Fault Properties and Slip Processes
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1 Fault Properties and Slip Processes C. Marone, Penn State With help from: Demian Saffer, Derek Elsworth, Andre Niemeijer, Cristiano Collettini, Massimo Cocco, Paul Johnson, Sam Haines, Igor Faoro, Andy Rathbun, Jon Samuelson, Matt Ikari, Matt Knuth, Harold Tobin, Bryan Kaproth and others Workshop for an EarthScope Science Plan Building on Breakthroughs Haines et al. JGR 2009!
2 Fault Properties and Slip Processes C. Marone, Penn State With help from: Demian Saffer, Derek Elsworth, Andre Niemeijer, Cristiano Collettini, Massimo Cocco, Paul Johnson, Sam Haines, Igor Faoro, Andy Rathbun, Jon Samuelson, Matt Ikari, Matt Knuth, Harold Tobin, Bryan Kaproth and others Haines et al. JGR 2009! Workshop for an EarthScope Science Plan Building on Breakthroughs that the EarthScope Facility is poised to push forward
3 Fault Properties and Slip Processes C. Marone, Penn State 1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AN ACTIVE, SEISMOGENIC FAULT! SAFOD! Frictional, hydrologic, poromechanical, elastic properties! Haines et al. JGR 2009!
4 Fault Properties and Slip Processes 2. THE SPECTRUM OF FAULT SLIP BEHAVIORS! C. Marone, Penn State Tremor, Slow Slip, Swarms, Low frequency earthquakes, Creep, Geodetic transients, Dynamic triggering, Postseismic slip! PBO, USArray: Flex & T-array!
5 Fault Properties and Slip Processes C. Marone, Penn State 3. DATA DRIVES SCIENCE! Laboratory and theoretical work motivated by seismic, geodetic, and geologic observations!
6 Fault Properties and Slip Processes C. Marone, Penn State 3. DATA DRIVES SCIENCE! Laboratory and theoretical work motivated by seismic, geodetic, and geologic observations!
7 Fault Zone Properties! Frictional, hydrologic, poromechanical, elastic properties! Fault zone width. How wide is the zone of active shear?! Physical properties of the fault zones! Additional coring?! Cross section: Thayer & Arrowsmith (2005)! Core image: SAFOD Phase III Core Atlas! Shear Zone Micrograph: D. Moore!
8 Fault Zone Properties! Multiple Fault Strands, each of which is several meters wide! Physical properties?! Interlab Comparison:! Thayer & Arrowsmith (2005)! Logging data: SAFOD data repository and Phase III Core Atlas!
9 SAFOD Phase III Hole G, Run 2 Section 7! The 10,480 fault! Thayer & Arrowsmith (2005)! SAFOD Phase III Core Atlas!
10 Fault Zone Properties! Core Samples from Phase I & II drilling! SAFOD and surrounding rock! Cuttings from Phase III drilling! Outcrop samples! Tembe et al., GRL 2006! Solum et al., GRL 2006! Morrow et al., GRL 2007! Moore and Rymer, Nature 2007! Carpenter, Marone, and Saffer, GRL, 2009!
11 SAFOD and surrounding rock! Carpenter, Marone, and Saffer, GRL, 2009!
12 SAFOD and surrounding rock! Carpenter, Marone, and Saffer, GRL, 2009!
13 Surface-slip distribution along the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake rupture trace derived from B4 LiDAR data Zielke and Arrowsmith, 2008
14 2. THE SPECTRUM OF FAULT SLIP BEHAVIORS! Tremor, Slow Slip, Swarms, Low frequency earthquakes, Creep, Geodetic transients, Dynamic triggering, Postseismic slip! Stick Slip vs. Stable Sliding!
15 2. THE SPECTRUM OF FAULT SLIP BEHAVIORS! Tremor, Slow Slip, Swarms, Low frequency earthquakes, Creep, Geodetic transients, Dynamic triggering, Postseismic slip! Stick Slip vs. Stable Sliding! Incomplete
16 * * * * Rubinstein et al., Nature, 2007 Rubinstein et al., Science, 2008
17 Remote Triggering of Tectonic tremor! Peng et al., JGR 2009! Remote triggering of tremor along the San Andreas Fault in central California Gomberg et al., Science 2008!
18 Salton Trough Earthquake Swarms & Geodetic Transients! Jeff McGuire, Rowena Lohman, Emily Roland and Andrea Llenos! The Salton Trough routinely has large swarms of earthquakes with time scales of a few days. The largest of these occurred in 1975, 1981, 2005, 2008, and The Salton Trough also routinely has large (M ~5+) creep transients where large (10-20 km), shallow portions of strike slip faults fail over periods of a few days. Sometimes the swarms and strain transients coincide, sometimes they do not.
