FHC Human Anatomy & Physiology The Digestive System - A Guide To Focus Your Study And The Preparation Of Your T-Shirt 2015

Transcription

1 FHC Human Anatomy & Physiology The Digestive System - A Guide To Focus Your Study And The Preparation Of Your T-Shirt 2015 Introduction There is a certain body of knowledge common to all complete descriptions of the human digestive system. These descriptions appear in Anatomy & Physiology textbooks, study guides, in encyclopedias, and even on the Internet. Although the system, upon first consideration, seems very complex due to the involvement of multiple organs, it is discovered that there exists a relatively compact body of information that relates to this fascinating system. The overall function of this system is easily described as the reduction of food from the size of chunks to the size of molecules small enough to be transported by blood and fit into the body s cells. Your task is to assemble this body of knowledge into an organized description that you can transfer onto your T-shirts. Then, possessing both a detailed drawing of the digestive system and a condensed description of its function on your T-shirt, you will be fully ready to take The Digestive System Test. Your Task Your task is the use several sources (your textbook, your notes, an electronic encyclopedia, the Internet) to generate material you can add to your Digestive System T-Shirt to help insure success on the test. Although the details of the information gathered and transferred to the T-Shirt will vary from student to student, the overall content will remain fairly consistent. You are to strive to assemble a description that is appropriate to your grade level (12, college freshman or sophomore) and obvious high intelligence. Below you will find a helpful Guidance List to direct and focus your study and information transfer. This list may not include everything you need to know on the test, but it will surely be helpful.to ignore any item on the list would be (foolish, negligent, foolhardy, risky, oblivious, short-sighted, - pick one!) Digestive System Check List (Check em As You Find em and Add em to your T-shirt!) INTRODUCTION Know the difference between: Chemical digestion and Mechanical digestion What organic molecule food type stays in the stomach the longest? Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein, or Nucleic Acid? Identify the specific tissue type that makes up the lining of the mouth and the entire length of the esophagus. The space between the gingiva and the cheeks is the. Describe the locations of all the sphincter muscles that control food movement through the digestive system. Note the tissue layers that line the digestive system: Be able to recognize a written description Mucosa or identify them in a diagram. Submucosa Muscularis Serosa 1

2 THE MOUTH Note the lip letters. Be familiar with the lingual frenulum. The hyoid bone where is it, what does it look like, what is it for?. The names and locations of the three types of tonsils (draw a diagram!). The names and locations of the four tooth types (draw a diagram!). The names and locations of the three paired salivary glands (draw a diagram!) The parts of a tooth, including: crown, root, neck, enamel, dentine, root canal, periodontal membrane, gingiva (draw a diagram of the tooth!). The meanings of the terms: bolus, peristalsis, uvula, adenoids, The sole digestive enzyme found in saliva: name and function. What is: the glottis, the epiglottis, the larynx. 2

3 THE ESOPHAGUS Where is it, how long is it, how many layers in it, how does food get through it, how do liquids get through it. The cavity surrounding the heart through which the esophagus must pass on its way to the abdomen is the. The opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes is the. THE STOMACH Name and identify the functions of the two stomach sphincters. The composition of gastric juice The three muscle layers and their functions. The locations of the: cardiac sphincter, pyloric sphincter, cardiac region, fundus, body, pyloric region. A diagram of the stomach drawn on your T-Shirt would prove to be very helpful. Name and describe the functions of the three types of stomach secretory cells: Goblet cells Chief cells of the Body of the Gland Parietal cells Describe the immune function of the stomach Hormonal regulation of gastric fluid secretions. What food and fluid materials are absorbed through the walls of the stomach. 3

4 THE SMALL INTESTINE Name, in sequence, the three parts of the length of the small intestine. The duodenum: What critical organ does the duodenum surround and support? What is the sphincter of Oddi? What is the principle protein-digesting enzyme of the small intestine? The tiny projections in the intestinal mucosa are named. What is the thin membrane that holds the folds of the intestine in place and supplies vascularity and enervation? What are the mucus-secreting intestinal glands found at the base of the intestinal villi? What is a lacteal? 4

5 THE PANCREAS The pancreatic enzyme which splits starch or glycogen into disaccharides is. The pancreatic enzyme that splits triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol is. The pancreatic enzymes which reduce proteins to amino acids are,, and. The pancreatic enzyme which splits nucleic acids into nucleotides is. How does the pancreas help neutralize the ph of chyme that arrives in the duodenum from the stomach? Hormonal regulation of the pancreas. What is the name of the hormone that is released upon the arrival of chyme from the stomach? Name the pancreatic cells that synthesize the pancreatic digestive fluids. The pancreatic duct unites with the to form a short tube named the _. THE LIVER Location: where in the body is it found. Appearance: what are its size, color, and texture? Digestive function: the liver is most dedicated to the digestion of. Name the organ that is responsible for bile storage and that is located in a depression on the inferior surface of the liver: The sole digestive fluid produced by the liver is named. How does the liver store carbohydrates? Urea is produced in the liver: From what is urea made? What happens to urea? What happens to the rest of the amino acid? What dietary metal is stored in the liver? Name three vitamins stored in the fatty tissues of the liver. The human liver has (#) major lobes. What separates the lobes? Each liver lobe is subdivided into many small pea-shaped structures named. The major vessel which supplies the liver with food digestion end products is the. The duct that leads from the liver to the common bile duct is the The duct that leads from the liver and gall bladder to the duodenum is the. The duct that leads from the gall bladder to the common bile duct is the. 5

6 THE LARGE INTESTINE The bacterium that most commonly occupies the large intestine is. The cecum and the appendix. Where are they? What do they look like? Where is the sigmoid colon, and what does it look like? What part of the large intestine is attached to the sacrum? Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus. The wall of the large intestine is arranged in a series of pouches called. The flammable gas produced by bacteria housed in the large intestine is. How much of the water that enters the large intestine is reabsorbed through the walls of the large intestine? What is the composition of solid waste (waste #2). Absorptive capabilities of the large intestine. Colon bacteria: their form, their role, and their fate. 6

7 THE GALL BLADDER Location, appearance What does it store? What hormone regulates its function? What organ synthesizes and secretes this hormone? What is the name of the duct that connects this organ with the common bile duct? 7