One Line to Make Differences- Wallace s Biogeographic Line and His Inspiration on Species Evolution

Transcription

1 One Line to Make Differences- Wallace s Biogeographic Line and His Inspiration on Species Evolution Wang, Chun-Neng Hsin, Kuan-Ting National Taiwan University, Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Life Science Alfred Russel Wallace 1 Sulawesi Celebes JavaBali Lombok Makassar 2 - oriental barbets wood peckers fruit-thrushes 3 Ploceus hypoxanthus 25? Australian cockatoos honeyeaters Megapodius reinwardz pheasants Macrocephalon maleo 1 Van Oosterzee, Penny Where Worlds Collide: the Wallace Line

2 Papua New Guinea 5Megapodius eremita Celebes Borneo Makassar strait monkeys wild cats civets otters squirrels Makassar strait 120 cuscuses 2 Java Bali Lombok 180 Celebes Borneo Sundaland "Copyright: Alfred Russel Wallace Literary Estate. This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. To view a copy of this visit licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode" 3 hornbill "Copyright: Alfred Russel Wallace Literary Estate. This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. To view a copy of this visit licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode" 2013 TAIWAN NATURAL SCIENCE Vol.32(4) 15

3 trogons : Wallace, A.R The Malay Archipelago: The land of Orang-Utan and the Bird of Paradise "Copyright: Alfred Russel Wallace Literary Estate. This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. To view a copy of this visit legalcode" 25 marsupials

4 Kalimantan Mindanao Sangihe islands Talaud islands Indo-Malayan region Australo-Malayan region Wallace, A.R. 1859, On the Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago orangutan 5 sun bear otters skunk badger pangolin "Copyright: Alfred Russel Wallace Literary Estate. This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. To view a copy of this visit legalcode" 1866 Murray s line 1902 Weber s line 1868 Thomas Henry Huxley Sulu islands Palawan islandsmindoro islands Huxley line Copyr ight: Alfred Russel Wallace Literary Estate. This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. To view a copy of this visit legalcode Wallace, A.R. 1858, On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From 2013 TAIWAN NATURAL SCIENCE Vol.32(4) 17

5 7 Weber s line Huxley line Wallacea Van Oosterzee, Penny Where Worlds Collide: the Wallace Line. the Original Type Darwin, C. 1858, On the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection HalmaheraTernate : Thomas Robert Malthus

6 10 Charles Lyell Joseph D. Hooker 2013 TAIWAN NATURAL SCIENCE Vol.32(4) 19

7 Alfred Lothar Wegener Continental drift Pangea Laurasia Gondwana 8 50 ;. ; Van Oosterzee, Penny Where Worlds Collide: the Wallace Line. Plate tectonics theory 4 7 Timor Indochina Sunderland changes of the sea-level dependent on glaciation Wallace, A. R Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates

8 4 7 Bali Java Lombok Sumbawa Lesser SundasFlores Timor Formosaterra incognita - 9 Robert Swinhoe Cervus swinhoei 9 "Copyr ight: Alfred Russel Wallace Literary Estate. This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. To view a copy of this visit legalcode" Naemorhedus swinhoei Macaca cyclopis Red flying-squirrel, Pteromys grandis Formosa, being more completely isolated than either of the others, possesses a 2013 TAIWAN NATURAL SCIENCE Vol.32(4) 21

9 larger proportion of peculiar species of birds, while its tropical situation and lofty mountain ranges has enabled it to preserve an unusual number of Himalayan and Malayan forms. 59.4% 53.8% 47.2% 47.5% Pachyrrhynchus species Huxley s line Island of Batanes SulawesiMoluccas Banda islands Lesser Sundas Wallacea region 7 transition zone 10,000 1,500; ;

10 ? : : van Oosterzee, Penny Where Worlds Collide: the Wallace Line TAIWAN NATURAL SCIENCE Vol.32(4) 23