Chapter 2 Learning Guide Population

Transcription

1 Chapter 2 Learning Guide Population Key Issue 1 Where is the World s Population Distributed? Pgs Population Concentrations 1. The world s population is highly clustered, or concentrated in certain regions. FOUR major population concentrations are identified in the text. Shade and label the areas of these concentrations on the map in red. TWO smaller concentrations, or emerging clusters, are also identified. Shade and label these areas on the map in blue.

2 2. In the boxes below, make note of significant facts, features, countries involved and characteristics of the four most important population concentrations and two secondary ones. EAST ASIA Eastern China, Japan, Korean peninsula, Taiwan - 25% of world s population - China most populous country in the world - Chinese population clustered near Pacific coast but ½ people live in rural areas & farm - Japan/S. Korea 40% live in 3 metro areas (Tokyo, Osaka, Seoul) which is 3% of land area - 75% live in urban areas & work in industry & service jobs SOUTHEAST ASIA Islands in Pacific & Indian Oceans - 4 th largest cluster with 600 million people - Indonesia world s 4 th most populous country - Population clustered in S.E. tip of Asian mainland - Most people are farmers in rural areas EUROPE - 1/9 th of world s population with 4 dozen countries - 75% live in cities - Less than 10% farm - Population concentration near coalfields as source of energy for industry - Dense roads/rail - Don t produce enough food for themselves - Food is imported SOUTH ASIA India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka - 25% of world s population - India 2 nd most populous country - Most people concentrated on plains of Indus & Ganges rivers or coasts of Arabian Sea or Bay of Bengal - Most people are farmers in rural areas - 25% live in urban areas EASTERN NORTH AMERICA Along east coast west to Chicago - 2% or world s population - Largest population in western hemisphere - Most people in urban areas - Less than 2% farm WEST AFRICA south facing Atlantic coast - 2% of world s population - 50% living in Nigeria (most populous African country) - Most people farm - 16 urban areas Sparsely Populated Regions

3 3. Define ecumene: The portion of the Earth s surface occupied by permanent human settlement 4. What would non-ecumene mean? The portion of the Earth s surface unoccupied by permanent settlement 5. List the four lands which are sparsely populated in Earth in the table below. For each region, briefly explain the reason that makes it inhospitable for human habitation. Sparsely Populated Land Reason for Inhospitality Dry Lands Unable to grow crops; no intensive agriculture Wet Lands inches of rain per year; rain & heat deplete soil nutrients hindering agriculture Cold Lands High Lands Ground permanently frozen (permafrost); unsuitable for planting; few animals survive Snow covered mountains; steep land; sparsely settled 6. Use the maps on page 49 to prepare a sketch map that shows non-ecumene and very sparsely inhabited lands. Population Density 7. Define arithmetic density: The total number of people divided by total land area

4 8. Define physiological density: The number of people supported by a unit area of arable land (suited for agriculture) 9. What occurs the higher the rate of physiological density? Greater pressure people place on the land to produce enough food to feed its people 10. Define agricultural density: The ratio of farmers to the amount of arable land

5 Chapter 2 Learning Guide Population Key Issue 2 Where Has the World s Population Increased? Pgs Define crude birth rate (CBR): Total number of live births in 1 year for every 1,000 people 2. Define crude death rate (CDR): Total number of deaths in 1 year for every 1,000 people alive 3. Define natural increase rate (NIR): Percentage a population grows in 1 year (subtract CDR from CBR) Natural Increase 4. What is the NIR today? 1.2% 5. When did the global NIR peak, and what was it? 1963 at 2.2% 6. About how many people are being added to the world s population each year? 80 million 7. Define doubling time: The number of years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural increase 8. In what world regions is most growth occurring? LDCs S. Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, E. Asia, S.E. Asia, Latin America, Middle East Fertility 9. Define total fertility rate (TFR): The average number of children a woman will have throughout childbearing years 10. What is the global average TFR? Note the rates and locations of the global highs and lows in TFR. 6.0 in Sub-Saharan Africa & 1.9 in Europe Mortality 12. Define infant mortality rate:

6 The annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared to total live births 13. Define life expectancy: The average number of years a newborn can expect to live at the current mortality levels 14. How are these mortality rates distributed globally, in terms of the developed and developing worlds? The infant mortality rate in higher in LDCs & life expectancy is lower. The infant mortality rate is lower in MDCs & the life expectancy is higher

