Iceland Deep Drilling Project IDDP Lessons learned and future prospects

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2 Iceland Deep Drilling Project IDDP Lessons learned and future prospects Dr. Guðmundur Ómar Friðleifsson IDDP Principal Investigator Chief Geologist HS Orka ICELAND

3 Iceland Deep Drilling Project IDDP Lessons learned and future prospects Outline of presentation Short Overview of the IDDP program IDDP-1 in Krafla in NE-Iceland - drilled 2009 into >900 C hot magma, => the world s hottest production well (>450 C). Plans for drilling IDDP-2 at Reykjanes in SW-Iceland 2016 IDDP-3 well in the Hengill Central Volcano before 2020?

4 Iceland Deep Drilling Project IDDP Lessons learned and future prospects Three 4-5 km deep IDDP holes planned Project began at WGC-2000 in Japan Invitation for an international collaboration. Since beginning run by Icelandic energy consortium (HS, LV, OR, OS) with participation by Alcoa ( ) and Statoil ( ) Statoil re-entering 2015 Supported by ICDP (since 2001) and US NSF (since 2005) for science coring & science. PI s responsible. WELL RN-17 at REYKJNES well of opportunity for IDDP in Collapsed during flow test Well IDDP-1 drilled at KRAFLA in hit magma at 2.1 km (>900 C). Superheated steam at 452 C at 140 bar. Enthalpy 3200 KJ/Kg. Power capacity up to 36 MW e Preparation for Well IDDP-2 at REYKJANES completed and a modification - a new well of opportunity (RN-15) selected as IDDP-2, now under planning stage for drilling. Drilling of the 5 km deep IDDP-2 well scheduled for spring 2016

5 IDDP-1 Drilled Into Magma in 2009 World s First Magma-EGS System Created IDDP-1 Result described in GEOTHERMICS Special Issue on IDDP and at WGC-2015 in Australia

6 List of IDDP Planning Workshops and Organizational Meetings (1) Start-up (2) Drilling Technology (3) Science Program (4) Site Selection (RN-17) (5) Crisis (6) Site Selection (IDDP-1) (7) Kick-off Meeting (8) Fluid Handling (9) Continuation (IDDP-2) June 2001 March 2002 October 2002 June 2004 April 2006 March 2007 March 2009 September 2009 September 2012 ICDP ICDP ICDP ICDP ( 9 SAGA Reports available at ) (10) IDDP-2 Science Plan In few months time (Principal Investigators in 2001: G.Ó. Friðleifsson (Iceland), W.A. Elders (USA), and S. Saito (Japan))

7 Iceland Deep Drilling Project IDDP Lessons learned and future prospects Krafla fires

8 Iceland Deep Drilling Project IDDP Lessons learned and future prospects Krafla central volcano Magma chambers at 3-8 km depth detected by S-wave attenuation during the Krafla fires

9 Iceland Deep Drilling Project IDDP Lessons learned and future prospects IDDP-1 Why did we not see the magma at 2100? Earthquake hypocenters: Green dots: Krafla fires Blue dots: micro-seismic K m MT-landscape km magma surface IDDP-1 target at 4.5 km

10 Drilling Plan for IDDP-1 and actual drilling Tyr Rig in 2009: March-July 2009: - Planned m - Actual: m Tyr Rig: - Planned m - Actual: m Anchor Casing : 16 drillbit, 13 3/8 casing Production Casing : 12-1/4 drillbit, 9 5/8 casing Production Zone : 8-1/2 drillbit, 7 slotted liner 12-1/4 bit into magma at 2104 m depth to magma Inserted 9-5/8 slotted liner at the bottom and 9-5/8 sacrificial casing cemented to the top

11 Depth(m) Iceland Deep Drilling Project IDDP Lessons learned and future prospects Drilling works II - IDDP - 01 Days m Broken BHA Drilling well IDDP AC Junk basket Drilled into magma 1st time Sidetrack I Coring Sidetrack II Running Anchor casing and cementing Drilled into magma 2nd time Drilled into magma 3rd time 2500 Bit change 2400 m Stuck at 2005 m 3000 PC Corings 2 ICDP-NSF spot cores 3500 m PZ 4500 Actual Estimated 7 Corings 7 ICDP-NSF spot cores 4500 m 5000

12 Induced mirco-seismicity during drilling of IDDP-1 Micro seismicity during drilling Schematic - off scale Heating up after drilling

13 Flow test Superheated dry steam: 452 C, 140 bar, 3200 KJ/Kg power output ~ 36 MW e Video clips at Flow test continued 17. May 2011 but needed to be stopped few days later. Continued 9.August 2011 but stopped 11. August for further modification. Opened again 27 th September 2011 for wet scrubbing and heat exchange test. From November 2011 to July 2012 flowing at kg/sec

