Write a useless description for each of the following terms.
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1 Write a useless description for each of the following terms. Matter: anything that has mass and volume Theory: less well supported than a law. Element: substances that contain one type of matter and cannot be broken down or separated into simpler substances. Period: horizontal rows on the periodic table Valence Energy Level: the outter most energy level. Physical Change: a change in the appearance of a substance; the bonds holding the atoms together have NOT been broken and NO new bonds have been made (no new substance has formed) Physical Properties: characteristics of matter that are often observed or measured. Law: most laws are supported by different and robust experimental evidence. Atomic Number: this number represents the number of protons in an atom. It also represents the number of electrons. Family: the vertical columns on the periodic table Valence Electrons: electrons in the outter most energy level. 1
2 Chemical Changes: produce NEW substances with NEW properties; may or not be noticeable. New bonds are formed while old ones are broken. Chemical Properties: observed when substances react with each other. Atom: the basic unit of a chemical element Atomic Mass: the weight of an atom Energy Level: the levels which electrons are in (2,8,8,18) Compound: a pure substance made of two or more kinds of elements combined in fixed proportions 2
3 2. Name five physical properties of elements: Colour, Malleability Lustre Conductivity Boiling/melting point Texture Magnetism Density 3. Name three chemical properties of elements: Reactivity Combustibility Toxicity. 4. Describe briefly what each of these people contributed to the development of the current atomic theory. Early Greeks Empedocles: matter was composed of four "elements" earth, air, wind and fire. Democritus: eventually a substance will be cut into a piece that can no longer be cut. He called this piece "atomos" Aristotle: OMIT John Dalton: Suggested that particles that make up matter are like small, hard spheres that are different for different elements - Billiard Ball Model. J.J. Thomson: Suggested all atoms contain electrons - Raisin Bun Model. Ernst Rutherford: Discovered atoms have a nucleus. There are two kinds of particles in the nucleus; protons (+) and neutrons (0) - Planetary Model. Niels Bohr: Proposed electrons surround the nucleus in specific energy levels/shells - Bohr Model - 2, 8, 8, 18 3
4 5. What did Mendeleev contribute to chemistry? Organized known elements according to properties and characteristics. Recognizing the need to leave spaces for elements not yet discovered. 6. Complete the following table to describe the subatomic particles. 7. Identify these groups on the Periodic Table: metals, non-metals, metalloids, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases, transition metals. 4
5 8. List four properties of metals and non-metals. Metals: - shiny - malleable - ductile - usually solid - good conductors of heat/electricity Non-Metals: - tend to be gases or brittle solids - dull - non-malleable - non-ductile - poor conductors of heat/electricity 9. Draw Bohr-Rutherford diagrams for elements 1, 6, 15, and 18 5
6 10. Describe two properties which each of these families of elements share. Nobel Gases: Family 18 - very stable - un-reactive - all gases Alkali Metals: Family 1 - highly reactive with halogens - reactive with oxygen and water - low melting points - soft Halogens: Family 17 - non-metals - highly reactive Alkaline Earth Metals: Family 2 - less reactive than alkali metals - burn in air if heated - produce bright flames - react with water 11. What is the maximum number of electrons that exist in the first three energy levels? 2, 8, 8 6
7 12. How can you tell if a compound is made up of ionic bonds or covalent bonds? Ionic: The compound will consist of a METAL and NON-METALS Atoms will gain or lose electrons to form ions. Metals will lose electrons while non-metals will gain them. Covalent: The compound will consist of TWO NON-METALS. At will share electrons in pairs. 13. Identify whether each of these compounds are ionic or covalent: 1. Phosphorous triiodide 2. Lithium iodide 3. Chlorine dioxide 4. Silver bromide Ionic Covalent Covalent Ionic 7
8 15. Name these compounds: NaI Sodium iodide SCl 4 Sulfer tetrachloride P 4 S 5 Tetraphosphorous pentasulfide K 2 0 Potassium oxide Li 2 Cl Lithium chloride NO Nitrogen monoxide BeO Beryllium oxide CO Carbon monoxide 8
9 16. Name 5 signs that a chemical change may have occured. 1. Color change 2. Heat, light, sound produced or consumed 3. Gas bubbles released 4. A precipitate formed 5. Difficult to reverse 17. Identify whether each of these is a physical or chemical change and give a reason for your answer. (a) A half eaten apple turns brown when left on the table (b) Carrots are cut into small pieces (c) Two clear colourless liquids are combined and the mixture turns cloudy. (d) When water is heated it disappears. (e) When a piece of metal is put into acid and the mixture gets hot and bubbles form. (f) When cherry Kool-Aid powder is mixed into water and the soltiion turns red. 9
10 10
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