7 Chapter 2 Learning Guide Population Key Issue 3 Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries? Pgs The Demographic Transition 1. The demographic transition is a process with several stages and every country is in one of the stages. 2. Fill in the chart below with characteristics describing each stage in the demographic transition model (CBR, CDR, NIR, etc.). Characterize the amount of growth of each stage (low, moderate, high, etc.). Demographic Transition Model Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Low Growth High Growth Moderate Growth Low Growth - Agricultural Rev. - Industrial Rev. in - CBR drops sharply - CBR declines to - High CBR & CDR N. America & - CDR drops slowly equal CDR (both - NIR was zero Europe - NIR modest very low) - Population was - Medical Rev. in - Gap between CBR - NIR is zero unchanged Africa, Asia, Latin America - CBR grows - CDR plummets - NIR high & population grows rapidly & CDR narrows - TFR of 2.1 produces ZPG 3. Read about how England passed through the various stages of the model on page 59 with Figure Describe a historical event for stages 1 and 2 and a cultural attitude for stage 4. Stage 1 Event Stage 2 Event Demographic Stage 4 Attitude Between 1250 & Industrial Rev. Transition Model in Women have 1350 population declined by 2 million due to Black Death spurred improvements in public health so CBR was high & CDR declined England decided to have less children TFR below 2.1 Population Pyramids 4. The shape of a pyramid is primarily determined by what demographic rate? Crude birth rate in a community 5. What is the dependency ratio?

8 Number of people too old or young to work compared to people of working age 6. What age groups are categorized as dependent? 0 to 14 & What does the graying of a population refer to? The growing population of older people that places a burden on gov'ts to meet the needs of adequate income & medical care 8. What is the sex ratio? The number of males per 100 females 9. What types of countries/regions are likely to have more males than females? Why? LDCs due to the mortality rate of women during childbirth Countries in Different Stages of Demographic Transition 10. In the chart below, which represents the four stages of demographic transition, identify the country and where it is located which is in that stage and briefly describe how it got to that stage. Stages of Demographic Transition: Example Countries Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Cape Verde W. Chile S. America Africa - Entered stage in - Entered stage in 1960s 1950s - Drop in CBR - CDR dropped due - Gov t family to reduction in planning (since malaria removed) - CBR fluctuates - Reduced income due to number of - Unemployment women in childbearing years at a given time No Country in Stage 1 Demographic Transition and World Population Growth Denmark Europe - Reached ZPG - Elderly & young percentages are the same - With medical advances, elderly population increasing 11. How many countries are in Stage 1 of the demographic transition? Zero

9 12. What portion are in Stages 2 and 3? Majority of countries 13. And in Stage 4? Very few countries 14. Identify the two big breaks in the demographic transition and their causes. 1 st Break Drop in death rate due to technological innovation has been accomplished everywhere. 2 nd Break Drop in birth rate due to changing social customs has yet to be achieved in many countries 15. Complete the following statement: The first break came to Europe and North America as a result of the industrial revolution which produced medical advances. 16. Complete the following statement: The first break came to Africa, Asia and Latin America as a result of injections of medical technologies from Europe & N. America instead of arising within those countries.

10 Chapter 2 Learning Guide Population Key Issue 4 Why Might the World Face an Overpopulation Problem? Pgs Malthus on Overpopulation 1. Complete the chart below to describe the views and theories of various population theorists. Thomas Malthus Neo-Malthusians Critics of Malthus - World population rate growing faster than food supply - Population grows geometrically while food supply grows arithmetically - Today 1 person, 1 food unit - 50 years 4 people, 3 food units years 16 people, 5 food units - In LDCs there is a wider gap between population growth & resources - World population growth is outstripping many resources (clean air, farmland, fuel) not just food - Large population could stimulate economic growth & food production - Generates more customers & improves technology - Lack of economic development is a result of unjust social & economic institutions not population growth - There are enough resources to go around & should be shared equally - More consumers create more jobs Declining Birth Rates 2. Where was Malthus right? With regard to food production 3. In what way was Malthus mistaken? Population growth increased more slowly than food supply 4. What two strategies have proven successful to lower birth rates? Reliance on economic development & distribution of contraceptives 5. Take notes on important facts regarding the distribution of contraceptives. In LDCs demand is greater than supply. Contraceptives more effective if distributed cheaply & quickly. Use of contraceptives low in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2/3 of women use them in Latin America & Asia. Contraceptives are opposed in several religions (Catholicism, Muslims, Hindus).

11 World Health Threats 6. What is epidemiologic transition? Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition 7. Complete the chart below with notes on the stages of epidemiologic transition. Stages 1 and 2 Stage 1 Pestilence & famine - Black Plague - Europe & China Stage 2 Pandemics - Cholera - Crowded industrial cities & poor neighborho ods Stages 3 and 4 Stage 3 Degenerati ve & human created diseases - Cardiovasc ular disease & cancer - Infectious diseases decline Stage 4 Delayed degenerati ve diseases - As a result of medical advances life can be prolonged even with degenerati ve diseases Epidemiologic Transition Possible Stage 5 Stage 5 Reemergence of infectious & parasitic diseases create higher CDRs 1. volution of infectious diseases that are resistant to drugs 2. overty keeps people from affording treatment for infectious diseases 3. mproved travel spreads infectious diseases rapidly