and environmental costs economic, social, and environmental benefits short and long term costs/benefits conversion to less useful forms for example, to thermal energy in the surrounding environment machines efficiency waste heat environmental impacts
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