14 Iceland Deep Drilling Project IDDP Lessons learned and future prospects Connection between IDDP-1 and K-36?

15 Tracer test: 2-NMS into IDDP-1 detected in K-36

16 Apparently IDDP created a magmatic EGS system Sequence of events: Thermally cracked the metamorphic contact aureole rocks by cold water drilling- and injection fluid Attracted 350 C two phase reservoir fluid from above downwards - heating it up to 450 C Flowing the 450 C hot superheated steam - needing chemical mitigation for production By wet scrubbing Cl, S and SiO 2 were driven into the fluid phase leaving pure steam for power production CO 2 proved to be lower than in atmosphere

17 New era for power production at Krafla? Krafla power plant 60 MWe Víti explosive crater (since 1724) IDDP IDDP-1 type well can be repeated Power plant operator (LV) has plans to drill a new IDDP type well within the next two years Technical improvements included If successful power output at Krafla could multiply as magma heat source at shallow depth is quite large

18 New era for power production at Krafla? Apparently a minor design failure in the master valves prevented steam production in the Krafla power plant after quite successful chemical mitigation Assuming the technical problems will be solved several IDDP type wells can be drilled towards the magma for an EGS type geothermal harvesting Cementing 9-5/8 production casing to 1,800 m and 8-½ production hole to 2,100 m, with optional 7 liner IDDP Drilled Into Magma What seems to be in evidence: World s First Magma-EGS System was Created

19 RN-15: Production well: offered for deepening as IDDP Reykjanes : RN-17 well of opportunity 2005 IDDP -2 will be drilled 2016

20 RN-15: Production well: offered for deepening as IDDP-2 IDDP-2 Reykjanes power plant: 100 MW e RN-15 production well: 2.5 km deep RN-15 defined as Well of opportunity for IDDP-2 It will be directionally drilled to 5 km depth in 2016 Flow tested in both directions down and up Pilot tested for power production Scientifically studied as a black smoker analog Reservoir fluid is of seawater origin

21 Iceland Deep Drilling Project IDDP Lessons learned and future prospects The IDDP effort has mostly been domestically operated and funded but has also enjoyed international support from scientists around the world since the beginning, intermitted funding participation by Alcoa and Statoil (now re-entering), and by ICDP and US NSF for science coring and studies. There is a growing interest everywhere in the geothermal world to drill deeper for increased energy. To name a few projects: 1. Kakonda drilling in 1995 in Japan - and hopefully JBBP will be realized within the next few years 2. New Zealand -Taupo Volcanic Zone (HADES) (Hotter And Deeper Exploration Science) in preparation 3. Italy Larderello DESCRAMBLE active project intending to drill to supercritical conditions - 4. USA - A Proposal to Develop Ultra High-enthalpy Geothermal Systems in the USA (W.A. Elders), e.g. Salton Sea and Geyser fields in California, Hawaii 5. Philippines, Indonesia, Mexico (Cerro Prieto?, Los Humeros?) high potential at plate boundaries Practical Significance: Fewer Wells Needed for a Given Power Output Higher Thermodynamic Efficiency of Power Cycle Smaller Environmental Footprint Increased Sustainability What is needed: Innovation Competence Effort Funding

22 Iceland Deep Drilling Project IDDP Lessons learned and future prospects Referring to Ruggero Bertani at ICEF-2014 we can look at this picture and ask if we can speed the IDDP and EGS development from Long term outlook to medium term i.e.: I like to answer that question with a big YES but evidently it will depend on the effort to meet our ICEF needs - where funding is one of the fundamental request I am happy to inform ICEF-2015 that the European Commission H-2020 program has invited our joint EGS IDDP project in France and Iceland for funding participation

23 DEEPEGS H2020 EU supported project DEEPEGS is a major effort to speed EGS development within Europe and worldwide both highand low enthalpy systems. The IDDP-2 well is a part of the DEEPEGS Project already invited for funding agreement The DEEPEGS consortium is industry driven with 5 energy companies capable to implement the project goal through cross fertilization and sharing knowledge

24 KMDP Coring through the solidus Clean energy for the North Magma Projects and Supervolcanoes KMDP already established due to IDDP-1 in Krafla -40 a now +20 a Inyo Domes Kilauea Iki INTERNATIONAL MAGMA/HYDROTHERMAL TESTBED Long Valley (from Eichelberger ) In situ magma monitoring

25 Why should we care? Exempli gratia (e.g.), Campi Flegrei Caldera, Italy We can surely tap energy from the volcanoes and learn a lot on volcanic hazard and pre-warning at same time

26 Iceland Deep Drilling Project IDDP Lessons learned and future prospects NEAR FUTURE VISION: Our expectation is that by IDDP type drilling we will see more efficient power production from high-temperature geothermal systems worldwide most likely at the IDDP test sites first - i.e. Reykjanes, Krafla and Hengill volcanoes in Iceland depending though on Innovation, Competence, Effort and the Funding elsewhere Preparation for IDDP-2 has been in progress since 2012 Thank you!