We are here Earth. South America

Transcription

1 We are here Earth South America

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7 TRAPICHE DA ESTAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA FERREIRA PENNA

8 Figura 1: BIOMAS DO BRASIL Complexidade BRAZIL BIOLOGIC DIVERSITY: Biomas do Brasil Amazônia Caatinga Campos sulinos Cerrado Costeiro Mata Atlântica Pantanal Actual stage of knowledge Ecótonos: Ecorregiões transicionais que contém elementos de mais de um bioma Projeção sinusoidal, meridiano central (-54 graus) Nesta projeção a área das feições é preservada escala 1: Transição (Amazônia-Cerrado) Transição (Amazônia-Cerrado-Caatinga) Transição (Mata Atlântica-Caatinga-Cerrado)

9 Tom & Pat Leeson

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11 BIODIVERSITY PLANTS species of plants. 22% of species in the worlds.

12 Largest number of fish species in the world live in the Amazon Rivers species described, but likely double this number 15 times more than all in European rivers 260 known species in Mississippi/ Missouri Rivers

13 Tambaqui migrates to forests in flood season Largest scaled freshwater fish in world

14 Amazonian heterogeneity

15 GEOLOGY

16 ALTITUDE

17 BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONS

18 RESULTS: DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGETATION

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20 Santarém

21 View of upland forests

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28 Trasition Herbaceus Vegetation Arboreal Vegetation

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31 VEGETATION SUJECTED TO INUNDATIONS

32 High water level Low water level

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35 Meeting of the Rivers near Manaus, Brazil Sediment-rich whitewater rivers (Amazon) Várzea Sediment-poor blackwater rivers (Rio Negro) Igapó

36 ARBOREAL MANGROVE VEGETATION

37 MANGROVE TREE ADAPTATIONS

38 Special habitats

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42 Monumento Naturais Cidades dos Deuses - Alenquer

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44 Espécies endêmicas

45 Introduction Distribution of biodiversity 1. Geographic regions? 2. Ecological factors? Flood pulse Climatic fluctuation Sediment dynamics (sucession)

46 Tree Species distribution in Várzea V forests of Brazilian Amazonia Pia Parolin1, Leandro Valle Ferreira2, Ana L. K. M. Albernaz2, Samuel S. de Almeida2 1Max-Planck-Institute for Limnology Plön, Tropical Ecology Working Group 2Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará,, Brazil

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49 CONCLUSIONS In the inventories analysed here, shows an increase of species numbers from East to West, but it is difficult to state whether this is not an artefact due to local sampling. The inventoried areas are small, and there is an urgent need for a comparable floristic inventories spread over the whole basin.

50 Aim Are there different biogeographic regions along the white water flooplain forests (várzea)? Albernaz A.L.K.M. et al. (2008)

51 Methods Standardized sampling effort along the rivers

52 Methods 9 different biological groups Ants Aquatic insects Aquatic macrophytes Birds Fish Mosquitoes Culicidae Rays Spiders Trees Standardized sampling effort

53 Data Analysis Richness along the mainstream Ordinations based on regularly spaced inventory stations Locally endemic taxa

54 Richness - Spiders N. de espécies a) b) Espécie/indivíduo Longitude (W-E) Source: Venticinque et al

55 Richness Ants 50 Number of species Longitude Source: Vasconcelos

56 Tree community composition 2 P17 P19 DIM P13 P14 P15 P1 P16 P22 P23 P21 P24 P20 P25 P26 P11 P7 P2 P9 P5 P8 P6 P4 P3 P12 P18 P DIM1

57 Spider communities 2 13 eixo II eixo I Antes do Rio Negro, x depois do Rio Negro o - Foz

58 Ant communities 2 PV25 PV26 Eixo PV07 PV09 PV12 PV02 PV01 PV03 PV05 PV10 PV04 PV06 PV08 PV24 PV19 PV17 PV22 PV23 PV16 PV21 PV13 PV18 PV20 PV14 PV15 PV Eixo1 Source: Vasconcelos

59 Bird communities

60 Community Patterns: Ants, Birds,Spiders,Trees

61 Aquatic insects and Rays Tefé as a limit was supported only by the rays survey Tapajós-Trombetas limit is valid also for some bird and tree species of narrow distribution

62 Longitudinal variation in community composition (Culicidae)

63 Other groups Fish Field data has not shown a clear pattern Literature data on species of limited distribution support three regions Mosquitoes (Culicidae) Gradual change in communities along the mainstem Aquatic macrophytes Variation related to local factors (ph, conductivity, deep, transparency, etc). Changes seasonally

64 Biogeographic regions Historical factors?

65 Anyway Terrestrial groups have a clear pattern of community discontinuities Aquatic insects have a different pattern and tidal influence seems to be important Fish and macrophytes seem to be under influence of local factors and may need a better sampling plan to eliminate local habitat variability

66 Field practice Validation of the vegetation types of the Scientific station Ferreira Penna in Caxiuana

67 Landsat Image TM (225/061) Classification using ENVI Program

68 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETATION TYPES Campo Capoeira Igapo Ilha Matupa Terra Firme Varzea Classificação % de área ocupada

69 View of upland forests

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72 floodplain vegetation

73 Herbaceous Aquatic vegetation Matupá Normally found in great population mainly in the river margin in the

74 white water Baia de Caxiuana

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77 Black water Rio Curuá

78 Black water floodplain forests (Rio Curuá)

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80 White water floodplain forests (Várzea) Baia de Caxiuana

81 WHITE WATER FLOODPLAIN VEGETATION (OUTSIDE VIEW)

82 WHITE WATER FLOODPLAIN VEGETATION (INSIDE VIEW)

83 NEXT PRESENTATIONS

84 Population differentiation in Amazonian floodplain trees Leandro V. Ferreira1 Pia Parolin 2, Cristiane Ferreira 3, 2 Max-Planck-Institute for Limnology (Tropical Ecology), Plön 3 INPA-Max-Planck Manaus, Brazil 1 Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil

85 The actual and future of the Amazonian Deforestation

86 17% 700 mil km2

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88 The importance to Protected areas in Amazonian to the conservation of the biodiversity

89 Thank you for your attention!