Parts of Speech Connection

Transcription

1 Parts of Speech Connection Along with a capital letter and a period, a complete sentence needs: A subject A predicate (the action) What part of speech does EVERY sentence need? True or false: every sentence needs either a noun OR a pronoun.

2 What are Clauses? Clauses are a group of words that contain a subject and a predicate (an action) The two types of clauses we will focus on are Independent Clauses Dependent Clauses Independent clauses can be complete sentences; dependent clauses cannot.

3 Simple, Compound, Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences in Your Writing

4 Once a writer knows the difference between the three sentence types (simple, compound, and complex), it is possible to write with sentence variety. Sentence variety helps make your writing more interesting.

5 What are Simple Sentences? A simple sentence contains a subject and a predicate. Usually there is only one subject and predicate, but there can be more. It expresses a single complete thought. A simple sentence is a single independent clause (it cannot be split into smaller complete sentences).

6 Sample Simple Sentences The cat and the mouse played a game. The cat crept through the dark house. The wary mouse watched from underneath an upturned cereal box. The predatory cat stopped and surveyed his surroundings. The mouse darted for the safety of the nearly invisible hole under the cabinet. NOTE: A simple sentence is NOT defined by its length!!!

7 What are Compound Sentences? A compound sentence contains two independent clauses (the sentence can be split up into two smaller complete sentences). Coordinating Conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, and yet, so) join these independent clauses. (The FANBOYS.) The conjunction used can impact the meaning of the sentence.

8 Sample Compound Sentences The cat was unsuccessful in his attempt to catch the mouse, and the mouse was equally as unlucky in his attempt to get the cheese. The dog had watched all of this, but he had refused to become involved. The mouse could wait until dark, or he could risk a daylight raid on the pantry. The cat usually slept during the day, yet curiosity held him at the corner of the kitchen.

9 What are Complex Sentences? A complex sentence is an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A subordinating conjunction (AAAWWUBBIS) begins the dependent clauses. A dependent clause that BEGINS a sentence MUST be followed by comma. A dependent clause has a subject and a verb, but it does not make sense on its own.

10 Subordinating Conjunctions After how Until Although if Unless As in as much as if in order that When as long as At least Whenever as much as now that whereas soon wherever as though Since While because so that Before even if That even though though

11 Sample Complex Sentences After he gave it some thought, the mouse decided to wait until later for his trek. The cat fell asleep on the warm kitchen because he was deprived of sleep the night before. When the mouse heard the soft snoring of his sleeping nemesis, he scurried to the pantry and grabbed enough food for a week. The dedicated, feline sleuth keeps his nightly vigil even though the foresighted mouse will not be venturing out this week.

12 What are Compound-Complex Sentences? A compound-complex sentence is a sentence that has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. The same subordinating conjunctions are used to introduce the dependent clauses. The same coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS) are used for joining the independent clauses.

13 Sample Compound-Complex Sentences. After the two adversaries had spent years playing this cat and mouse game, they were joined by their children, and the fun continued. Even though it seems the two were bent on the other s destruction, the cat and mouse were rather fond of one another, and neither wanted the other s defeat. This game was begun thousands of years ago, and it will continue far into the future as other cats and mice revel in hide-and-seek.

14 Test Yourself Simple, Compound, or Complex? 1. The teacher walked into the classroom, greeted the students, and took attendance. 2. Juan played football while Jane went shopping. 3. Juan played football, yet Jim went shopping. 4. Although Mexico has a better team, they lost the tournament. 5. The island was filled with many trails winding through the thick underbrush, a small lake, and dangerous wild animals. 6. Naoki passed the test, but Stacy did not understand the material.

15 What is a run-on sentence? A run-on sentence is a sentence which has two or more independent clauses, but the clauses are not connected with a comma and a coordinating conjunction. A comma-splice is a run-on sentence that has a comma but no coordinating conjunction. Run-on example: Jesus wept he was sad. Comma Splice example: Jesus wept, he was sad.

16 Fixing Run-ons and Comma Splices A handy-dandy flowchart for you! Let s try it out: I wish I could travel to Italy, my friend Carmen got to travel there last year. Carmen loved traveling in Italy she thought Rome was too hot. She stayed two weeks, I picked her up from the airport.

17 What are fragments? Fragments are sentences that are incomplete. Fragments are caused by: Not having a subject. (Having left the house) Not having a predicate. (The boy in the blue hat) Having a dependent clause without an independent clause. (After I arrived at school) To fix a fragment, add a subject, a predicate, or an independent clause.

18 To Be or not To Be For this project, you will NOT be able to use the verb to be in your paper! No: Am Are Is Was Were Be Being Been

19 How to eliminate to be verbs 1. Replace the verb with a stronger, more specific verb. The restaurant s food is excellent. (BOO!) The restaurant serves excellent food. (YAY!)

20 How to eliminate to be verbs 2. Change one or more of the nouns in the sentence into a verb. Jennifer Lawrence is the star of The Hunger Games. (BOO!) Jennifer Lawrence stars in The Hunger Games. (YAY!)

21 How to eliminate to be verbs 3. Replace a to be verb and an ing word with a simple action verb. The book was interesting until the end. (BOO!) The book interested me until the end. (YAY!)

22 Let s Try It! The TV show Spongebob Squarepants is set in Bikini Bottom. Spongebob is the cook at the Krusty Krab. Sandy s tail was bitten off by an ALASKAN BULL WORM!!! Patrick is a good friend.