19 West Moreland 1981 and Obsidian Buttes 2005 Migration velocities of km/hr characterize both small and large swarms in the Salton Trough and on EPR transform faults. Lohman and McGuire, 2007 Roland and McGuire, 2009
20 Laboratory Evidence for Complex Friction Behavior! Effects of acoustic waves on stick slip friction! Johnson, Savage, Knuth, Gomberg & Marone, Nature, 2008.! apparatus wave source accelerometer 5 MPa normal stress background shearing rate of 5 µm/sec
21 Stress drop in slow, quasi-stick-slip events scales with acoustic vibration amplitude Johnson and Marone, ms. In prep, 2009
22 Typical stick-slip sequence, interseismic dilation and compaction upon stress drop! Johnson and Marone, ms. In prep, 2009
23 Typical Stick-slip, millisecond duration! Triggered, slow slip event, 5-10 second duration! Johnson and Marone, ms. In prep, 2009
24 Laboratory Evidence for Complex Friction Behavior! Long term friction: From stick-slip to stable sliding! Voisin, Renard, and Grasso, GRL 2007!
25 Laboratory Evidence for Complex Friction Behavior! Long term friction: From stick-slip to stable sliding! Voisin, Renard, and Grasso, GRL 2007!
26 Faults exhibit a wide spectrum of slip behaviors! EarthScope Facility:! Fault Mechanics! Frictional Rheology! Earthquake Physics! Earthquake Hazzard!
27 3. DATA DRIVES SCIENCE! Laboratory and theoretical work motivated by seismic, geodetic, and geologic observations! Fault zone fabric and weakness! Role of surface coatings! Frictional strength of mixtures of strong & weak materials! C. Collettini!
28 C. Collettini! Zuccale Fault is part of a system of low angle normal faults in central Italy!
29 Cutting Sculpting Samples for friction tests, in-situ shear geometry! Fault zone fabric and fault weakness, Nature, In Press C. Collettini, A. Niemeijer, C. Viti and C. Marone
30 Comparison of fault rock and powdered gouge! Foliated fault rocks, sheared in their in-situ geometry, are much weaker than their powdered equivalents! Coefficient of Friction Shear Displacement (mm) Fault zone fabric and fault weakness, Nature, In Press C. Collettini, A. Niemeijer, C. Viti and C. Marone
31 Comparison of fault rock and powdered gouge! Foliated fault rocks are much weaker than their powdered equivalents! Powde r! Fault Rock! Fabric is important, even under cataclastic conditions! C. Collettini, A. Niemeijer, C. Viti and C. Marone, Nature, In Press
32 Comparison of fault rock and powdered gouge! Foliated fault rocks are much weaker than their powdered equivalents! a-b! C. Collettini, A. Niemeijer, C. Viti and C. Marone, Nature, In Press
33 Comparison of fault rock and powdered gouge! Collettini, Niemeijer, Viti and Marone, Nature, In Press
34 Fault zone fabric and fault weakness, Mixtures of strong and weak materials vs. layers Niemeijer, Marone, and Elsworth, ms. in prep
35 Fault Gouge: homogeneous mixtures vs. foliation/surfaces! Homogenous mixtures of talc & quartz are much stronger than layered synthetic fault zones.! Niemeijer,Marone, and Elsworth, ms. in prep. 2009
36 Fault Gouge: homogeneous mixtures vs. foliation/surfaces! Homogenous mixtures of weak and strong materials are frictionally strong! Layered synthetic fault zones.! Mixture 25 wt. % talc! Layer, 4.5 wt. % talc! Layer, 6 wt. % talc! Layer, 12 wt. % talc! Niemeijer,Marone, and Elsworth, ms. in prep. 2009
37 3. DATA DRIVES SCIENCE! Frictional, thermal, and pore-fluid processes in fault zones and the physics of slow and fast slip Paul Segall, Stanford With a little help from my friends: A. Rubin, J.R. Rice, A.M. Bradley, S. Schmitt, T. Matsuzawa, E. Dunham
38 Dilatancy greatly expands slow slip range Slip law a/b = 0.9 a/b = 0.8 With Dilatancy Rubin, 2008 Normalized Fault Width
39 Building on Breakthroughs! Fault Properties and Slip Processes 1. Physical properties of active, seismogenic faults! Fault rocks can be very weak: Homogeneous mixtures of weak/ strong materials are strong, but fabrics and clay coatings can make things extremely weak. Fault zones have finite width! 2. Spectrum of fault slip behaviors! What is the source of this complexity? Friction laws, fluids, material properties, heterogeneity. Physics of slow and fast slip. What will we discover next?! 3. Data drives science! Laboratory and theoretical works feeding off EarthScope data stream. Multidisciplinary science. Frictional, thermal, and poromechanical response!
40 Penn State Rock and Sediment Mechanics Lab!
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